chapter 6 (student)
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Conceptual Map
Types
Autotroph Heterotroph
Diet
Balanced In balance
Humans and Animals
Digestion
RodentsRuminant
Humans
Absorption and
assimilation Defaecation
Plants Technology
Production
Processing
Macronutrient Micronutrient
MechanismFactors
Photosynthesis
Temperature
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Holozoic
Saprophytism
Parasitism
Hydroponics and Aeroponics
Selective breeding
Tissue culture
Genetic engineering
Soil Management
Biological control
Nutrient requirement
Light intensity
Concentration of Carbon Dioxide
Cooking
Canning
Freezing
Pasteurization
Fermentation
Drying
NUTRITION
6.1 : TYPES OF NUTRITION
A) NUTRITION
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AUTROTROF
Definition:Organisms that can synthesis complex organic compound from raw simple inorganic substances using light or chemical energy.
Definition:Organisms that cannot
synthesis their own nutrients.
Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Holozoic Parasite
Definition: Definition:
Example: Example:
Definition: Definition:
Example: Example:
Definition:
Saprophytes
Example:
6.2 :BALANCED DIET
A The Necessity Of A Balanced Diet
1) Definition
B Daily Energy Requirement
1. What is energy ?
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6. The energy value of:Carbohydrates = 22.2 kJ/gProteins =17.2 kJ/gLipid =37.6 kJ/g
3.Energy value = the amount of heat generated from the combustion of one gram of food
5. Three main energy providing organic
molecules are lipids, carbohydrates and
proteins
1.Energy is needed to perform physical activities and to sustain vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing and for maintaining body temperature at 37° C
4. 4.2 joules of energy are needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C
The energy is generated by the oxidation of molecules obtained from food during cellular respiration.The unit of energy value is joule per gram (Jgˉ' ) ENERGY
2) Factors affecting the daily requirement
Daily requirement of energy depends on weight, age, sex and activities
Age, sex and occupation Energy requirement per
day
Reasons
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15year(teenager)
Adult (moderately active)
Adult (Active) man)
C Experiment:1. Determining the energy value in food samples2. Testing for the presence of starch, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipid in food samples.
D Nutrient Content In Food.
Recommend daily intake of energy and nutrient for each target group :-
INDIVIDUL
GROUP
FOOD CLASS /
NUTRIENT CONTENT
REASONS
Pregnant woman
Infants and
children
Teenagers
Athletes
Osteoporosis
Old man
Vegetarian
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6.3 : MALNUTRITION
1) Definition of Malnutrition :
2) Malnutrition will result in:
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Nutritional effect TreatmentsSymptoms
Lacking / excess
Kwashiorkor
Swollen & bleeding gums
Obesity
Rickets
Osteoporosis
Diabetes
6.4 : FOOD DIGESTION
Below is the digestive system in humans, labeled the diagram.
Complete the flow cart below to show the digestion of food
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Mouth cavity
colon
Mouth cavity
Digestive System of a Human
Esophagus
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Complete the table below.
Site of Digestion
Secretion Gland / Organ Enzymes Biochemical Reaction
Mouth Saliva Salivary gland Salivary amylase
Starch +water--------- maltose
Stomach
Gastric juice Gastric glands Rennin caseinogen + water ------- casein
pepsin Protein + water -------polypeptide
Hydrochloric acid
1) Helps to kill bacteria in the food
2) Creates an acidic condition (pH 1.5 – 2.0) which is optimal for the action of enzymes in the stomach.
Duodenum Bile
Pancreatic juice
Liver
Pancreas
-
Pancreatic Amylase
Trypsin
lipase
Emulsification of lipids
Starch + water ------- maltose
polypeptide + water ------peptides
Lipid droplets + water ------- fatty acid + glycerol
Small intestine (ileum)
Intestinal juice Intestinal glands
Maltase
Lactase
Sucrase
Erepsin/ peptidase
Lipase
Maltose + water ------- glucose
Lactose + water ------- glucose + galactose
Sucrose +water ------ glucose + fructose
Peptides + water -------- amino acids
Lipids droplets + water --------- fatty acids + glyceroll
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Digestive System In Ruminants And Rodents.
a. Identify and labeled parts of digestive system in ruminants. Explain the digestion of cellulose in each parts of digestive systems.
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Digestive System Of A Cow
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Examples of ruminants are __________________ & ,________________.
Fill in the blank below.
Bacteria / protozoa Bacteria / protozoa
Mouth
Enzyme cellulase Enzyme cellulase
b. Identifying and labeling part of digestive system of rodents
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Explain the digestion of food in rodents.
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Example of rodents are : ______________, __________________
6.5:ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION OF DIGESTION FOOD
The parts of the digestive system involved in the absorption of digested food is .........................................
The adaptive characteristic of the digestive system related to absorption are:
1. The epithelial lining is only one cells thick
2. The epithelial cells of microscopic projection called microvilli, this will increase the surface area available for absorption
3. Each villus also has a network of blood capillaries and a lymphatic vessel called a lacteal
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DRAW AND LABEL THE STRUCTURE OF A VILLUS
Content of nutrients in the lumen of ileum
A)* Simple sugar* Amino acid* Mineral salt* Vitamin B,C
B)* Fatty acid and glycerol* Vitamin A,D,E,K
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VILLUS
Lacteal
Fatty acid + glycerol = droplet of lipid
Pass through
Blood Capillary
Lymphatic capillaries
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Right and Left Subclavian Veins
Portal hepatic vein
Liver
Facilitated diffusion1. Simple sugar2. Amino acid
Active Transport1. Mineral Salts
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Assimilation Of Digested Food
Definition of:
1. Assimilation:
2. Detoxification:
Synthesis of protoplasm
Protein plasma
Cellular respiration
Glucose
GlycogenKidney
Ammonia
Hepatic portal vein
Small intestineCarbohydrates , protein, lipid
Glucose, amino acids
Assimilation
When its needed
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1.From the diagram above complete the labeling and explain how the assimilation process happens in the liver.
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6.6: RORMATION OF FAECES AND DEFAECATION.Refer to the diagram discuss the formation of faeces and defaecation
1.Undigested food that consist of mainly ................. and......................................such
as................................... dead cell and dead bacteria is not absorbed in the small intestine. It is
channeled to the large intestine by peristalsis.
2. In the colon, absorption of water occurs. As a result of water absorption, undigested food
residues harden to become ...........................Which is stored in the .............................temporarily.
3.When the .................... is full , its muscular wall will contract to excrete the faeces through anus.
This process is called ..................................................
4.There are some friendly bacteria that live in our colon. These bacteria can act on undigested food
residue to produce ...................... and ....................... These vitamins are absorbed into the blood
for use by body cells.
5................................ are indigestible. As such, they help to increase the bulk of faeces and
aid ....................................
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6.7 : EVALUATING EATING HABITS.
Health Problems Related To Eating Habits.
Health Problem Cause Symptoms1.Gastritis
2.Obesity
3.Anorexia nervosa
4.Bulemia
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1) Fibre
Move
Peristalsis
Constipation
Undigested food
COLON
FOOD ABSORP
2) Waste product
microorganisms
water
a) Bile pigment
b) Toxic substances
Produce Vitamin B12 and vitamin K
Decomposition of food
helps
by
avoid
6.6 : FORMATION OF FAECES AND DEFAECATION
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6.9 MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS
MINERAL ELEMENTS
MACRONUTRIENT MICRONUTRIENTMineral element
Functions Effect of deficiency Mineral element
Functions Effect of deficiency
Carbon(C)Hydrogen(H)Oxygen(O)
Boron(B)
Nitrogen (N) Molybdenum
Phosphorus (P)
Zinc(Zn)
Potassium (K)
Manganese (Mn)
Calcium (Ca)
Copper (Cu)
Magnesium (Mg)
Ferrum (Fe)
MACRONUTRIENTS MICRONUTRIENTS
Needed by plants in larger quantities Needed in smaller quantities
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6.10 UNDERSTANDING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
A) HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
Scientist/Year Discovery Experiments
Van Helmont Exp:To investigate plant nutritionConclusion:The growth of plants is due to water and not because of the soil
Joseph Priestly& Jan Ingenhouse1772
Exp::To show that plants liberate oxygen when exposed to sunlightConclusion:The growth of plants is due to water, not soil. Plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis
Robert Hill1937
Exp:To show that chloroplasts that are placed in water containing hydrogen acceptor molecules (potassium ferry oxalate) produces oxygen.
B) THE REQUIREMENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ITS PRODUCTS
1. Plants absorb water and carbon dioxide and converts them into complex organic
compounds such as glucose in the leaves by photosynthesis.
sunlight
carbon dioxide + water Glucose + water
chlorophyll
2. Experiments on photosynthesis:
a. Activity 1 ( the requirement of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis)
Problem statement: What are the requirements of photosynthesis?
Hypothesis: Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis
Materials: A plant in a flower pot ,soda lime in small beaker, colorless and translucent
plastic bag, an iodine solution in a dropping bottle, ethanol , large rubber
Initial final
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band / string ,beaker 250 ml, boiling tube, Bunsen burner, tripod stand ,wire
gauze and white tile.
Procedure : 1) Place the plant in a dark place for 2 days to destarch the leaves
2) Cover the plant with transparent plastic bag and place a beaker of soda lime in the
plastic bag.
3) Expose the plant to sunlight for several hours
4) Pick one leaf from the plant and carry out iodine test .
5) Record your observation
Discussion:
1) Why is the starch absent in the leaf after the plant is kept in the dark for two days?
2) Suggest one control experiment .
3) Predict what would happen to the plant when it is covered by plastic bag with soda
lime inside.
4) Make an inference based on the observations in the experiment.
Conclusion:
Does the result of the experiment support the hypothesis? Give your reasons.
b. Activity 2 ( the necessity of light in photosynthesis)
Problem statement : Is light necessary for photosynthesis?
Hypothesis: Light is necessary for photosynthesis.
Material: A potted plant ,scissors, Aluminium foil, iodine solution in a dropping bottle,
ethanol ,beaker 250 ml, boiling tube ,Bunsen burner ,tripod stand ,paper
clips, wire gauze and white tile.
Procedure :
1) Place the plant in a dark place for 2 days to destarch the leaves.
2) Take one healthy leaf and cover part of it with aluminium foil . Hold the aluminium
foil on the leaf with paper clips as shown in the Figure.
3) Make a sketch on a piece of paper to show the covered part of the leaf.
4) Expose the plant to light for several hours.
5) Remove the leaf from the plant and carry out iodine test.
6) Record your observation.
Discussion:
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1) Observe changes in the leaf surface, if any after iodine test is carried out. Is there
any difference between the covered part of the leaf and the rest of it which is
exposed to the light?
2) Is control experiment necessary? Explain the set up of the control experiment.
Conclusion:
Does the result of the experiment support the hypothesis? Give your reasons.
c.Activiy 3: ( the necessity of chlorophyll in photosynthesis)
Problem statement: Is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis?
Hypothesis: Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
Materials: A plant with variegated leaves, scissors, iodine in dropping bottle, ethanol,
beaker 250 ml, boiling tube , Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze and
white tile.
Procedure :
1) Make a sketch of the variegated leaf and show clearly the green and the non-
green parts of the leaf.
2) Expose the plant to light for several hours.
3) Pick the leaf and carry out iodine test.
4) Record your observation
5) Carry out a suitable control experiment.
Discussion:
1) Identify the role of chlorophyll in the leaf.
2) How are you going to control the other variables that might has the effect on the
experiment.
3) What is the possible inference of the experiment based on the observations?
Conclusion:
Does the result of the experiment support the hypothesis. Give reasons.
d. Activity 4( The presence of starch in leaf as a result of photosynthesis)
Problem statement: …………………………………………………………………..
Hypothesis: ……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
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Apparatus /Materials: ………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
Procedure :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Discussion:
1) Why one leaf is kept in a dark place while the other is exposed to light?
2) Are any differences in the observations for both leaves?
3) Make an inference based on the experiment.
Conclusion:
………………………………………………………………………………………...
3.Based on the experiments above , it is found that plant requires carbon dioxide and water to
produce glucose and liberates oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll. Excess
glucose is stored in the form of starch in storage organs.
4. The equation of photosynthesis :
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light
6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
5. Structure and function of leaf :
STRUCTURE ADAPTATION
1) Leaf Lamina Thin and wide / (high SA/V ratio) to enable
………………
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
Mosaic arrangement of leaves to
enable ........................
…………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………..
2) Leaf veins Situated at ……………………………..and branched out
to …………………………………………………….
……………..and …………….are found in the veins.
Xilem transports …………….and ……………………….
Cross section of dicot . leaf
phloemstomata
PGuard cell
Variegated leaf
Non-green region
Green region
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from………………………………………………………
Phloem transports ……………………synthesized in the
leaf to …………………………………………
3) Epidermis Consists of upper epidermis and ……………….
……………. It serves a ……………………….layer
Epidermal cell has no …………………..and therefore
permits light to penetrate into mesophyll tissues.
Outer surface of epidermis is covered by
……………..which is …………………….
It protects leaf from ......................................................
4) Stomata Found abundantly at the .................. surface of leaf.
Its opening is controlled by …………....................
Exchange of ……………..and ……………… ……………
gas during photosynthesis and respiration takes place
through ………………
5) Palisade
mesophyll
Elongated cells with many ……………..inside ,
…………. to leaf surface for more and efficient
……………………..
6) Spongy
mesophyll
Irregular shape, loosely arranged beneath the palisade
mesophyll with many …………… ………….. It contains
many ………………..for photosynthesis.
6. Plant adaptation in favour of photosynthesis at different habitats.
Floating Aquatic plantsEg…………………..
Adaptations: Stomata are found at the
…………….. surface of leaves for ……………………
Cuticle layer at the ……………….. surface helps to avoid ……………………
Palisade mesophyll has ……………….. chloroplasts for
Adaptation: Stomata
…………………………………….. Absorption of CO2 takes place
……………
Submerged aquatic plants Eg. Hyrylla sp.
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6.11 THE MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Complete and label the chloroplast structure below.
The mechanism of photosynthesis occurs in two stages i.e light reaction and dark reaction.
Light reaction (photolysis of water )
Dark reaction(reduction of carbon dioxide)
24OH- - 24e- 24 OH
24 H (hydrogen atom)
6CO2 + 24H 6(CH2O)+6H2O
6(CH2O) C6H12O6
Chlorophyll molecules absorp light energy, becomes excited and release high energy electrons (this occures in grana ) which is later on converted to ATP.
At the same time, water molecules in chlorophyll dissociates forming hydrogen ions
The reaction takes place in stroma. Hydrogen atoms produced during light reaction reduces carbon dioxide to form glucose.
The reduction of carbon dioxide in stroma is catalysed by enzymes
24OH- - 24e- 24 OH
24OH 12H2O + 6O2
Adaptation: Have ……………… leaves to
…………….. the rate of transpiration Sacculent stem with ………………
stomata to ………………………………………..
Many chloroplasts in …………………. For photosynthesis.
Xerophyte plants in desert region Eg. Cactus
24 H2O 24 H+ + 24OH-
chloroplast
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and hydroxyl ions Hydrogen ions combine with electrons to
form hydrogen atoms Hydrogen atoms thus formed later enters
the dark reaction in stroma. Hydroxyl ions releases its electron to form
hydroxyl molecule The electrons is accepted by chlorophyll
molecules that had lost their electrons earlier. Hydroxyl groups finally form water and
releases oxygen.
and requires energy from ATP ( produced during light reaction )
Units of (CH2O) combine to form glucose.
Glucose units are then condensed together to form starch which is stored in the leaves.
2. the equation of reaction :
light 6CO2 + 24 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 18 H2O
chlorophylconcentration on photosynthesis
6.12 FACTORS THAT ARE AFFECTING THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
1) The factors are :i. Carbon dioxide concentrationii. Intensity of lightiii. Temperatureiv. pH
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS GRAPH
1) The concentration of carbon dioxide An increase in carbon dioxide
concentration will increase the rate of photosynthesis until it reaches maximum provided that the other
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factors / variables are kept constant. Light intensity is the limiting factor. The reason is , the rate of
photosynthesis is limited by the light intensity which is unchanged through out experiment. The photosynthesis rate will further increase when the light intensity is raised.
2) Intensity of light ( give explaination)
3) Temperature ( give explaination)
2) The increase in agricultural product in temperate countries ( four seasons )
Explain why provision of ‘ green houses ‘ are significant in four seasonal countries like
those in Europe and northern America compared to tropical countries?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
7.10 THE TECHNOLOGY IN FOOD PRODUCTION
The effect of CO2 concentration on photosynthesis
Oncentration of CO2/ x105mol/liter
Pho
tosy
nthe
sis
rate
Light intensity
The effect of light on photosynthesis
Pho
tosy
nthe
sis
rate
Temperature/0C
The effect of temperature on photosynthesis
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A) THE NECESSITY FOR IMPROVING THE QUANTITY AS WELL AS THE QUALITY OF FOODS
1) The tremendous increases in population of Malaysia has resulted in the big demand for
more supply of foods and high quality foods to meet the requirement of the peoples in
the country.
2) A lot of efforts has been done to increase the sources of foods to meet the requirement
of the fast increasing population.
B) INCREASING THE VARIETY OF FOOD SOURCES
N U T
R I TIONAL
CAMPAIGN
ULAM /SALADS
MUSHROOMS
FRESH WATER FISHES
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
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Methods of increasing the Quality
and Quantity of food
production in the
country
C) WAYS OF INCREASING THE QUALITY OF FOODS AS WELL AS THE QUANTITY OF FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE COUNTRY.
2) Direct dispersal of seedlings for pady
1) Hydroponics and aeroponics
3) Hybridisation (and outbreeding)
4) Tissue culture
6) Genetic engineering 5) Land management ( for farming )
7) Biological control
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D) DEVELOPMENT IN FOOD PROCESSING AND FOOD PRESERVATIONS
METHODS DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD EXAMPLE
1. COOKING
2. FREEZING
3. CANNING
4. PASTEURISATION
5. FERMENTATION
6. DRYING
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