chapter 7-religion separation of church and state
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RELIGION
By: Marcus Freudenberg
Madison Rumore
Tonya Cooke
Jessica Morenzoni
CULTURAL ASPECTS
Every religion at one point has influenced a person‟s behavior ,
regardless of ethnicity.
According to a phone survey in 2010, 80% of Americans say their
religious faith is at least somewhat important in their daily lives.
WHY BELIEVE IN A GOD
OR FAITH?
The belief in some type of a higher power actually give most
Americans the drive to carry out their daily activities.
60% of Americans feel that religion can answer all/most of
today‟s problems.
This is because that type of religious behavior is learned at an early
age as the social norm.
These life values are transmitted from generation to generation by
way of a family‟s particular religion.
Religious institutions often times reinterpret your worldly
shortcomings as spiritual failures.
The church actually becomes a social “authority” by ways of
reward and punishment.
LET‟S BREAK DOWN A COUPLE
POPULAR RELIGIONS!
Protestants
• Used to be the majority population when western Europeans
immigrated to the country but are now 49%.
THE 2 MAJOR CATEGORIES
OF PROTESTANTS
Liberal – This is more of a relaxed form of Christianity.
• Allows for members to determine what is true in religion.
• May or may not believe in the “Virgin birth of Jesus,” or any miracles
in the bible.
Conservative – Strict, church going Christians.
• Believe that the miracles cited in the bible are real.
• Believe in the difference of natural and super-natural.
PROTESTANT EDUCATION
There has been many court cases to determine what can and can
not be taught in the public school system.
Evangelicals
• The population of evangelicals are often protestants, but protestants
don‟t consider themselves any part of evangelicals.
• To get a good estimate of how many evangelicals there are, you just
ask them if they are “born again” or…evangelical!
There are three criteria that people use to determine if they are
evangelical.
• If you have been born again or had a born again experience.
• If you have encouraged others to believe in Jesus Christ.
• If you believe the Bible is the actual word of God.
CATHOLICISM
Approximately 24% of U.S.
population – 67, 820, 833 members
Catholic faith is one denomination
under a pope
Wealthiest national church
Growing numbers in U.S. influence
growing numbers in Rome
CATHOLICISM AMONG
DIVERSITY
Conservative vs. Non Conservative
Involves many different ethnic groups
• Irish, Italian, Polish, Mexican, Puerto Rican, etc.
A parish may choose to conduct services in predominant language
or hold individual masses for different language groups
Incorporate cultural events
• Quinceniera for Latino females
POLITICAL INFLUENCE
Alfred Smith – first Roman Catholic to run for the office of
President
John F. Kennedy
EFFECT ON EDUCATION
The Roman Catholic Church in the U.S. has developed largest private
educational system in the world
Often offer quality educational options for both Catholic and non Catholic
students
Relative lower cost than most private institutions
Elementary and secondary schools, internationally recognized universities
• Notre Dame, Creighton and Loyola
Not rejected the belief that they belong to one universal church
JUDAISM
One of oldest religions known to humanity
Provide historical roots of both Catholicism
and Protestantism
Estimated the U.S. Jewish population to be
2.2% (approx. 6,400,000)
In 19th century, large number of Jews
emigrated from Germany
• Religious persecution
Became one of the four major faiths in the U.S.
While Judaism represents only about 2% of the population, the
contributions of Jewish Americans to the fields of science, medicine,
academia, business, economics, entertainment, and politics in the U.S.
has been profound
JUDAISM AMONG
DIVERSITY
Jewish identity is blended in historical, religious and ethnic variables
Jewish religious practices and patterns were modified to meet the
needs of the immigrants and in ways that made them characteristically
American
Reformed Synagogues vs. Orthodox Jews
Two major groups of Jews that immigrated
• The Ashkenazim and the Sepharidim
ANTI-SEMITISM
World War II – Jewish Holocaust
Neo-Nazis, the President of Iran, and others suggest the Jewish
Holocaust is a myth
The Gallup Poll over the years has found from 2% to 9% of
Americans doubting that the Holocaust took place
Also targets of KKK
Denied high-level jobs
EFFECT ON EDUCATION
Many of Jewish temples or synagogues throughout the country
operate private schools
In some larger Jewish communities, private religious schools have
been established to provide high-quality instruction to both academics
and in-depth religious studies
Inclusiveness and sensitivity
• Christmas and Hanukkah
ISLAM
“To surrender to the will or law of God”
Major religions of the world
• Over 1 billion
First Muslims to settle in this country was over a
hundred years ago in Cedar Falls, Iowa.
Based on the holy writings of the Qur‟an or
Koran
Two groups of Islam – Sunni Muslims, which
compromise 85% of Islam, and Shi‟I or Shi‟ite
Muslims
The basic tenets of Islam include:
1. Faith: belief in one God and Mohammed as his last messenger
2. Prayer: five times daily, facing Mecca
3. Charity: contributing to the poor
4. Fasting: without food or water from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan (9th
month of Islamic year)
5. Pilgrimage: a visit to Mecca once in a lifetime, performing the Haji
ISLAMIC BELIEFS
Worship the same God as Christians and Jews (Allah)
Jihad is one of the most misinterpreted concepts in Islam
Often mistakenly translated as “holy war”
Comes from the Arabic jahada, meaning “struggle,” “effort,” or
“striving” in the way of God
ATTITUDES TOWARDS
ISLAM
September 11th, 2001
Often blamed for hate crimes
22% of Americans indicated that they would not want a Muslim as a neighbor
18% indicated that they would be nervous if they notice a Muslim woman on
their airline flight
31% expressed the same sentiments if there were a Muslim man on their flight
Nearly 40% admit to harboring feelings or prejudice, while nearly 60% indicate
they do not
BLACK MUSLIMS
Form unique identity of their own
Likely began with Timothy Drew or Noble Drew Ali (1886-1927)
who taught that blacks were from Asia and, therefore Moors or
Muslim
EFFECT ON EDUCATION
Vast majority attend public school
Muslim students feel unsafe in school and fear that tradition attire
could draw unfavorable attention to themselves
• Stereotyped
In the U.S., about 15,000 students attend 200 Islamic schools
• Designed to provide full-time educational programs “to help a child grow into an Islamic personality with the ideals and images which can help him and her achieve the best in this world and the best in the Hereafter”
“ EVERY STU DENT SHOU L D HAVE
THE SECU RITY IN KNOWING THEY
WILL NOT HAVE ANYONE ELSE ‟S
REL IGIOU S DOGM A IM P OSED ON
THEM .”
PROFILES AND INFLUENCES
OF THE DOMINANT GROUP
The forces of religious groups are
far from dominant
They influence the election of
school board members
Influence curriculum and
textbooks
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
Geographic region of the U.S.
Some areas may be more dominant
in certain religions
Various immigration & migration
patters throughout history
INFLUENCES IN SCHOOLS
Majority of schools have historical
background of rural white, Protestant
domination
Such influence has determined
holidays
INFLUENCES IN SCHOOLS
In some schools teachers are
expected to expose students to many
different perspectives
Largely based around the dominant
religion in community
Students have little influence on
what is taught in classroom
In other schools, the teacher may be
attacked for discussing evolution
ISSUES RAISED OUT OF
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
School Prayer
• Law forbids public prayer
• Students may pray in private
School Vouchers
• Provide parents with a choice of
schools for their children,
public, or private
Censorship
• Heavily influenced by individuals
from fundamentalist &
conservative religious groups.
TERM
Secular Humanism:
• A nonreligious based philosophy promoting man as the measure of all things.
Typically rejects the concept of a personal God & regards humans as supreme.
Secular humanists tend to see God as a creation of man, rather than man being a
creation of God.
SECULAR HUMANIST
OBJECTIVES
Full development of every human being
Universal use of the scientific method
Affirmation of the preciousness & dignity of the individual person
Personal freedom combine with social responsibilities
Fulfillment through the development of ethical & creative living
SECULAR HUMANISM
Often targets of conservative
Christians
It is not an organized religion
• No Rituals
• No Church
• No professed doctrines
“RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES
ARE IM P ORTANT IN OU R STU DY OF THIS
P LU RAL ISTIC NATION BECAU SE IT IS A
WAY OF L IF E F OR M ANY P EOP L E.”
SUPREME COURT RULINGS
Engle v. Vilale (New York 1962) –Prayer even nondenominational
Abigton School District v. Schnepp (Pennsylvania 1963) –Bible
reading over the intercom
Murry v. Curlett ( 1963) – forcing children participate in Bible
reading
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)- Banning of the teaching of
evolution in order to promote a religious point of view
SUPREME COURT RULINGS
II
Stone v. Grahm (1980 Kentucky)-posting of the 10 commandments in
school
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985 Alabama)- Moment of silence unconstitutional
because it is encouragement of prayer
Edwards v. Aquillard (1987 Louisiana)- The state can not require the
teaching of “creation science” in all instances in which evolution is taught.
Lee v. Weisman (1992 Rhode Island)- No clergy to preform
nondenominational prayer at elementary or secondary school graduation.
WHY IS SEPARATION OF CHU RCH
AND STATE NEARLY IM P OSSIBL E ?
90% of the U.S. claims to practice some form of religion
Community Where you live (religious groups have
influence)
Congress is prohibited from making laws that prohibit
religious worship.
W H Y I S S E PA R AT I O N O F C H U RC H
A N D S TAT E N E A R LY I M P O S S I B L E ? I I
Oaths made on the Bible ( what are the final words?)
„In God we trust‟ on currency
Military and congressional chaplains
Congressional prayers are held at breakfast
Pledge of allegiance
A State Church cannot exist
CHURCH AND STATE
Catholic Schooling
Amish remove children from school after 8th
grade
The question comes up of who teaches the
students morals?
OTHER VIEWPOINTS
Liberal viewers tend to believe that children should be
exposed to other religions and ethnic groups
Conservatives do not want exposure to other perspectives
Secular Humanism- The emphasis of respect for humans
and the de-emphasis or ignoring God.
COMMUNITY INFLUENCE
People tend to agree with religion in schools when the teachings
are parallel to their own practices
Unaccepting if other dogmas are infused
Parents have fought to bring back
• prayer in the classroom (1963 ruling banning it)
• Sex Education
• Evolution
• Textbooks/ Literature
COMMUNITY INFLUENCE II
Parents have influence on the censorship
Censorship comes from a group from the community that or is
self appointed
• Districts/ Libraries
• Bookstores
• Publishers
• Art Galleries
SECULAR HUMANISM
Believe Religion has a negative history
Schools are required to teach using secular
humanism
Direct target to censorship attacks
• Respect for human beings
SUGGESTIONS
MAKE SURE THE STUDENT KNOWS THAT THEY DO
NOT HAVE TO PARTICPATE
Religion seen as an objective study
School may sponsor the study on religion
School may expose students to other beliefs, but none can be
forced upon the student
STRIVE FOR STUDENT AWARENESS
GRAPHIC CITATIONS
Slide 1: http://www.verus-co2.com/blog/?m=201002
Slide 2: http://www.college-info-online.com/christian-colleges_gg.htm
Slide 3: http://blog.recklessphilosophers.com/2008/07/01/map-education-vs-religion.aspx
Slide 4: http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=853059&ct=1092845
Slide 5: http://mytallideas.com/tag/world-religion/
Slide 6: http://www.getreligion.org/2008/07/a-carefully-secular-public-education/
Slide 7: http://www.logosapologia.org/?p=1159
Slide 8: http://www.sechumscm.org/
Slide 9: http://suddenlyatheist.wordpress.com/page/4/
Slide 10: http://home.earthlink.net/~nappy2xl/id1.html
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