chapter eleven individuals with hearing impairments
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Definitions and Concepts in the Field of Hearing ImpairmentHearing impairment
Disordered hearingHearing sensitivity loss
Described in range from mild to profoundDeaf/deafness
Nonfunctional hearing; federal definition refers to the educational impact due to the hearing loss
Hard of hearingResidual hearing ability
Minimal hearing lossDifficultly hearing at a distance or with
background noise
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The Anatomy of the Auditory SystemThe ear is divided into four connected
sections: outer earmiddle earinner earcentral auditory nervous system
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Classifications of Hearing LossConductive hearing loss
Sound transmission is blocked in the middle or outer ear
Sensorineural hearing lossInvolves the inner ear (cochlea) and/or the
auditory nerveMixed hearing loss
Combination of conductive/sensorineural loss
Central hearing lossDysfunction in the central nervous system
Auditory neuropathy/auditory dys-synchronyAbsence of neural functioning
Functional or nonorganic hearing lossReported hearing loss that is not
substantiated by testing5
Measurement of Hearing Impairments
Audiogram Frequency Hertz (Hz) Decibels (dB) Pure-tone audiometry Air-conduction audiometry Bone-conduction audiometry
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Other Types of Hearing Assessment Play audiometry Speech audiometry Speech recognition threshold (SRT) Auditory evoked potentials Evoked otoacoustic emissions Acoustic imittance
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Age of Onset
Prelingual: present at birth or before speech onset
Postlingual: deficit acquired after speech onset
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Brief History of the Field1817: First school for students with hearing
impairments (American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb)
1864: First college for the hearing impaired (today named Gallaudet University after Thomas Gallaudet)
Communication methods: Manual communication- sign
language/finger spelling Oral communication- encouraged use of
residual hearing and speech reading Total communication- combination of
spoken and manual communication
This video contains 1928 footage of Anne Sullivan and Helen Keller
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Prevalence of Hearing Impairment
Almost 71,000 students ages 6-21 were identified as having a hearing impairment and receiving a special education during the 2008-2009 school year.
Approximately 8,400 preschoolers were receiving a special education due to a hearing impairment.
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Etiology of Hearing ImpairmentsGenetic/Hereditary factors
Down syndromeUsher syndromeWaardenburg syndrome
InfectionsCytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, otitis
mediaDevelopmental abnormalities
AtresiaEnvironmental/traumatic factors
Loud noise, low birth weight, prescription medication, head injuries
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Characteristics of Individualswith Hearing Impairments Intellectual development for people with
a hearing impairment is more a function of language development than cognitive ability
Speech and language is the area of development most affected
Social development depends on the use of communication skills
Educational achievement typically 3-4 years below grade level
Watch this video to experience simulated hearing loss.
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Assessment of Individualswith Hearing Impairments
Cognitive assessment requires the use of non-verbal assessment measures
Speech assessmentArticulation, pitch, loudness, quality, rate
Personal/social/behavioral assessmentSocial adjustment, self-image, emotional
adjustment
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Instructional Interventions
Methods of communicationSign languageOralCued speechTotal communicationFingerspelling
AudiologistInterpreter
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Services for Young Children with Hearing Impairments Importance of early identification Early intervention services Family support
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Transition and Individuals with Hearing ImpairmentsTransition planning includes:
Family supportHigher educationEmploymentPersonal, social, community
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Services for Adults with Hearing ImpairmentsState Commission or Office on Deafness
Advocacy, information sharing, agency referrals, interpreting services, employment assistance
State vocational rehabilitation servicesEmployment services
National Association for the DeafPolitical advocacy, information sharing
Self-Help for Hard of Hearing People (SHHH)Advocacy, information, assistance
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Family Issues Most children with hearing impairments
have hearing parents Acceptance of the disability Family relationships
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Issues of Diversity 47% of all students in programs for the deaf and
hearing impaired are from culturally diverse groups Research is needed to address the needs of students
with hearing impairments who come from non-English speaking families
People who identify with the Deaf culture are proud of their heritage including their language, history, values, and literatureo The term Deaf (with a capital D) refers to
individuals who identify with the Deaf cultureo The term deaf (lowercase d) refers to the physical
conditiono Deaf culture considers American Sign Language
(ASL) to be the natural language of the Deaf culture and urges recognition of ASL as the primary language choice with English considered a second language 26
Technology and Individuals with Hearing Impairments Hearing aids Auditory training devices Computers Alerting devices Captioning Telecommunication devices Cochlear implants
Watch this video to learn about Cochlear Implants
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