chapter four lecture- ecosystems

Chapter Four

Ecosystems & Communities

4.1 The Role of Climate

Weather

4.1 The Role of Climate

The condition of the atmosphere at a given time

and place Weather changes

Climate

4.1 The Role of Climate

Describes the average temperature and precipitation for

an area Relatively unchanging

The Greenhouse Effect

4.1 The Role of Climate

Certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat on Earth’s surface.

CO2 H2O CH4

Climate & Latitude

4.1 The Role of Climate

Earth has three main

climate zones polar zones

temperate zones tropical zone

Climate & Latitude

4.1 The Role of Climate

Sunlight hits the Earth more directly at the equator.

Climate & Latitude

4.1 The Role of Climate

Sunlight is spread over greater area at the poles, so it is less

intense.

Climate & Latitude

4.1 The Role of Climate

Temperate zones have

distinct seasons.

Heat Flow on Earth

4.1 The Role of Climate

Warmed air rises at the equator and

falls as it cools near the poles. CONVECTION

Heat Flow on Earth

4.1 The Role of Climate

Heat Flow on EarthOcean currents are caused by

convection and wind.

4.1 The Role of Climate

Habitat

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

A habitat is where an organism lives.

Habitat

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Both biotic and abiotic factors affect organisms and ecosystems.

Habitat

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Competition- Organisms compete for resources, like water, food, or space.

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Competitive Exclusion Principle

No two species can occupy the same niche

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Predation- One

organism feeds on another

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Symbiosis- close relationships

between species

mutualism commensalism

parasitism

Mutualism- both

species benefit

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Mutualism- both

species benefit

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Mutualism- both

species benefit

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Mutualism- both

species benefit

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Commensalism

One species benefits, one is

unaffected

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Commensalism

One species benefits, one is

unaffected

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Parasitism- One species benefits, the

other is harmed

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Parasitism- One species benefits, the

other is harmed

Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Parasitism- One species benefits, the

other is harmed

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Ecosystems are constantly

changing in response to natural and

human disturbances.

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Ecological succession

describes changes that

occur as a new ecosystem develops.

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Occurs when

there is no soil

Primary succession

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

pioneer plants

are lichens

Primary succession

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Dead lichen produce

soil where tiny plants can grow

Primary succession

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Small plants

grow when soil is

present

Secondary succession

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

pioneer plants

are often lichens

Primary succession

Changing Ecosystems

4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

pioneer plants

are often lichens

Primary succession

Biomes

4.3 Biomes

A biome covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular types of plants and animals.

Desert Biome

Biomes

4.3 Biomes

tropical rain forest tropical dry forest tropical savanna

desert temperate grassland temperate woodland

and shrubland temperate forest

northwestern coniferous forest

boreal forest tundra

Tundra Biome