chapter six esd in europe and german efforts for implementing esd in curricula(geography) by dieter...
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Chapter Six
ESD in Europe and German Efforts for Implementing ESD
in Curricula(Geography)
by
Dieter Gross
UNECE
ESD IN EUROPE AND GERMAN EFFORTS FOR IMPLEMENTING
ESD IN CURRICULA (GEOGRAPHY)
EUROPE encompasses countries # with a rich cultural diversity
# with different socio-economic and political conditions
changing lifestyles
EDUCATION
German-Japanese Cooperation: DESD-Project
?
ECONOMY
ENVIRONMENT
SOCIETY
The individual is confronted with changed societal and political structures:# knowledge-based economy# jobless growth# end of lifelong employment# internationalized problems# socially unsustainable prosp.
Consequences:# individual and collective resp.# education has to convey values# curricula have to offer decision-making structures (economy, environment, society)
Awareness of cross-sectoral linkages:# interconnectedness of culture and nature# crisis of nature means crisis of culture
Watch!
Economy
経済Environ-ment環境
Society 社会
balancing out
VALUESimportant forthe constructionof curricula!!
IMPLEMENTATION
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
The inner city will lose residents, therefore increase of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow – more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: a liveable and sustainable city; mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). A balance of job and residence. Knowledge industry could be partly moved into the vicinity. Appropriate measures should be taken to avoid urban sprawl and/or the doughnut phenomenon
ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT
SOCIETY
DECISION MAKING
STRUCTURE
Fairness across space
To live socially and economically satisfactory lives within limited global natural resources and carrying capacity
To receive the inheritance of previous generation and pass it on to future generation correctly
To respect the diversityof individuals, species,culture, which is alsoof other organisms
Individual’s will to build a better society, net-working through communication with others, flexible and open mutual dialogues and social participation
Diversity
Fairness across time
Human will and networking
To distribute wealth, goods and resources between nations and regions in an equitable way
Capacity and Resource:
Basics of Basics of sustainabilisustainabilityty JFS
Prerequisites for SD:
important
Botanical Garden, Rome,2005
critical and creative thinkingreflection in both local
and global contexts
really important
systemic thinking
German Efforts
GermanyNational
Decade,2005
BLK-Agenda 21, 1999-2004
• foresighted thinking
• interdisciplinary work• transcultural understanding and cooperation• participatory skills• planning and implementation skills• empathy, compassion, and solidarity• distanced reflection on individual and cultural models
NGOs
FEE Eco Schools (Foundation for EE)
UNESCO Schools (ASP Associated Schools Project)
ENSI (OECD: Environment and School Initiatives)
COMPETENCIES
Transfer 21: good practiceNetwork of stakeholdersPublic awareness
International cooperation
Focus of the projects
Based on deficiency model: people need awareness, knowledge,understanding, skills
very often EE because there is a lack of models forimplementing SD
Change of individual behavior
Action competence
Approach:
Bottom up
Process oriented
Intrinsic values
Learning
ESDChange of socio-economic structures and lifestylesEthical -Equity, justice, respect, democracy
Future oriented
Participation
Critical reflection
The Pillars of Learning
to do
to live together
LEARNING
to know
tobe
LEARNING
# critical thinking, problem solving and decision-making skills
# self awareness, self esteem and self confidence
# practical skills
# “collective responsibility and constructive partner-ship” and empathy skills
The project will expect the delivery of the model ESD curriculum more than 600 to 1,000 teachers in respected countries.
OBJECTIVES OF THE CONFERENCE
Models of ESD teaching materials that could be used in the classrooms in both countries
Development of ESD teaching materials to be applied not only German and Japanese schools, but also schools of other countries both in Europe and Asia-Pacific.
Top down
Bottom up
Local educational authorities and institutions of formal education are encouraged to take on responsibility for implementing the relevant provisions of the strategy and monitoring it.
ACCUHiroshima2006
Bottom up
COMMENTS ON A MODEL CURRICULUM
BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
“I was deeply impressed by the materials you had sent me, and I am sure that this kind of idea would also work in Japanese classrooms, I am sure that your systematic idea will help Japanese teachers in terms how they should teach topics and items in the extremely wide Geography curriculum in Japan.”
Kaoru OKAMOTO, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo, 25.5.94 Education of the Rising Sun : an introduction to education in Japan / Kaoru Okamoto.Published: [Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 1992.]http://www.dgross-sustainable.de/
comeuro.htm
MODELMODEL
SUSTAINABILITYMega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTINNER
CITY
DECISION - MAKING STRUCTURES
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
INNER
CITY
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). A balance of job and residence. Knowledge Industry could be partly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to avoidurban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
INNER
CITY
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). Knowledge industry could be partly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to avoidurban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
Unsustainable production and consumption cause an increase in decology.Reasons: Cultural peculiarities andshareholder-value instead ofsocietal responsibility.
INNER
CITY
WASTE
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). Knowledge industry could be partly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to avoidurban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
Unsustainable production and consumption cause an increase in decology.Reasons: Cultural peculiarities andshareholder-value instead ofsocietal responsibility.
CO2 emission, water and air pollution (incinerating plant) will have effects on freshwater reserves and well-being conditions
INNER
CITY
WASTE
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). Knowledge industry could be partly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to avoidurban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
Unsustainable production and consumption cause an increase in decology.Reasons: Cultural peculiarities andshareholder-value instead ofsocietal responsibility.
Stressful living conditions cause migrationtowards suburbs. City Planning should be re-evaluated. The CBD should be more than business. Recreational areas (parks) and public squares for social communication should be added. Raises identification with the city and supports well- being. Decrease environmental load and create asustainable society.
CO2 emission, water and air pollution (incinerating plant) will have effects on freshwater reserves and well-being conditions.
I NNER
CITY
W A S T E
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). Knowledge industry could be partly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to avoidurban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
Unsustainable production and consumption cause an increase in decology.Reasons: Cultural peculiarities andshareholder-value instead ofsocietal responsibility.
Stressful living conditions cause migrationtowards suburbs. City Planning should be re-evaluated. The CBD should be more than business. Recreational areas (parks) and public squares for social communication should be added. Raises identification with the city and supports well- being. Decrease environmental load and create asustainable society.
CO2 emission, water and air pollution (incinerating plant) will have effects on freshwater reserves and well-being conditions.
INNER
CITY
Economic pressure: Continuous demand for property in the CBD. Face-to-Face business.
WASTE
HOUS ING
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). Knowledge industry could be partly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to avoidurban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
Unsustainable production and consumption cause an increase in decology.Reasons: Cultural peculiarities andshareholder-value instead ofsocietal responsibility.
Stressful living conditions cause migrationtowards suburbs. City Planning should be re-evaluated. The CBD should be more than business. Recreational areas (parks) and public squares for social communication should be added. Raises identification with the city and supports well- being. Decrease environmental load and create asustainable society.
CO2 emission, water and air pollution (incinerating plant) will have effects on freshwater reserves and well-being conditions.
INNER
CITY
Economic pressure: Continuous demand for property in the CBD. Face-to-Face business.
WASTE
HOUS ING
Results of densely populated areas: - Heaps of waste and noise - Missing social consensus
SUSTAINABILITY Mega Cities
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTThe inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services (70%). Knowledge industry could be partly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to avoidurban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
Unsustainable production and consumption cause an increase in decology.Reasons: Cultural peculiarities andshareholder-value instead ofsocietal responsibility.
Stressful living conditions cause migrationtowards suburbs. City Planning should be re-evaluated. The CBD should be more than business. Recreational areas (parks) and public squares for social communication should be added. Raises identification with the city and supports well- being. Decrease environmental load and create asustainable society.
CO2 emission, water and air pollution (incinerating plant) will have effects on freshwater reserves and well-being conditions.
INNER
CITY
Economic pressure: Continuous demand for property in the CBD. Face-to-Face business.
WASTE
HOUS ING
Results of densely populated areas: - Heaps of waste and noise - Missing social consensus
Decentralisation of services by making useof high-speed-systems (train). Improving living conditions in the inner city. And loop roadsshould be merged with green axis
Responsibility
Political imperative: City planning for a Sustainable Future Objectives: A livable and sustainable city; Mixture of housing (30%) and services(70%). Knowledge industry could bepartly moved into the vicinity.Appropriate measures should be taken to Avoid urban sprawl and/or the doughnutphenomenon
Mega-Cities (Growing Cities): Structural change of economic sectors towards services, cities as centers of services will grow but followed by further crises. In order to cope with these issues additional resources must be allocated - due to inborn genetic deficiencies of mega – cities.
The inner city will lose residents, thereforeincrease of offices vs. decrease of housing. Suburbs will grow - more noise and air pollution caused by urban traffic since there will be more commuters.
Examples:
INNER CITY
SUSTAINABILITY Curriculum
OBJECTIVESCONTENT THEMESECONOMY ENVIRONMENT
SUSTAINABILITY Curriculum
Unsustainable production and consumption cause an increase in decology.Reasons: Cultural peculiarities andshareholder-value instead ofsocietal responsibility.
CO2 emission, water and air pollution (incinerating plant) will have effects on freshwater reserves and well-being conditions.
Examples:
WASTE
Stressful living conditions cause migrationtowards suburbs. City Planning should be re-evaluated. The CBD should be more than business. Recreational areas (parks) and public squares for social communication should be added. Raises identification with the city and supports well- being. Decrease environmental load and createA sustainable society
OBJECTIVESECONOMY ENVIRONMENT
CONTENT THEMES
SUSTAINABILITY Curriculum
Economic pressure: Continuous demand for property in the CBD. Face-to-Face business.
Results of densely populated areas: - Heaps of waste and noise - Missing social consensus
Examples:
HOUSING
Decentralisation of services by making use of high-speed-systems (train). mproving living conditions in the innercity. And loop roads should be mergedwith green axis.
OBJECTIVESECONOMY ENVIRONMENT
CONTENT THEMES
Economy EnvironmentCompetence of Responsibility SUBJECTS EXAMPLES
COMPETENCE OF SPACE
Decision-Making Structures which help to determine self-responsibility: the correlation network of economic, ecological and social conditions being balanced and related to other areas by simultaneous and equilibrated viewing of
these conditional factors
5
4
3
2
1
Agriculture and tourismas important componentsin the economic and sociallife of Europe
Densely populated regions(“conurbations”) as economicand living areas
Regional plannng and re-gional policy in Europe inconnection with measurestaken within the frameworkof structural policy and with the principle of subsidiarity
Industry and Services:Energy and knowledge/know-how as foundations ofdevelopment
Political Union:Emergence and structure of theEuropean Union, taking intoconsideration the political system of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as other European nations
Subsidised agriculture without market orienta-tion, a result of the Common Agricultural Poli-cy (CAP), overaccentuation of production quo-tas. Tourism, an important economic factor, includes peripheral areas as well
Understanding the fact that keeping the EuropeanAgricultural Market open for agricultural produce from Third countries, i.e. non-members of the Euro-pean Community, also contributes towards the pre-servation of a varied landscape of cultivated land andof nature in Europe, thereby facilitating a durable and ecologically acceptable equilibrium between agricultural activity and the natural resources.
Understanding the fact that the kind of “gobal” man-agement of the economies of the European industrial-ised nations has to follow the principle of “sustainabili-ty” and that in order to preserve Europe’s competitive-ness (the motor of integration) it is absolutely vital torealise to that the quality of the environment and eco-nomic growth are interdependent and that energy-sav- ing measures constitute a contribution towards develop-ing the DCs
Excessive exploitation of agriculture as aresult of tourism and “industrial” production methods. Neglected land to be cultivated: alack of environmental awareness.
# Conventional and alternative farming# Agriculture and tourism# Trade Agreements of the EU, Fortress Europe!?# The Euro-Babana# The Lomé Convention
A progressing agglomeration process in urbanareas and areas of industrial activity, advantagesand disadvantages
A change of importance of locational factors asa result of internationalisation and globalisationof the economy, cross-border planning and cre-ation of transnational networks. Development of communication and traffic routes as a com-ponent of structural policy for regions and the European Economic Area A structural change of the “old” industries in the highly developed countries is necessary inorder to achieve competitiveness on the world market. Developing high-tech industries, com-bined with the willingness to stand up to globalcompetition, for instance, by means of invest-ment in the research sector (knowledge/know-how)
The European Union :The Treaty of Rome and stages on the path to-wards political union: an economic, monetary,social and environmental union. Necessary de-velopments in Europe with regard to an inter-nationalisation and globalisation of the economy
Understanding the fact that a balanced proportion(mixture) of various types of utilisation (for example:living, working, transport) must be guaranteed, with a view to keeping the burdens placed on the naturaland social environment on an “ecologically accept-able” level.
Understanding the fact that regional policy will have to find ways and means to balance any regio-nal disparities by taking into account the respective locational conditions as well as the requirementsof ecological acceptability.
Understanding the fact that Europe must not onlystrive for unity and economic prosperity but willalso have to assume global responsibilty for develop-ment and the environment.
(Over) utilisation of land.Intervention in the natural environment and insocial ecosystems, displacement processes,inferior quality of life due to environmentalproblems.
The production and the distribution of goodsare by no means ecologically harmless; what is more, they have no rely on transport. Transportpolicy as environmental policy.
A burden on and damage to the local andglobal environment caused by “old” industries:a waste of raw materials and of energy
Repercussions of the political unification pro-cess on economic and social conditions (theenvironment) as well as the national and cul-tural identity of the population inside and out-side Europe.
# Berlin and Brandenburg: requirements of city planning and hinterland planning# Tertiarisation of the city- centre: consequences# Tokyo and other major capital cities: prerequisites for the“global city”?
# The railway as the momentous innovation of modern economic history# The European high-speed railway network
# Old and young industrial land- scapes# Structural and environmental policies# The steel industry in Europe# The pricing system (OECD)
# Centralism and decentralisation# The principle of subsidiarity# Migration within and towards Europe
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