charecterisational differentiation of wood and husk composite.pdf
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Charecterisational differentiation of Wood and husk composite
material with Ferric oxide powders
S. Maivizhi Selvi1, M.Raakesh
2, Keerthana.N
2, Purusothaman.D
2
Assistant Professor1, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Student2 Final year, Department of Mechanical Engineering
KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore 641407
Email id: agilan065@gmail.com kee.mavells@gmail.com
Abstract
Bio composite is a very emerging technology in the field of composites to make use of various bio
wastes. Among those wood composite is a type of bio composite to make use of waste wood materials to make
composite structures. Strength characterization is done to analyze the load bearing capacity of the composite
model that is done. The strength characterization includes Hardness test, Tensile breaking load test, and Micro
structural analysis.
The proposed project is a combination of bio composite and the nano materials. The composite is
made using husk as well as the wood powders as the fiber and the epoxy as the matrix material. The
weight ratio of husk to epoxy matrix is kept constant for a variation of percentage in ferric oxide
powders. Fiber to matrix ratio is maintained as 3:2 to the variation of Fe2O3 nano particles is different
cases are respectively 0.010%, 0.015%, 0.020%, 0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1% .The strength and hardness tests
are done for various specimens respectively.
Key words: Husk, Wood, Ferric Oxide powders, Strength and Hardness.
1. Introduction
Composite consisting of two or more
materials that have different characteristics, where
one serves as a binder material and the other as a
fiber. The properties of the composites are strong,
lightweight, corrosion resistant, wear resistant, and
attractive in appearance. Many composites have
been developed with various types of synthetic
fibers in order to improve the mechanical
properties.
Currently, the type of composite tends to
change from composite with synthetic fibers to
natural fibers. This is because the composite with
synthetic fibers such as glass fibers are not
environmentally friendly, lead to problems of waste
glass fiber, which cannot be decomposed by nature
[1]. Composites with natural fibers have many
significant advantages over composites with
synthetic fibers such as low cost, lighter weight,
available in the form of plants or waste, non-
toxicity, and does not cause skin irritation [2]. The
convenience of these composites lies in the fact
that the ingredients are obtained easily from natural
or agricultural wastes and hence the composites can
be made relative easily. Natural fibers can be
cultivated so that its availability is sustainable.
However, natural fibers also have many
weaknesses such as irregular dimensions, stiff,
susceptible to heat, easy to absorb water, and
quickly obsolete [1]. Ideally composite materials
used in structures where strength to weight ratio
into consideration [3]. Attempts have been made to
use natural fiber composites in non-structural
application.Currently a number of automotive
components previously made with glass fiber
composites are now being manufactured using
environmentally friendly composites. The use of
natural fibers in automotive has two advantages,
namely vehicles become lighter, which means
improved fuel efficiency, and improved the
sustainability of production because it can be
cultivated [4], [5].
2. Preparation methods
The husk fiber used as the reinforcement
material is weighed for 25 grams and the
compositional weight variation of ferric oxide nano
powder is taken according to 0%, 0.01%, 0.015%,
0.02%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% weight fractions
respectively.
Proceedings of International Conference on Developments in Engineering Research
IAETSD 2015: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ISBN: 978 - 15084725 - 51
www.iaetsd.in
Date: 15.2.2015
16
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Table.1. Weight ratio between Fiber and the ferric
oxide powders
Hence the reinforcement material is now
ready for the formation of composite material. The
reinforcement to matrix weight ratio is fixed
constant as 60:40. 10% of hardener for the Epoxy
(Matrix) ratios were taken and then mixed with
matrix. And then the husk was mixed with ferric
oxide thoroughly.
Fig.1.Husk powders mixed with ferric oxide
powders at various weight proportions
The same way wood powders were also mixed in
the same proportionality.
Die was prepared using the cardboard
material. The husk epoxy mixed particulate was
settled into the die as shown in the Fig.3. The set
up left to dry for 48 hours and then kept in the oven
for 5 minutes over an increasing temperature up to
1500C. The hard composite cake was taken out and
then machined for its surface finish. For a 60:40
ratio of the matrix and the fiber the weight of
matrix (Binder) epoxy was kept constant as 37.5gm
with an approximation of 0.2gm to 0.4gm for all
samples as shown in the Fig.2.
Fig.2.Weight of epoxy or the binder as per the
60:40 ratios between matrix and the fiber
Fig.3. Epoxy mixed husk with varied particulate
mixture settled in die
The color variation in the samples is due to the
varying composition of the ferric oxide powders.
The samples having less amount of the particulate
mixture will have less intensity of the red color.
The particulate mixed samples are compared with
the sample without mixture in order to differentiate
the variation in properties of the other samples.
Fig.4. Epoxy mixed wood composite cakes
numbered as per the variation of Fe2O3 Powders
Sl .No % Variation
of Ferric
oxide
powder
Variation
Ferric oxide
powder
(grams)
Weight of
Fibre
(grams)
1. 0 0 25
2. 0.010 0.25 25
3. 0.015 0.375 25
4. 0.02 0.5 25
5. 0.025 0.625 25
6. 0.05 1.25 25
7. 0.1 2.5 25
Proceedings of International Conference on Developments in Engineering Research
IAETSD 2015: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ISBN: 978 - 15084725 - 51
www.iaetsd.in
Date: 15.2.2015
17
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Results and Discussion
The micro structural view of the sampled
composite bar is shown below at Fig.4. & Fig.5
The colour variations of the pictured samples
clearly show the variation in the concentrations of
the ferric oxide powders.
Fig.5. Micro structural view of various composite bars varying in the composition of particulate matter
1.0% 2.0.01% 3.0.015% 4.0.020% 5.0.025% 6.0.050% 7.0.1%
Fig.6. Micro structural view of various composite bars varying in the composition of particulate matter
1.0% 2.0.01% 3.0.015% 4.0.020% 5.0.025% 6.0.050% 7.0.1%
Proceedings of International Conference on Developments in Engineering Research
IAETSD 2015: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ISBN: 978 - 15084725 - 51
www.iaetsd.in
Date: 15.2.2015
18
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01
2
3
4
5
0 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.05 0.1
Har
dn
ess
Nu
mb
er
BH
N
Ferric oxide variation in %
Tensile strength and hardness of the
material is a very important factor that is to be
considered. The factors are calculated in order to
check the property of the material to withstand load
and if it can be applied in some suitable
applications.
The hardness value of the specimens was
checked using Brinell hardness machine. A
constant load of 750kgf was given. The diameter of
the impression produced by the ball intender is
noted down. If the diameter is larger, it means that
the hardness of that particular material is lower
when compared to the impression which is smaller
in diameter.
Fig.7. Graph showing the variation in hardness of
the Husk composite material when there is an
increase in the [ Fe2O3] Powder
Fig.8. Graph showing the variation in hardness of
Wood composite material with variation in
particulate compositional variation
Inferring the graph shown in Fig.4, we can
say that the hardness of the material is increasing
when there is an increase in composition of the
Ferric Oxide powders. But the optimum level of
composition is 0.020% after which the hardness of
the composite material starts decreasing. In sense
the indentation of the ball intender is increasing.
From Fig.5 it can be clearly seen that the indenting
diameter is low at a composition of 0.025%. It
means that the composite bar sample is harder at
0.025%. The remaining compositions do not seem
to have a good hardness when compared to the
composition of 0.025%.
The tensile strength of the composite
material is also checked using the UTM Machine.
The tensile strength is the strength of that material
that can withstand loads at same axis at opposite
direction. The samples are fixed in the jaws of the
UTM machine and the load is given as said before.
The load at which the composite breaks is checked.
Fig.9. Tensile strength testing in UTM
Fig.10.Graph showing the variation of breaking
tensile load with respect to the varying composition
of the Particulate matter [Fe2O3] in husk composite
bar
Proceedings of International Conference on Developments in Engineering Research
IAETSD 2015: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ISBN: 978 - 15084725 - 51
www.iaetsd.in
Date: 15.2.2015
19
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The cross sectional areas of all the
samples are kept constant and the tensile strength is
calculated for each sample that varies in
composition of ferric oxide powders as shown in
the Fig.5.
Inferring the graph shown above it can be
clearly seen that the tensile property of the sample
number 4 with a particulate composition of 0.02%
of weight fraction has high tensile strength in
comparison to the other samples. Addition of Ferric
oxide powder in the husk composite increases the
strength and hardness of the composite material but
only up to a weight fraction of 0.02.
Fig.11.Graph showing the variation of breaking
tensile load with respect to the varying composition
of the Particulate matter [Fe2O3] in wood
composite bar
From the graph shown above (Fig.11) it
can be clearly seen that the tensile property of the
sample number 5 with a particulate composition of
0.025% of weight fraction has high tensile strength
in comparison to the other samples. Addition of
Ferric oxide powder in the wood composite
increases the strength and hardness of the
composite material but only up to a weight fraction
of 0.025.
References
[1] D. K. Jamasri and G. W. Handiko,
Studiperlakuan alkali terhadapsifattarikkompositlimbahseratsawit
polyester, in Proc. 2005 SNTTM-IV Conf., 2005, G3, pp. 23-28.
[2] K. Oksman, M. Skrifvars, and J. F. Selin,
Natural fiber as reinforcement in Polylactic Acid (PLA) composites, J. Composite Sci. and Tech, vol. 63, pp. 1317-1324, 2003.
[3] R. F. Gibson, Principles of composite materials
mechanics, McGraw-Hill Series, 1994.
[4] M. P. Westman, L. S. Fifield, K. L. Simmons,
S. G. Laddha, T. A. Kafentzis, Natural fiber composites: A review, U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
2010.
[5] J. Holbery and D. Houston, Natural-Fiber-Reinforced polymer composites in automotive
applications, JOM, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 80-86, 2006.
0
1
2
3
4
Bre
akin
g Lo
ad V
aria
tio
n
Ferric Oxide Variation in %
Proceedings of International Conference on Developments in Engineering Research
IAETSD 2015: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ISBN: 978 - 15084725 - 51
www.iaetsd.in
Date: 15.2.2015
20
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