charophyceans bryophytes (nonvascular plants) seedless vascular plants gymnosperms angiosperms

Ch

aro

ph

yc

ean

s

Bry

op

hyt

es

(n

on

vas

cu

lar

pla

nts

)

Se

edle

ss v

as

cula

r p

lan

ts

Gy

mn

os

per

ms

An

gio

sp

erm

s

30 nm

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Meiosis/Lilium_microsporogenesis/Phragmoplast_Cell_Plate.low.jpg

Chara, a pond organism

(a)10 mm

Coleochaete orbicularis, a disk-shaped charophycean (LM)

(b)

40 µm

Figure 29.3 Apical meristems of plant shoots and roots

Figure 29.4 Embryos of land plants: Marchantia (left), Shepherd's purse (right)

Figure 29.6 Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme

Figure 29.7 A fern spore

Figure 29.9 Gametangia: Archegonium of Marchantia (left), Anteridium of a hornwort (right)

Figure 29.10 Cuticle of a stem from Psilotum (a pteridophyte)

Figure 29.11 The stem of Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)

Plantae

Streptophyta

Viridiplantae

Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Embryophytes

Ancestral alga

Table 29.1 Ten Phyla of Extant Plants

Figure 29.15 Bryophytes

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 3)

Figure 29.16x Moss life cycle

Figure 29.19 Sphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), closeup of Sphagnum (bottom left), Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)

Bryophytes(nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants

Vascular plants

Land plants

Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)

Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)

Origin of land plants(about 475 mya)

Ancestralgreen alga

Ch

aro

ph

yce

an

s

Liv

erw

ort

s

Ho

rnw

ort

s

Mo

sse

s

Lyc

op

hyt

es

(clu

b m

oss

es,

sp

ike

mo

sse

s, q

uill

wo

rts)

Pte

rop

hyt

es

(fe

rns,

ho

rse

tails

, w

his

k fe

rns)

Gym

no

spe

rms

An

gio

spe

rms

Vascular tissue

Microphylls, such as those of lycophytes, may have originated as small stem outgrowths supported by single, unbranched strands of vascular tissue.

(a) Megaphylls, which have branched vascular systems, may have evolved by the fusion of branched stems.

(b)

Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Figure 29.23x2 Life cycle of a fern: sorus

Figure 29.21x1 Lycophyte

Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes: club "moss" (top left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right)

Homosporous spore production

Sporangiumin sporophyll

Singletype of spore

Typically abisexual

gametophyte

Eggs

Heterosporous spore production

Megasporangiumin megasporophyll Megaspore Female

gametophyte

Microsporangiumin microsporophyll

Microspore Malegametophyte

Sperm

Eggs

Sperm

Figure 29.21x2 Horsetail

Figure 29.23 The life cycle of a fern

Figure 29.23x6 Life cycle of a fern: gametophyte

Figure 29.24a Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production