chem spring final review1 chemistry spring semester review
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Chem Spring Final Review 1
Chemistry Spring Chemistry Spring Semester ReviewSemester Review
Chem Spring Final Review 2
Test FormatTest Format• 90 multiple choice90 multiple choice• Each question holds Each question holds the equal weightthe equal weight
• Answer sheet (pencil)Answer sheet (pencil)• ~2 hours~2 hours
Chem Spring Final Review 3
Final ScheduleFinal Schedule• 6/1: Per. 1 and 56/1: Per. 1 and 5• 6/2: Per. 3 and 46/2: Per. 3 and 4• 6/3: Per. 2 and 66/3: Per. 2 and 6
Chem Spring Final Review 4
RecommendationsRecommendations• Study old review sheetsStudy old review sheets• Especially mult. choiceEspecially mult. choice• Know your ochem/biochemKnow your ochem/biochem• Time your stoich problemsTime your stoich problems
Chem Spring Final Review 5
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 8: Gas LawsUnit 8: Gas Laws
Chem Spring Final Review 6
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 9: Condensed Unit 9: Condensed
states of matterstates of matter
Chem Spring Final Review 7
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 10: SolutionsUnit 10: Solutions
Chem Spring Final Review 8
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 11: Unit 11:
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Chem Spring Final Review 9
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 12: EquilibriumUnit 12: Equilibrium
Chem Spring Final Review 10
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 13: Acids and Unit 13: Acids and basesbases
Chem Spring Final Review 11
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 14: Electrochem Unit 14: Electrochem and nuclear chemand nuclear chem
Chem Spring Final Review 12
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
(Unit 15): Organic and (Unit 15): Organic and biochemistrybiochemistry
Chem Spring Final Review 13
Unit 8Unit 8
Chem Spring Final Review 14
Unit 8Unit 8Know the properties of Know the properties of
gases. gases. Know the difference Know the difference
between a real gas and between a real gas and an idea gasan idea gas
Chem Spring Final Review 15
Unit 8Unit 8Know the K.M.T.Know the K.M.T.Behaviors of gases can Behaviors of gases can
be determined by using be determined by using gas lawsgas laws
Chem Spring Final Review 16
Unit 8: Gas LawsUnit 8: Gas LawsBoyle’s (P,V)Boyle’s (P,V)Charles’ (V,T)Charles’ (V,T)Gay-Lussac’s (P, T)Gay-Lussac’s (P, T)Combined (P,V, T)Combined (P,V, T)Avogadro’s (V, n)Avogadro’s (V, n)
Chem Spring Final Review 17
Unit 8Unit 8 Ideal: PV=nRTIdeal: PV=nRTDalton’s: PDalton’s: P11 + P + P22 = P = Ptt
Graham’s Law of Graham’s Law of EffusionEffusion
Chem Spring Final Review 18
Unit 8Unit 8At STP, one mole of gas At STP, one mole of gas
= 22.4 liters. The T is = 22.4 liters. The T is 273 K and P is 101.3 273 K and P is 101.3 kPa.kPa.
Chem Spring Final Review 19
Unit 8Unit 8Gas Collection LabGas Collection LabHow to calculate percent How to calculate percent
error?error? (act. – theo)/theo x 100%(act. – theo)/theo x 100%
Chem Spring Final Review 20
Unit 9Unit 9
Chem Spring Final Review 21
Unit 9Unit 9Key terms to know: Key terms to know:
critical pt., normal f.p., critical pt., normal f.p., normal b.p., triple pt., normal b.p., triple pt., critical pressurecritical pressure
Chem Spring Final Review 22
Unit 9Unit 9More terms: liquid, solid, More terms: liquid, solid,
gas, vaporization, gas, vaporization, boiling, freezing, boiling, freezing, deposition, melting, deposition, melting, condensation, condensation, sublimation & sublimation & evaporationevaporation
Chem Spring Final Review 23
Unit 9Unit 9 Intermolcular forces: Intermolcular forces:
(strong to weak)(strong to weak)Hydrogen (HNOF)Hydrogen (HNOF)
dipole-dipole dipole-dipole London London forcesforces
Chem Spring Final Review 24
Unit 9Unit 9Mixtures: homogeneous Mixtures: homogeneous
includes solutionsincludes solutionsHeterogeneous includes Heterogeneous includes
suspensions and suspensions and colloidscolloids
Chem Spring Final Review 25
Unit 9Unit 9What increase the rate What increase the rate
of dissolving?of dissolving?
Chem Spring Final Review 26
Unit 9Unit 9Types of solids: Types of solids:
metallic, ionic, covalent metallic, ionic, covalent network and molecularnetwork and molecular
Chem Spring Final Review 27
Unit 9Unit 9Vapor pressure: It’s Vapor pressure: It’s
higher if the boiling higher if the boiling point is lowerpoint is lower
Depends on temperature Depends on temperature and intermolecular forceand intermolecular force
Chem Spring Final Review 28
Unit 9Unit 9Evaporation takes place Evaporation takes place
when there’s enough when there’s enough kinetic energy for kinetic energy for molecules to overcome molecules to overcome their intermolecular their intermolecular forcesforces
Chem Spring Final Review 29
Unit 10Unit 10
Chem Spring Final Review 30
Unit 10Unit 10Solutions are made of a Solutions are made of a
solute (minor) and a solute (minor) and a solvent (major)solvent (major)
Saturated, unsaturated Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturatedand supersaturated
Chem Spring Final Review 31
Unit 10Unit 10““like dissolves like”like dissolves like”Polar substance will Polar substance will
dissolve other polar dissolve other polar substances (water will substances (water will dissolve salt, but not oil)dissolve salt, but not oil)
Chem Spring Final Review 32
Unit 10Unit 10Concentration measure Concentration measure
how much solute is in a how much solute is in a solutionsolution
Molarity: moles/LitersMolarity: moles/LitersMolality: moles/kgMolality: moles/kg
Chem Spring Final Review 33
Unit 10Unit 10% Conc: mass % Conc: mass
solute/mass of solution solute/mass of solution x 100%x 100%
Chem Spring Final Review 34
Unit 10Unit 10Colligative propertiesColligative properties““binding”binding”F.P. depression, B.P. F.P. depression, B.P.
elevation, osmotic elevation, osmotic pressure and V.P. pressure and V.P. loweringlowering
Chem Spring Final Review 35
Unit 10Unit 10∆∆TTff = K= Kff x x mmSolubility rulesSolubility rulesDilution: MDilution: M11VV11 = M = M22VV22
Electrolytes: ions in Electrolytes: ions in solutionsolution
Chem Spring Final Review 36
Unit 11Unit 11
Chem Spring Final Review 37
Unit 11Unit 11Heat vs. temperatureHeat vs. temperatureHeat (Joules / cal)Heat (Joules / cal)Temp (Temp (ooC / K)C / K)
Chem Spring Final Review 38
Unit 11Unit 11Know about enthalpy, Know about enthalpy,
entropy and free energyentropy and free energyEnthalpy describes the Enthalpy describes the
amount of heat absorbed amount of heat absorbed (+∆H) or released (+∆H) (+∆H) or released (+∆H) in a reactionin a reaction
Chem Spring Final Review 39
Unit 11Unit 11Enthalpy cannot be Enthalpy cannot be
directly measured. So directly measured. So we measure the change we measure the change in enthalpy.in enthalpy.
Chem Spring Final Review 40
Unit 11Unit 11Energy profile graphsEnergy profile graphsActivated complex, Activated complex,
change in enthalpy, change in enthalpy, presence of a catalyst, presence of a catalyst, activation energyactivation energy
Chem Spring Final Review 41
Unit 11Unit 11+∆H = endothermic+∆H = endothermic - ∆H = exothermic- ∆H = exothermic+∆S = disorder+∆S = disorder -∆S = order-∆S = order+∆G = nonspontaneous+∆G = nonspontaneous -∆G = spontaneous-∆G = spontaneous
Chem Spring Final Review 42
Unit 11Unit 11Specific heat: the Specific heat: the
amount of heat needed amount of heat needed to raise one gram of a to raise one gram of a substance one degree substance one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).Celsius (or one Kelvin).
Chem Spring Final Review 43
Unit 11Unit 11Rate laws are determined Rate laws are determined
by using the by using the concentrations of concentrations of reactants that influence reactants that influence the reaction timethe reaction time
Slow step!Slow step!
Chem Spring Final Review 44
Unit 12Unit 12
Chem Spring Final Review 45
Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium: opposing Equilibrium: opposing
chemical and physical chemical and physical changes occurs at equal changes occurs at equal ratesrates
Chem Spring Final Review 46
Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium can be Equilibrium can be
shifted by changing the shifted by changing the pressure, temperature or pressure, temperature or concentration of the concentration of the systemsystem
Le ChLe Châtelier’s Principleâtelier’s Principle
Chem Spring Final Review 47
Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium expressionsEquilibrium expressions
[products][products]
KKeqeq = ------------- = ------------- [reactants][reactants]
Chem Spring Final Review 48
Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium expressions Equilibrium expressions
only include only include concentrations in the gas concentrations in the gas statestate
Large K = favors Large K = favors productsproducts
Chem Spring Final Review 49
Unit 13Unit 13
Chem Spring Final Review 50
Unit 13Unit 13Acids are proton donors Acids are proton donors
(Br(Brønsted-Lowry)ønsted-Lowry)Acids taste sour, corrode Acids taste sour, corrode
metal, turn litmus paper metal, turn litmus paper pink and have a pH < 7pink and have a pH < 7
Chem Spring Final Review 51
Unit 13Unit 13Bases are proton Bases are proton
acceptors (Bracceptors (Brønsted-ønsted-Lowry)Lowry)
Bases taste bitter, feel Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, turn litmus slippery, turn litmus paper blue and have a pH paper blue and have a pH > 7> 7
Chem Spring Final Review 52
Unit 13Unit 13HA + HHA + H22O O H H33OO++ + A + A--
If HA is a strong acid, If HA is a strong acid, then Athen A-- is a weak is a weak conjugate baseconjugate base
Chem Spring Final Review 53
Unit 13Unit 13pH = - log [HpH = - log [H33OO++]] [H[H33OO++] = 2] = 2ndnd log –pH log –pHpH + pOH = 14.00pH + pOH = 14.00KKww = 1.0 x 10 = 1.0 x 10-14-14 M M22
Chem Spring Final Review 54
Unit 13Unit 13Blue to red = acidBlue to red = acidPhenolphthalein Phenolphthalein Bromothymol blueBromothymol blue
Chem Spring Final Review 55
Unit 13Unit 13TitrationsTitrationsMMaaVVaa = M = MbbVVbb
HNOHNO33, HCl and H, HCl and H22SOSO44 are are strong acidsstrong acids
Acetic acid is weakAcetic acid is weak
Chem Spring Final Review 56
Unit 14Unit 14
Chem Spring Final Review 57
Unit 14Unit 14Redox involves the Redox involves the
transfer of electronstransfer of electronsMetals typically tend to Metals typically tend to
lose electronslose electronsSome metals lose Some metals lose
electrons easier than electrons easier than othersothers
Chem Spring Final Review 58
Unit 14Unit 14LEO says GERLEO says GEROxidized – reducing Oxidized – reducing
agentagentReduced – oxidizing Reduced – oxidizing
agentagent
Chem Spring Final Review 59
Unit 14Unit 14Oxidation numbersOxidation numbersWhat is the oxidation What is the oxidation
number of S in MgSOnumber of S in MgSO44??More electronegative More electronegative
element receives the element receives the negative charge (F, O)negative charge (F, O)
Chem Spring Final Review 60
Unit 14Unit 14 In galvanic cells, In galvanic cells,
oxidation takes place at oxidation takes place at the anode. Reduction the anode. Reduction takes place at the takes place at the cathode.cathode.
Chem Spring Final Review 61
Unit 14Unit 14Electric current flows Electric current flows
from the anode to the from the anode to the cathodecathode
Metals are the best Metals are the best conductors of electricityconductors of electricity
Chem Spring Final Review 62
Unit 14Unit 14Be able to calculate the Be able to calculate the
potential of a cellpotential of a cell AgAg++ + e + e-- Ag E Ag Eo o = +0.80V= +0.80V FeFe+3+3 + 3e + 3e-- Fe E Fe Eo o = +0.77V= +0.77VWhich metal is the Which metal is the
cathode?cathode?
Chem Spring Final Review 63
Unit 14Unit 14Know about corrosionKnow about corrosionHow to prevent?How to prevent?Which metals are used in Which metals are used in
cathodic protection?cathodic protection?
Chem Spring Final Review 64
Unit 14Unit 14Nuclear chemistry is the Nuclear chemistry is the
study of the nucleusstudy of the nucleusNuclide undergo decay Nuclide undergo decay
to become more stableto become more stableN:P ratio N:P ratio 1:1 – 1.5:1 1:1 – 1.5:1
Chem Spring Final Review 65
Unit 14Unit 14Most common form of Most common form of
decay: decay: αα-decay (helium) -decay (helium) and and ββ-decay (electrons)-decay (electrons)
Nuclear reactors function Nuclear reactors function on the principle of fission on the principle of fission
Chem Spring Final Review 66
Unit 14Unit 14Reactors that generate Reactors that generate
additional fissionable additional fissionable fuel are known as fuel are known as breeder reactorsbreeder reactors
Chem Spring Final Review 67
Unit 14Unit 14Soviet-style reactors are Soviet-style reactors are
known as RBMK reactorsknown as RBMK reactorsControl rods absorb Control rods absorb
neutronsneutrons Chernobyl’s meltdown Chernobyl’s meltdown
was caused by human was caused by human errorerror
Chem Spring Final Review 68
Unit 14Unit 14Half-life: the amount of Half-life: the amount of
time needed for half of time needed for half of the original sample to the original sample to remainremain
How much will remain How much will remain after 2 half-lives?after 2 half-lives?
Chem Spring Final Review 69
Unit 14Unit 14Hydrogen bombs are Hydrogen bombs are
fusion bombsfusion bombs““Fat man” and “Little Fat man” and “Little
boy” were fission bombsboy” were fission bombs
Chem Spring Final Review 70
Unit 15Unit 15
Chem Spring Final Review 71
Unit 15Unit 15Organic chemistry is the Organic chemistry is the
chemistry of carbonchemistry of carbonUrea was the first Urea was the first
synthesized organic synthesized organic compoundcompound
Chem Spring Final Review 72
Unit 15Unit 15Nomenclature: alkanes, Nomenclature: alkanes,
alkenes, alkynesalkenes, alkynesHydrogenation reactions: Hydrogenation reactions:
adding hydrogen to adding hydrogen to alkenes/alkynes breaks alkenes/alkynes breaks bondsbonds
Chem Spring Final Review 73
Unit 15Unit 15Not all hydrocarbons are Not all hydrocarbons are
saturatedsaturated
Chem Spring Final Review 74
Unit 15Unit 15Nomenclature: benzenes Nomenclature: benzenes
(aromatics), alcohols, (aromatics), alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers carboxylic acids, ethers and estersand esters
Chem Spring Final Review 75
Unit 15Unit 15Know properties and Know properties and
usesusesAldehydes are used to Aldehydes are used to
preserve classroom preserve classroom specimensspecimens
Chem Spring Final Review 76
Unit 15Unit 15Aromatics have a smell Aromatics have a smell
(benzenes)(benzenes)
Chem Spring Final Review 77
Unit 15Unit 15Biochemistry: chemistry Biochemistry: chemistry
of lifeof lifeFour main biomolecules: Four main biomolecules:
proteins (glue lab), proteins (glue lab), carbohydrates, lipids carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and nucleic acids(fats) and nucleic acids
Chem Spring Final Review 78
Unit 15Unit 15Proteins are made of Proteins are made of
amino acidsamino acidsAll amino acids have an All amino acids have an
amino group, carboxylic amino group, carboxylic acid, R group and acid, R group and hydrogenhydrogen
Chem Spring Final Review 79
Unit 15Unit 15Some amino acid R Some amino acid R
groups are hydrophilic groups are hydrophilic (water-loving), and (water-loving), and hydrophobic (water-hydrophobic (water-fearing)fearing)
Chem Spring Final Review 80
Unit 15Unit 15The order of the amino The order of the amino
acids is known as the acids is known as the primaryprimary structure structure
Chem Spring Final Review 81
Unit 15Unit 15The “space” of the The “space” of the
peptide chain is the peptide chain is the secondarysecondary structure structure
Alpha helix (collagen) vs. Alpha helix (collagen) vs. ββ--pleated sheet (silk)pleated sheet (silk)
Chem Spring Final Review 82
Unit 15Unit 15TertiaryTertiary structure is the structure is the
“shape” of the protein—“shape” of the protein—this is determined by the this is determined by the hydrophilic and hydrophilic and hydrophobic R groups hydrophobic R groups found on the amino acide found on the amino acide
Chem Spring Final Review 83
Unit 15Unit 15Amino acids are bonded Amino acids are bonded
by “peptide linkages” by “peptide linkages” ““C—N”C—N”Water is produced when Water is produced when
peptide linkages are peptide linkages are formedformed
Chem Spring Final Review 84
Unit 15Unit 15Polypeptides are Polypeptides are
polymers (many polymers (many monomers make monomers make polymers). “Poly” means polymers). “Poly” means many.many.
Chem Spring Final Review 85
Unit 15Unit 15Enzymes are biological Enzymes are biological
catalystscatalysts““Lock and Key” modelLock and Key” modelSubstrateSubstrate
Chem Spring Final Review 86
Unit 15Unit 15Carbohydrates are Carbohydrates are
sugars (saccharides)sugars (saccharides)Monosaccharide = one Monosaccharide = one
sugar; disaccharides = sugar; disaccharides = two sugars; two sugars; polysaccharides = many polysaccharides = many sugarssugars
Chem Spring Final Review 87
Unit 15Unit 15A bond is made when A bond is made when
disaccharides are formed disaccharides are formed (C—O—C) (C—O—C) ether ether
Sucrose is a Sucrose is a disaccharide made of disaccharide made of glucose and fructoseglucose and fructose
Chem Spring Final Review 88
Unit 15Unit 15Starch is an example of a Starch is an example of a
polysaccharide (many polysaccharide (many units of glucose)units of glucose)
Chem Spring Final Review 89
Unit 15Unit 15Bonds between Bonds between
monosaccharides are monosaccharides are known as “glycoside known as “glycoside linkages”linkages”
Chem Spring Final Review 90
Unit 15Unit 15Some sugars cannot be Some sugars cannot be
digested by humans like digested by humans like cellulose (found in paper cellulose (found in paper and wood)and wood)
Chem Spring Final Review 91
Unit 15Unit 15Lipids are also known as Lipids are also known as
fatsfatsFats make food taste Fats make food taste
goodgoodFats are dissolved by Fats are dissolved by
soapsoap
Chem Spring Final Review 92
Unit 15Unit 15Soap – micellesSoap – micellesFatty acids that are Fatty acids that are
esters of glycerol are esters of glycerol are called called triglyceridestriglycerides
Phospholipid bilayersPhospholipid bilayers
Chem Spring Final Review 93
Unit 15Unit 15DNA—deoxyribonucleic DNA—deoxyribonucleic
acidacidRNA—ribonucleic acid RNA—ribonucleic acid
(used in (used in transcription/protein transcription/protein synthesis)synthesis)
Chem Spring Final Review 94
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewHow many moles in 25.0 How many moles in 25.0
grams of Fe?grams of Fe?
Answer: 0.448 molAnswer: 0.448 mol
Chem Spring Final Review 95
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewEmpirical formula: Empirical formula: %%ggmolmolratiosratiosE.F.E.F.Molecular formulaMolecular formulamolar mass / emp. mass = molar mass / emp. mass =
ratio (ratio (nn))
Chem Spring Final Review 96
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewLimiting reactants:Limiting reactants:Have vs. needHave vs. need
Chem Spring Final Review 97
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewWhat is absolute zero?What is absolute zero?
Chem Spring Final Review 98
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewWhat is the solvent in What is the solvent in
hydrochloric acid? hydrochloric acid? (Ans.: water)(Ans.: water)
Larger part of the Larger part of the mixturemixture
Chem Spring Final Review 99
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewAlkenes contain at least Alkenes contain at least
one _______ bond.one _______ bond.Alkynes contain at least Alkynes contain at least
one _______ bond.one _______ bond.
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to Review CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +
2 H2 H22O (g)O (g)If 2.0 moles of methane react with If 2.0 moles of methane react with
excess oxygen, how many moles excess oxygen, how many moles of water will be produced?of water will be produced?
Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to Review
CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) (g) + 2 H+ 2 H22O (g)O (g)
Ans: 4.0 molesAns: 4.0 moles
Chem Spring Final Review 102
The EndThe EndDon’t forget to write your Don’t forget to write your version on your answer version on your answer sheetsheet
Bring paper and pencilsBring paper and pencilsCalculators Calculators Good Luck!Good Luck!
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