chem115 lecture1 120109

Text: General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 7th ed., by Denniston, Topping, and Caret http://www.mhhe.com/denniston

A Laboratory Manual for General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 7th ed., by Henrickson

www.saplinglearning.com

Chem 115: Basic Physiological Chemistry

Dr. Kathryn Huisingakhuisinga@malone.edu

X 8356

Minute paper• Name, Major, year• Where you are from?

• What science and math classes you have taken before (HS or college level)?

• What do you hope to learn in Chem 115?

• How do you think studying chemistry can teach you something about God?

• Anything else you want me to know

Syllabus• Online access- Malone e-companion and

saplinglearning.com• Communication outside of class will be via e-

mail and posting on companion site(s).• Instructional Methods:– Attendance & Participation– Homework Problem Sets: saplinglearning.com– Quizes– Exams– Lab (more details during lab this week)

Syllabus• Attendance– Lecture– Lab– Exams

• Grading Scale• Course Requirements & Classroom Procedures– Cell Phones- NOT ALLOWED– Calculators- NEEDED– Electronic note-taking devices- Your choice• i.e. – Laptop or ipad

Syllabus• Disability Accommodations– Center for Student Success– Your responsibility to communicate this to me

• Academic Integrity– Taken Very Seriously– If you aren’t sure if something is allowed, ask.– Plagiarism, Cheating on Exams, copying homework

or labs• If you are copying something, from anywhere, it is not

OK!

• Subject-to-change

• Study Tips– SQ3R+– Repetition– Frequency– Teach each other– Environment of learning

• Peer Tutoring:– Jennifer Peters– Monday, 6:00 p.m.

• in the tutoring room (Library Seminar F)

• Communicate problems to me– I can’t help you if I don’t know you are having

problems• Or if I don’t know until after the exam!!

Chem 115:Basic Physiological Chemistry• “General” Chemistry (Chapters 1-9)– Atoms, Chemical Structures & Equations, Acids,

Bases, Solutions, Matter, Energy• Organic Chemistry (Chapter 10-15)– Chemistry of Carbon & atoms that bond to it

• Biochemistry (Chapter 16-23)– Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, DNA, RNA,

Metabolism and all Biomolecules• How do things work “chemically” inside a living

organism?

Course OutlineTopics Reading

• Chemistry: Stuff & measuring it Chapters 1,5• What is an atom? Chapters 2, 9• How do atoms interact & react? Chemical bonding & reactions

Chapters3,4• Organic compounds: How does carbon interact? Chapters 10-17• Carbohydrates, an intermolecular chemical reaction Chapter 16• Intermolecular Forces: Water, Lipids, Solubility & Phase change

Chapters 6, 11-14,17• Solutions: What’s your concentration? Chapter 6• Acids & Bases and how the amino acids do it all Chapters 7 & 8• Proteins: where the action is at- cellular workhorses Chapter 18• Enzymes: speed me up please Chapters 7 & 19• Nucleic Acids and how DNA is in command Chapter 20• Metabolism: how you do what you do! Chapters 21-23

Chemistry• the study of matter

• its chemical and physical properties• the chemical and physical changes it undergoes• the energy changes that accompany those

processes

• Most changes either require energy or produce energy

• This class will focus on the changes that happen in living systems

CHEMISTRY

medical practitioners

pharmaceutical industry

forensic sciences

food science

public health

Why do you need to know chemistry?

Bunny reproduction is biology!

+

Chemistry overlaps with many different disciplines.

Bunny reproduction is biology!

+

Chemistry overlaps with many different disciplines.

But chemists study the hormonal changes that

tell the bunnies when to mate!

Psychologists study how mice “learn”.

Chemistry overlaps with many different disciplines.

Chemistry overlaps with many different disciplines.

But chemists study the

neurotransmitters responsible for learning!

Psychologists study how mice “learn”.

What happens when a bunnybaby crosses a road is physics.

Chemistry overlaps with many different disciplines.

What happens when a bunnybaby crosses a road is physics.

Chemistry overlaps with many different disciplines.

What happens to the bunny baby’s bodyin the hot summer sun is chemistry!

Chemistry overlaps with many different disciplines.

MAJOR AREAS OF CHEMISTRY• Biochemistry - the study of life at the

molecular level• Organic chemistry - the study of matter

containing carbon and hydrogen • Inorganic chemistry - the study of matter

containing elements, not organic• Analytic chemistry - analyze matter to

determine identity and composition• Physical chemistry - attempts to explain the

way matter behaves

Chemistry uses the scientific method• How does something

work?• What is the “truth”

about how something works?

• Does my data support my hypothesis?

• Do I need to change my hypothesis?

Experimental methods• Experiments produce DATA & RESULTS • DATA:– Recorded observations or measurements• Mass, Time, Temp, volume, energy

• RESULTS:– Outcome of experiment– Conclusions drawn from observations– Usually several pieces of data form a result

CHEMISTRYthe study of matter

and its changes

. . . but what is matter?

Matter is “stuff ”

(anything with mass and volume)

CHEMISTRYthe study of matter

and its changes

hammer Q-tip fear paper bag beauty

blood talent acorn air gravity

Which of these are matter?

CHEMISTRYthe study of matter

and its changes

• Pure substance - a substance that has only one component

• Mixture - a combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own identity, not undergoing a chemical reaction

Classification of Matter

• Element - a pure substance that cannot be changed into a simpler form of matter by any chemical reaction

• Compound - a substance resulting from the combination of two or more elements in a definite, reproducible way, in a fixed ratio

Classification of Matter

• Mixture - a combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own identity

• Homogeneous - uniform composition, particles well mixed, thoroughly intermingled

• Heterogeneous – nonuniform composition, random placement

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter• Which classes of matter are shown below?

compound Heterogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture

The Periodic Table of the Elements

The Periodic Table of the Elements

We know that all “matter” is made up ofvery, very, very tiny spheres called atoms.

Each square in this table represents a different kind of atom.

There are over 114 different kinds of atoms.

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Table organization is based on each atom’s makeup and thesimilarities of the properties of the various kinds of atoms.

We know that all “matter” is made up ofvery, very, very tiny spheres called atoms.

Each square in this table represents a different kind of atom.

The Periodic Table of the Elements

The Periodic Table of the Elements

The Periodic Table of the Elements

The Periodic Table of the Elements

We won’t discuss any of these elements in

PhysiologicalChemistry

Table is usually displayed this way.(it takes up less space)

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Every kind of atom has a name and a “symbol.”

The Periodic Table of the Elements

All modern symbols are based on letter abbreviations

Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O)Iodine (I)

Every symbol startswith a capital letter.

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Some symbols have two letters.

Scandium (Sc)Bismuth (Bi)Neon (Ne)

First letter is capitaland second is lower case.

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Some symbols come from foreign languages.Tungsten (W) -- ‘W’ is from wolfram (German)

Sodium (Na) -- ‘Na’ is from natrium (Latin)Antimony (Sb) -- ‘Sb’ is from Stibium (Latin)

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Some types of atoms are very common in air!

nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, argon, neon, helium

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Some types of atoms are very common in dirt and rocks!

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Some types of atoms are very common in stars!

hydrogen, helium, carbon, oxygen, neon, magnesium

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Some types of atoms are very common in human bodies!

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus

The Periodic Table of the Elements

1 2 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 17 18

18 columns(Columns are called groups)

The Periodic Table of the Elements

This is group 13.

The Periodic Table of the Elements

7 rows(Rows are called periods)

1234567

The Periodic Table of the Elements

This is period 4.

The Periodic Table of the Elements

alkali metals(Group 1)

The Periodic Table of the Elements

alkaline earth metals(Group 2)

The Periodic Table of the Elements

halogens(Group 17)

The Periodic Table of the Elements

noble gases or “inert” gases(Group 18)

All of the atoms in a grouphave similar properties.

http://www.an.psu.edu/rxg1/pt1999/halogens.html

Consider these three halogens:

• All smell like a swimming pool.• All produce colored vapors.

• All react rapidly with sodium to give edible salts.

• All are poisonous.

Groups in the periodic table are comprised of elements with similar properties.

http://www.an.psu.edu/rxg1/pt1999/halogens.html

Consider these three halogens:

Consider these three alkali metals:

Lithium (Li)Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

• All are shiny, soft solids when pure.• All melt at very low temperatures.

Consider these three alkali metals:

Lithium mp = 181oCSodium mp = 98oCPotassium mp = 63oC

• All are shiny, soft solids when pure.• All melt at very low temperatures.• All react violently with water.

Consider these three alkali metals:

http://www.westga.edu/~chem/courses/desc.inorg/490Jan14/sld009.htm

The Periodic Table of the Elements

MetalsNon-metalsMetalloids or semimetals

Hydrogen is an odd-

ball!

The Periodic Table of the ElementsMetals are . . .

• Lustrous• Malleable

• Ductile• Conductors of

electricity• Prone to losing electrons • Lower Left of periodic

table

The Periodic Table of the ElementsNonmetals are . . .

• Not lustrous• Not malleable

• Not ductile• Not conductors of

electricity• Often prone to gaining electrons • Upper Right of

table