child disciplinary practices: results from the mics3
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Child Disciplinary Practices: Results from the MICS3
John Fluke, Ph.D.Katherine Casillas, Ph.D.
Child Protection Research CenterAmerican Humane Association
Lijun Chen, Ph.D. Fred Wulczyn, Ph.D.
Chapin HallCenter for Children
Claudia CappaStatistics and
Monitoring SectionUNICEF
www.americanhumane.org www.childinfo.org www.chapinhall.org
ISCI - York2011
Overview• Paper 1: UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
– History– MICS3 child discipline module – Methodology
• Paper 2: Overview of Results: Items and Subscales– Violent: Psychological, physical, and severe physical– Belief in need for physical punishment– Nonviolent
• Paper 3: Risk & Protective Factors– SES & Household Characteristics– Child Characteristics– Attitudes about Violence– Caregiver Characteristics– Summary & Program Implications
Section 1: UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
UNICEF’s efforts in data collection: MICS
Household surveys designed to collect data on children and women and to provide evidence base for improved policy formulation and programme planning
Key data source for monitoring the MDGs, World Fit for Children, and other major international commitments
More than 100 indicators (nutrition, mortality, child protection, HIV, etc.)
Data available by background characteristics (sex, ethnicity, wealth, education, etc.) and at the sub-national level
Evolution of MICS over time
• MICS implemented every 5 years since 1995 (MICS1 in 1995, MICS2 in 2000, MICS3 in 2005)
• Nearly 200 MICS surveys conducted globally in first three rounds of surveys
• MICS3 in over 50 countries during 2005-2006
• MICS frequency increasing from every 5 years to every 3 years (MICS4 in 2009-2011)
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) 15 years, 100 countries and 200 surveys
Survey toolsDeveloped by UNICEF after consultations with relevant experts from various UN organizations as well as with interagency monitoring groups.
Implementation and capacity buildingSurveys carried out by government organizations, with the support and assistance of UNICEF (HQ, RO and CO) and other partners.
Technical assistance and training provided through regional workshops (questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation, data processing, data quality and data analysis, and report writing and dissemination)
MICS methodology
MICS questionnaires/methods Three modular questionnaires that can be customized to fit the data needs of a country.
-Household questionnaire-Questionnaire for women aged 15-49 -Questionnaire for children under the age of five(administered to the mother or caretaker)
Data are collected during face-to-face interviews in nationally representative samples of households
Complex cluster sampling design
Child Discipline Module in MICS
•Aims at measuring prevalence of violent and non-violent discipline methods used at home
•Uses as framework the CRC (1989):Article 19 of CRC: States Parties shall take all […] measures
to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.
Background
• Based on a Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale• Measures how parents (or adults in general) use different
tactics to teach children the right behavior or address a behavioral problem
• A set of questions (CD10-CD21) to calculate the indicator for children aged 2 to 14 years old
• The last question assesses attitude toward corporal punishment
Violent Discipline Indicator: definition
• Numerator: Children age 2-14 years who experienced psychological aggression or physical punishment during the 30 days preceding the survey
• Denominator: Children age 2-14
Definition of violent discipline• Psychological aggression: shouting, yelling and screaming at
the child, and addressing her or him with offensive names.
• Physical (or corporal) punishment: actions intended to cause the child physical pain or discomfort but not injuries. This include: shaking the child and slapping or hitting him or her on the hand, arm, leg or bottom, hitting the child on the face, head or ears, or hitting the child hard or repeatedly.
UNICEF MICS3: Countries Analyzed(N = 162,127)
• Central & Eastern Europe– Albania, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Tajikistan, & Ukraine
• Latin America & The Caribbean– Belize, Guyana, Jamaica,
Suriname, & Trinidad and Tobago
•East Asia & The Pacific– Lao & Vietnam
• Middle East & North Africa – Algeria, Djibouti , Iraq,
Syria, & Yemen • West & Central Africa
– Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, & Togo
Method of Analysis• MICS is multistage stratified cluster sample
– Clustering: households clustered within PSUs – Stratification of PSUs: by urban / rural, and
administrative or geographic region – Sample weights: household weights provided
• Complex Survey Analysis: using SPSS 17 Complex Samples add-on module.
• Strata: pseudo-strata created based on implicit geographic stratification within region
• Weights: child-based weights used in analysis
Section 2: Overview of Results: Items and Subscales
Defining child discipline:Violent discipline subscales & Item prevalences
Subscale MICS Items Median 3Q
Violent Discipline SubscalesPsychological discipline Shouted, yelled at, or screamed at him/her .69 .78
Called him/her dumb, lazy, or another name like that .31 .44
Physical discipline Shook him\her .28 .39
Spanked, hit or slapped him/her on the bottom with a bare hand .39 .46
Hit him/her on the bottom or elsewhere on the body with something like a belt, hairbrush, stick or other hard object .22 .33
Hit or slapped him/her on the hand, arm, or leg .30 .38Severe physical discipline
Hit or slapped him/her on the face, head or ears .15 .20
Beat him/her up with an implement (Hit over and over as hard as one could) .04 .07
Discipline item:Attitude about need for physical punishment
Median 3rd Quartile
Do you believe that in order to bring up (raise/educate) (target child) properly, you need to physically punish him/her?
.27 .37
Discipline subscales:Discipline subscales & Subscale prevalences
Median 3QVIOLENT:
Psychological ONLY .15 .23
Physical ONLY .07 .11
BOTH Psychological and Physical .55 .68
Severe Physical .17 .24
TOTAL who use ANY form of violent discipline .82 .89
NONVIOLENT:ONLY use nonviolent .15 .20
Use nonviolent (as well as violent) .90 .93
NONE: Use neither violent nor nonviolent discipline methods .04 .06
Overall Percentage of Children Receiving Any Violent Discipline
YemenVietnam
CameroonSierra LeoneCote d'Ivoire
TogoGhana
JamaicaCentral African Republic
SyriaAlgeria
GambiaSuriname
IraqBelarus
Burkina FasoGuinea-Bissau
TajikistanTrinidad & Tobago
GuyanaAzerbaijan
SerbiaLao
MacedoniaDjibouti
BelizeUkraineGeorgia
MontenegroKazakhstanKyrgyzstan
AlbaniaBosnia & Herzegovina
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Trinidad & Tobago
Overall Percentage of Children Receiving Severe Violent (Physical) Discipline
YemenCentral African Republic
IraqGuinea-Bissau
CameroonTogo
AlgeriaSierra Leone
SyriaGambia
Cote d'IvoireDjiboutiGeorgia
Burkina FasoTajikistan
AzerbaijanGuyana
MacedoniaGhana
VietnamSuriname
AlbaniaJamaica
LaoBelize
SerbiaMontenegro
Trinidad & TobagoBosnia & Herzegovina
KyrgyzstanUkraineBelarus
Kazakhstan
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Overall Percentage of Children Receiving ONLY or ANY Nonviolent Discipline
YemenCameroon
Sierra LeoneBurkina Faso
VietnamCote d'Ivoire
GhanaAlgeria
SyriaCentral African Republic
TogoJamaicaGambia
SurinameIraq
BelarusGuyana
Guinea-BissauDjibouti
TajikistanTrinidad & Tobago
GeorgiaLao
SerbiaAzerbaijanMacedonia
BelizeUkraine
KazakhstanMontenegro
KyrgyzstanAlbania
Bosnia & Herzegovina
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Only Nonviolent Any Nonviolent
Distributions of Major Discipline Categories
YemenSyria
AlgeriaCentral African Republic
CameroonCote d'IvoireSierra Leone
TogoIraq
JamaicaGhana
GambiaVietnam
Guinea-BissauBurkina Faso
SurinameTajikistan
GuyanaDjibouti
MacedoniaAzerbaijan
BelarusTrinidad & Tobago
SerbiaGeorgia
BelizeLao
MontenegroUkraine
KyrgyzstanKazakhstan
Bosnia & HerzegovinaAlbania
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
3.59%6.89%6.85%7.08%
4.05%6.51%5.71%7.12%
11.84%7.35%6.60%
8.99%5.93%
14.83%5.87%
10.98%16.42%
14.58%16.06%
22.07%20.03%
12.92%16.62%
18.87%17.14%
24.83%18.52%
31.69%26.99%
38.09%28.83%
56.82%43.20%
8.93%10.79%12.64%11.24%
15.34%17.79%
13.45%14.98%
13.69%12.31%
19.51%12.95%
30.50%8.08%26.46%
24.55%18.06%
13.77%5.70%
14.36%27.33%
32.94%23.16%
20.64%17.33%
12.34%26.21%
18.18%33.50%
16.83%30.04%
13.98%1.98%
2.22%4.51%
3.52%6.05%
6.55%3.06%
9.26%7.54%
3.75%12.13%
5.78%9.50%
3.68%14.22%
4.26%5.44%
4.99%10.75%
15.69%11.84%
2.33%5.63%
9.20%11.36%
7.88%17.40%
9.14%7.23%
4.83%11.09%
4.07%9.56%
39.90%
83.86%73.65%71.82%
71.78%71.23%70.26%69.48%68.43%
67.97%65.02%64.52%
64.43%59.74%
59.72%57.54%
56.64%54.62%
52.82%51.61%
46.41%46.00%
45.33%45.29%
43.28%41.67%
41.07%38.29%
37.83%32.01%
26.23%19.81%
14.40%10.00%
1.32%4.56%5.25%3.91%2.82%2.53%2.08%1.97%2.74%3.23%3.61%4.14%
0.09%3.65%
6.06%2.24%
5.91%8.85%
11.11%5.43%4.45%3.20%
5.75%5.71%
16.46%4.47%
7.84%5.06%
2.68%7.80%
17.26%5.15%4.93%
Only non-violent discipline
Psychological discipline ONLY
Physical dis-cipline ONLY
Both Psycholog-ical and Physical discipline
No discipline or punishment
CD13: Do you believe need to physically punish in order to raise child properly?
Syria
Vietnam
Cameroon
Cote d'Ivoire
Jamaica
Gambia
Belize
Trinidad & Tobago
Guyana
Azerbaijan
Tajikistan
Ukraine
Belarus
Macedonia
Kyrgyzstan
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Montenegro
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No Yes
Section 3: Risk & Protective Factors
Factors Analyzed with Non-Significant or Mixed Results
• Place of residence (Urban / Rural)• Living arrangement (Neither biological parent,
mother only, father only, both)• Caregiver age (Under 30 / 30-39 / 40+)• Marital status• Polygyny
Risk & Protective Factors: Significant & consistent within-country differences
• SES & HOUSEHOLD RESOURCES– Family wealth– Family & Primary
caregiver education– Child labor– Number of household
members
• CHILD CHARACTERISTICS– Child gender– Child age
• ATTITUDES ABOUT VIOLENCE– Belief in need for physical
discipline– Maternal attitudes towards
domestic violence
• CAREGIVER BEHAVIORS– Children’s & non-children’s
books– Educational & play activities– Non-adult care
SES & Household Resources
• Family wealth• Family education
• Child Labor• Number of household members
Family Wealth• Definition
– Wealthiest 40 percent & Poorest 60 percent– Relative not absolute wealth is measured
• More violent discipline in poorest 60% (N=30 countries)
Family wealth (N=30):More violent discipline in poorest 60%
Bosnia & Herzegov-ina**
Albania***
Lao***
Azerbaijan*
Macedonia***
Serbia***
Trinidad & Tobago**
Guyana***
Belarus*
Gambia**
Suriname**
Vietnam*
Togo**
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Poorest 60% Wealthiest 40%
Family Wealth• Definition
– Wealthiest 40 percent & Poorest 60 percent– Relative not absolute wealth is measured
• More violent discipline in poorest 60% (N=30 countries)
N = 12Poorest 60% Wealthiest 40%
Median 0.79 0.72
3rd Quartile 0.86 0.82
Family Education• Definition: None or Primary; Secondary; Higher• Least violent discipline in households with “higher”
education (N=26)
Family Education: Average (N = 26):Least violent discipline in households with “higher” education
Albania**
Kazakhstan**
Montenegro***
Azerbaijan*
Gambia*
Serbia*
Sierra Leone*
Suriname***
Jamaica***
Vietnam***
Syria*
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Higher Secondary None or Primary
Family Education• Definition: None or Primary; Secondary; Higher• Least violent discipline in households with “higher”
education (N=26)
N = 11None or Primary Secondary Higher
Median 0.87 0.85 0.71
3rd Quartile 0.91 0.91 0.81
Child Labor• Definition:
• 5-11 years: 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week
• 12-14 years: 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week
• More violent discipline when child involved in labor (N=29)
Child labor (N = 29):More violent discipline when child involved in labor
Georgia**
Guyana**
Iraq*
Gambia**
Jamaica*
Cameroon*
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Children in Child Labour No Labor
Child Labor• Definition:
• 5-11 years: 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week
• 12-14 years: 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week
• More violent discipline when child involved in labor (N=29)
N = 6No Labor Child Labor
Median 0.87 0.92
3rd Quartile 0.89 0.95
Number of Household Members• Definition: 2-3, 4-5, 6 + • More violent discipline in largest households (N=33)
Number of household members (N = 33):More violent discipline among larger households
Bosnia & Herzegov-ina***
Montenegro*
Tajikistan**
Djibouti*
Lao**
Guinea-Bissau**
Guyana***
Gambia***
Iraq***
Syria***
Belarus*
Algeria***
Central African Republic**
Yemen**
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
6+ 4-5 2-3
Number of Household Members• Definition: 2-3, 4-5, 6 + • More violent discipline in largest households (N=33)
N = 131-3 4-5 6+
Median 0.74 0.80 0.83
3rd Quartile 0.75 0.86 0.88
Child characteristics
• Child gender• Child age
Child Gender
• More violent discipline against boys (N=33)
Child gender (N = 33):More violent discipline against boys
Albania**
Kazakhstan***
Kyrgyzstan***
Georgia***
Lao*
Ukraine***
Macedonia*
Azerbaijan***
Tajikistan**
Guyana**
Iraq***
Belarus***
Algeria***
Syria**Central African
Republic*Vietnam**
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Male Female
Child Gender
• More violent discipline against boys (N=33)
N = 16Male Female
Median 0.80 0.73
3rd Quartile 0.88 0.84
Child Age
• Definition: 2-4, 5-9, 10-14• More violent discipline against 5-9 year olds
(N=33)
Child age (N = 33):More violent discipline against 5-9 year olds
Kazakhstan***
Georgia***
Ukraine***
Tajikistan***
Belarus*
Gambia**
Central African Republic***
Syria***
Jamaica**
Sierra Leone***
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
10-14 years 5-9 years 2-4 years
Child Age
• Definition: 2-4, 5-9, 10-14• More violent discipline against 5-9 year olds
(N=33)
N = 182-4 5-9 10-14
Median 0.84 0.87 0.83
3rd Quartile 0.85 0.91 0.88
Attitudes about violence
• Belief in need for violent discipline• Maternal attitudes towards domestic violence
Endorsement of Belief that Physical Punishment is Necessary and Any Physical Discipline
• Definition: Belief in need for physical punishment• More physical discipline in households that endorse use of
physical discipline (N=33)
Endorsement of Belief that Physical Punishment is Necessary and Any Physical Discipline
Kazakhstan***Lao***
Bosnia & Herzegovina***Azerbaijan***Kyrgyzstan***
Trinidad & Tobago***Albania***
Burkina Faso***Ukraine***Vietnam***
Ghana***Suriname***
Belarus***Guyana***
Belize***Gambia***Djibouti***
Sierra Leone***Tajikistan***
Togo***Serbia***
Montenegro***Jamaica***
Central African Republic***Iraq***
Cote d'Ivoire***Cameroon***
Georgia***Guinea-Bissau***
Yemen***Algeria***
Syria***
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Yes No
Endorsement of Belief that Physical Punishment is Necessary and Any Physical Discipline
• Definition: Belief in need for physical punishment• More physical discipline in households that endorse use of
physical discipline (N=33)
N = 31No Yes
Median .52 .86
3rd Quartile .66 .91
Maternal justification of domestic violence and Any Physical Discipline
• Definition: Justification of use of domestic violence (Yes/no: endorsed 1+ items)
• More physical discipline when mother justifies use of domestic violence (N=27)
Maternal justification of domestic violence and Any Physical Discipline
Kazakhstan***Bosnia &
Herzegovina***Azerbaijan***
Albania***
Ukraine*
Tajikistan*
Montenegro**
Georgia***
Trinidad & Tobago*
Vietnam
Serbia***
Suriname**
Belize*
Iraq***
Gambia***
Algeria***
Cote d'Ivoire**
Jamaica*
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1+ Justifications None
Maternal justification of domestic violence and Any Physical Discipline
• Definition: Justification of use of domestic violence (Yes/no: endorsed 1+ items)
• More physical discipline when mother justifies use of domestic violence (N=27)
N = 18None 1+
EndorsementsMedian 0.56 0.66
3rd Quartile 0.62 0.75
Caregiver behaviors
• Children’s & non-children’s books• Educational & play activities
• Non-adult care
Summary & Program implications• Widespread use of violent discipline• Need to combat simultaneously against all forms of
violent discipline (Physical and psychological)• A lack of knowledge of alternative parenting
methods?• Planning for future prevention approaches
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