chordate comparison
Post on 06-Jan-2016
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Chordate Comparison
What are the characteristics of a chordate?
• Dorsal hallow nerve cord• Notochord• Pharyngeal pouches• A tail beyond the anus
Subphylum Urochordata
• Tunicates• Filter feeders• Nerve cord• Notochord,pharyngeal pouches• Temporary tail• Gill slits
Subphylum cephalochordata
• Lancelets• Nerve cord• Notochord,pharyngeal pouches• Temporary tail• Gills• Closed circulatory system,no true heart• Muscle units
Fishes-jawless-lampreys’ class
• No true teeth or jaws• Fibers and cartilage in skeleton• Lack vertebrae and keep notochords• Filter feeders as larvae and parasitic as adults• Suck up tissues and body fluids
Fishes-jawless-hagfishes’ class• No true teeth or jaws• Fibers and cartilage in skeleton• Lack vertebrae and keep notochords• Feed on dead or dying fish with toothed
tongue• 6 hearts and open circulatory system
Class Chondrichdyes
• Sharks,rays,and skates• Cartilaginous skeleton• Toothlike scales on skin• May have 1000’s of teeth
Class Osteichthyes
• Bony fish
Organ systems in fish
• Fish may be herbivores,carnivores,parasites,filter feeders,detritus eaters
• Esophagus,stomach,pyloric ceca,liver,pancreas,anus
Organ systems in fish
• Most exchange gases using gills• Most have a single gill opening
• Lungfish can survive in O2 poor water
Organ systems in fish-movement
• Alternatly contacting paired sets of muscles on either side of backbone
• Creates s curve and tail propels forward• Swim bladder adjusts buoyancy
Organ systems in fish-reproduction
• Eggs fertilized externally or internally• Oviparous-eggs hatch outside body• Ovoviviporous-eggs hatch in mothers body-as
in guppies• Viviporous-embryos stay in mother’s body but
get nourishment from her,instead of from egg-example-sharks
Amphibians-anatomy and info• Lives in water as larvae and land as
adult• Moist skin w/glands and lacks scales
and claws
Amphibians-anatomy -digestion
• Tadpoles filter feeders and eat algae/adults meat eating
• Mouth,esophagus,stomach,small intestines(food absorption),large intestine,,cloaca(for urine ,wastes and eggs or sperm),liver,pancreas,gall bladder
Amphibians-anatomy -respiration
• Larvae-skin and gills/lungs in adults,usually/salamanders have poor lungs or none and respire through skin and mouth
Amphibians-anatomy -circulation
• Double loop-1st loop carries O2 poor blood from heart to lungs and skin /2nd loop carries O2 rich blood from heart to body and O2 poor blood back to heart
• 3 chamber heart
Amphibians-anatomy -excretion
• Kidneys to filter wastes from blood
Amphibians-anatomy -reproduction
• sexual• Eggs w/o shells• Laid in water• Larvae are tadpoles
Varieties
• Order urodela-salamanders and newts-long bodies and tails,usually 4 legs,in woods or water
• Order anura-frogs or toads• Order apoda caecillians-legless
Reptiles’ anatomy and info• Dry,scaly skin,lungs,eggs w/ several
membranes
Reptiles’ anatomy -Body temperature
• Ectotherms-external control/envi-ronmental control
Reptiles’ anatomy -feeding
• Herbivores and carnivores…and omnivores
Reptiles’ anatomy -respiration• Spongier lungs for more gas
exchange
Reptiles’ anatomy -circulation
• 3 chambered heart,except 4 in alligators and croc’s
• double
Reptiles’ anatomy -excretion• If water retiles excrete toxic
ammonia• If land reptiles excrete uric
acid
Reptiles’ anatomy- response,movement
• Many have sensory organs in roof of mouth
• Some have strong legs and some move in a s-curve
Reptiles’ anatomy -reproduction
• Internal fertilization• Lay eggs• Oviparous• Amniotic egg:4 membranes-
amnion,yolk,chorion,and allantois
Varieties of reptiles
• Order squamata-lizards and snakes• Order crocodiliains’s also alligators,caimans
and gavials• Order testudines-turtles(water) and
tortoises(land)-shell built into skeleton-2parts dorsal –carapace,ventral- plastron
• Order sphenodonta-tuataras-near New Zealand,resmble lizards but have 3rd eye
Birds-anatomy and info
• Reptilelike but have constant body temperatures -endotherms- with wings and feathers made of protein and developes from pits in bird skin
• Contour feathers and down• Flight is enabled by pneumatic bones w/ air
sacs
Birds-anatomy-feeding
• Must eat constantly,depending on size• Bills adapted to food getting• Have crop to store food• Gizzards to break down food physically• Esophagus,stomach,intestines,pancreas,liver,
cloaca
Birds-anatomy-respiration
• Most air 1st enters through air sacs in body cavity and bones,then the lungs through specialized tubes,flows in a single direction so always O2 rich-helps maintain high metabolic rate !!!
Birds-anatomy-circulation
• 4 chambered heart and 2 separate circulatory loops
• Complete separation of O2 rich and O2 poor blood
Birds-anatomy-excretion
• Uric acid fecal sacs-whitish
Birds-anatomy-Response
• better developed brain• Well developed eyes and optic lobe• Taste and smell usually not well developed
Birds-anatomy-movement
• Some do not fly,but most do• More rigid skeleton• Large chest muscles attached to large keel
Birds-anatomy-Reproduction
• Mating by cloacal positioning• Amniotic eggs but with harder shells
• Archaeopterx-transitional species leading to birds
• Passerines-largest order—perching birds• Piciforms arboreal
Mammals
• Have hair and mammary glands• Breathe air,4-chambered heart,endotherms
Nonplacentals
• Monotremes-egg-laying,have a cloaca• Platypus,spiny ant eaters• Marsupials-young develop in external pouch
Placentals
• Order insectivores--shrews,hedge hogs,moles• Order sirenians-manatees• Order chiropterns-bats• Order rodentia-mice,rats
squirrels,beavers,porcupines,gophers,chimp-munks…
• Order cetaceans-whales and dolphins
• Order perissdactyls--hoofed animals w/ odd # toes-horses,tapirs,rhinos,zebras
• Order carnivores-meat eaters--cats,dogs,foxes ,bears,racoons,walruses-some omnivores
• Artiodactyls-even- toed hoofed-grazing animals
• Xenathrans-no teeth-anteaters,armadillos• Primates
• Proboscideans—have trunks Asian and african elephant
• Lagomorphs-herbivores-hares and rabbits
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