christopher g. st.c. kendall - university of s. carolina
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Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
‘‘The Giant Oil Field Evaporite The Giant Oil Field Evaporite Association’Association’
a function of thea function of the
Wilson Cycle, Climate, Basin Wilson Cycle, Climate, Basin Position & Sea LevelPosition & Sea Level
‘‘The Giant Oil Field Evaporite The Giant Oil Field Evaporite Association’Association’
a function of thea function of the
Wilson Cycle, Climate, Basin Wilson Cycle, Climate, Basin Position & Sea LevelPosition & Sea Level
CHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL - University of S. CarolinaL. J. (Jim) WEBER – ExxonMobil Production Co.
ABDULRAHMAN ALSHARHAN - Middle East Geological Establishment
CHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL - University of S. CarolinaL. J. (Jim) WEBER – ExxonMobil Production Co.
ABDULRAHMAN ALSHARHAN - Middle East Geological Establishment
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
• University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina ExxonMobil ExxonMobil MEGEMEGE
• University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina ExxonMobil ExxonMobil MEGEMEGE
We extend our thanks & We extend our thanks & appreciation to:appreciation to:We extend our thanks & We extend our thanks & appreciation to:appreciation to:
for making the study reported in this for making the study reported in this presentation possiblepresentation possiblefor making the study reported in this for making the study reported in this presentation possiblepresentation possible
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
Carbonate/Evaporite Carbonate/Evaporite Hydrocarbon ReservesHydrocarbon Reserves
Tie between Tie between Carbonate/Evaporite Carbonate/Evaporite SettingsSettings
ClimateClimate
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Sea LevelSea Level
Carbonate/ Evaporite Play Carbonate/ Evaporite Play GeometriesGeometries
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Carbonate/Evaporite Carbonate/Evaporite Hydrocarbon ReservesHydrocarbon Reserves
Tie between Tie between Carbonate/Evaporite Carbonate/Evaporite SettingsSettings
ClimateClimate
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Sea LevelSea Level
Carbonate/ Evaporite Play Carbonate/ Evaporite Play GeometriesGeometries
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Carbonate
Plays
Evaporite
Settings
Evolving
Basins &
Plates
Basin Phase Evolution = Basin Phase Evolution = Plate Tectonic Setting +Plate Tectonic Setting +Subsidence MechanismSubsidence Mechanism
Basin Phase Evolution = Basin Phase Evolution = Plate Tectonic Setting +Plate Tectonic Setting +Subsidence MechanismSubsidence Mechanism
Talk based on Proven Plays from Commercial Databases (e.g., C & Talk based on Proven Plays from Commercial Databases (e.g., C & C Reservoirs, IHS Energy, USGS Assessments)C Reservoirs, IHS Energy, USGS Assessments)
Talk based on Proven Plays from Commercial Databases (e.g., C & Talk based on Proven Plays from Commercial Databases (e.g., C & C Reservoirs, IHS Energy, USGS Assessments)C Reservoirs, IHS Energy, USGS Assessments)
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Database captured 33% of total discovered reserves in carbonates41% of plays exhibit an evaporite seal64% of discovered reserves trapped under an evaporite sealSo evaporites are important?
Database captured 33% of total discovered reserves in carbonates41% of plays exhibit an evaporite seal64% of discovered reserves trapped under an evaporite sealSo evaporites are important?
Significance of Carbonates & EvaporitesSignificance of Carbonates & EvaporitesSignificance of Carbonates & EvaporitesSignificance of Carbonates & Evaporites
(1) USGS World Assessment (2000)(1) USGS World Assessment (2000)
(2) hMobil CATT Study (1999)(2) hMobil CATT Study (1999)
56%World Total 56%World Total Reserves in Reserves in Carbonates Carbonates
56% Total 56% Total Reserves in Reserves in Carbonates Carbonates
TotalReserves
CarbonateFraction
00
11
22
33
44
55
WorldTotal (1)
Tri
llion
s O
EB
Tri
llion
s O
EB
4.1
2.3
DISCOVERED Proven Plays with Discovered Reserves Reported (764,000 MOEB)
64%
36%
Carbonate Play Association with Evaporite Seal: N = 31Carbonate Play Association with Evaporite Seal: N = 31Carbonate Play Association with No Evaporite Seal: N = 45Carbonate Play Association with No Evaporite Seal: N = 45
Weber & Sarg, 2005
Total inCaCO3
Fields (2)
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Paleozoic
Paleozoic
Paleozoic
PaleozoicJurassic
Jurassic
Jurassic
Jurassic {{Cretaceous
Cretaceous
Cretaceous
Cretaceous{{
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Location Location of Oil & of Oil &
Gas Gas Fields of Fields of Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf --
ReservoirReservoirss
areareYoungerYoungerto Eastto East
Location Location of Oil & of Oil &
Gas Gas Fields of Fields of Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf --
ReservoirReservoirss
areareYoungerYoungerto Eastto East
Most are carbonate plays that accumulated beneath evaporite seals in inter-plate isolated restricted basins
Most are carbonate plays that accumulated beneath evaporite seals in inter-plate isolated restricted basins
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Evaporites - Tectonic Phase, & Evaporites - Tectonic Phase, & Source, Reservoir, & Seal, & Sea Source, Reservoir, & Seal, & Sea
LevelLevel
Evaporites - Tectonic Phase, & Evaporites - Tectonic Phase, & Source, Reservoir, & Seal, & Sea Source, Reservoir, & Seal, & Sea
LevelLevelMajor carbonate/evaporite successions Major carbonate/evaporite successions accumulated in theaccumulated in the arid tropicsarid tropics adjacent to adjacent to continental plate margins atcontinental plate margins at start of start of extensionalextensional & end of& end of compressionalcompressional Wilsonian phases of plate motion & toWilsonian phases of plate motion & to lee oflee of structural & depositionalstructural & depositional barriers barriers on trailing on trailing marginsmarginsThese phases juxtaposedThese phases juxtaposed source, reservoir, source, reservoir, & seal,& seal, favoring hydrocarbon exploration & favoring hydrocarbon exploration & exploitationexploitation GeometriesGeometries of hydrocarbon prone of hydrocarbon prone carbonate/evaporite successions are carbonate/evaporite successions are determined by position ofdetermined by position of base level base level changechange
Major carbonate/evaporite successions Major carbonate/evaporite successions accumulated in theaccumulated in the arid tropicsarid tropics adjacent to adjacent to continental plate margins atcontinental plate margins at start of start of extensionalextensional & end of& end of compressionalcompressional Wilsonian phases of plate motion & toWilsonian phases of plate motion & to lee oflee of structural & depositionalstructural & depositional barriers barriers on trailing on trailing marginsmarginsThese phases juxtaposedThese phases juxtaposed source, reservoir, source, reservoir, & seal,& seal, favoring hydrocarbon exploration & favoring hydrocarbon exploration & exploitationexploitation GeometriesGeometries of hydrocarbon prone of hydrocarbon prone carbonate/evaporite successions are carbonate/evaporite successions are determined by position ofdetermined by position of base level base level changechange
Evidence comes from plate motion cycles of Evidence comes from plate motion cycles of Arabian Gulf, Central Asia, Atlantic, Cordilleran & Arabian Gulf, Central Asia, Atlantic, Cordilleran & Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains
Evidence comes from plate motion cycles of Evidence comes from plate motion cycles of Arabian Gulf, Central Asia, Atlantic, Cordilleran & Arabian Gulf, Central Asia, Atlantic, Cordilleran & Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Break Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern Atlanticrestricted restricted entrances entrances
to seato sea
isolated linear
isolated linear
belt of interior
belt of interior
drainage
drainage regional regional
drainage drainage
away away
from marginfrom margin
arid tropics air system arid tropics air system
wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents
SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!
juxtaposed source, seal & reservoirjuxtaposed source, seal & reservoir
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Break Up Margins & Break Up Margins & EvaporitesEvaporites
Break Up Margins & Break Up Margins & EvaporitesEvaporites
Mesozoic of northern Gulf of MexicoMesozoic of northern Gulf of Mexico
Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic marginsmargins
Mesozoic of Yemen rift beltMesozoic of Yemen rift belt
Mesozoic & Tertiary of EritreaMesozoic & Tertiary of Eritrea
East African RiftEast African Rift
Dead SeaDead Sea
Mesozoic of northern Gulf of MexicoMesozoic of northern Gulf of Mexico
Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic marginsmargins
Mesozoic of Yemen rift beltMesozoic of Yemen rift belt
Mesozoic & Tertiary of EritreaMesozoic & Tertiary of Eritrea
East African RiftEast African Rift
Dead SeaDead Sea
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Collision Margin EvaporitesCollision Margin EvaporitesCollision Margin EvaporitesCollision Margin Evaporites
restricted restricted entrance entrance
to seato sea
isolated linearisolated linearbelt of interiorbelt of interior
drainagedrainage
regional regional
drainage drainage
into basininto basin
arid tropics air system arid tropics air system
wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents
SWEETSWEETSPOTSPOT!!
juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Collision Margin & Collision Margin & Evaporites Evaporites
Collision Margin & Collision Margin & Evaporites Evaporites
Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic to Tertiary Mesozoic to Tertiary Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York State York State Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of Zechstein Basin Permian of Zechstein Basin Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaAmericaTertiary of Mediterranean Tertiary of Mediterranean Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys SeaSea
Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic to Tertiary Mesozoic to Tertiary Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York State York State Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of Zechstein Basin Permian of Zechstein Basin Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaAmericaTertiary of Mediterranean Tertiary of Mediterranean Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys SeaSea
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Restricted Basin Restricted Basin EvaporitesEvaporites
Restricted Basin Restricted Basin EvaporitesEvaporites
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Example of Barred BasinExample of Barred Basin Mesozoic - Arabian GulfMesozoic - Arabian Gulf
upper Jurassic upper Jurassic
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Kuwait, IranKuwait, Iran
& UAE& UAE
restricted restricted entrance entrance
to seato seastructural & structural &
depositionaldepositional
barrier overbarrier over
Hercynian Hercynian horst blockshorst blocks
arid tropical air system arid tropical air system
wide shadow from adjacent continentswide shadow from adjacent continents
juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir
SWEETSWEETSPOTSPOT!!
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Restricted Restricted Basins Basins
Isolated by Isolated by Build Up Build Up BarriersBarriersOrganic Organic Rich FillRich Fill Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf JurassicJurassic
Restricted Restricted Basins Basins
Isolated by Isolated by Build Up Build Up BarriersBarriersOrganic Organic Rich FillRich Fill Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf JurassicJurassic
After Fox & Albrandt,2002
Gotnia Basin
Gotnia Basin
Arabian Basin
Arabian Basin
Sout
h Ara
bian
Bas
in
Sout
h Ara
bian
Bas
in
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Structural & Depositional Structural & Depositional Barrier EvaporitesBarrier Evaporites
Structural & Depositional Structural & Depositional Barrier EvaporitesBarrier Evaporites
Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic beneath Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic beneath Arabian GulfArabian Gulf
Cretaceous Ferry Lake Anhydrite of FloridaCretaceous Ferry Lake Anhydrite of Florida
Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic beneath Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic beneath Arabian GulfArabian Gulf
Cretaceous Ferry Lake Anhydrite of FloridaCretaceous Ferry Lake Anhydrite of Florida
Evaporites trapped by structural & Evaporites trapped by structural & depositional barrierdepositional barrierPunctuated by limited access to sea & Punctuated by limited access to sea & repeated arid climatic eventsrepeated arid climatic events
Evaporites trapped by structural & Evaporites trapped by structural & depositional barrierdepositional barrierPunctuated by limited access to sea & Punctuated by limited access to sea & repeated arid climatic eventsrepeated arid climatic events
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Carbonate/Evaporites Plays & Carbonate/Evaporites Plays & Sequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy
Carbonate/Evaporites Plays & Carbonate/Evaporites Plays & Sequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy
Downdip restricted playas, salinas & basin evaporites (upper surface coincides with sea level position of the lowstand (LST) & following transgressive (TST) system tractsUpdip supratidal sabkha evaporite cycles (upper bounding surface preserved in regressive coastlines matching sea level position of late high stand (HST) system tract
Downdip restricted playas, salinas & basin evaporites (upper surface coincides with sea level position of the lowstand (LST) & following transgressive (TST) system tractsUpdip supratidal sabkha evaporite cycles (upper bounding surface preserved in regressive coastlines matching sea level position of late high stand (HST) system tract
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Low Stand Evaporite SignalsLow Stand Evaporite SignalsLow Stand Evaporite SignalsLow Stand Evaporite Signals
sequencesequenceboundaryboundary
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Transgressive Evaporite Transgressive Evaporite SignalsSignals
Transgressive Evaporite Transgressive Evaporite SignalsSignals
transgressivetransgressivesurfacesurface
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
High Stand Evaporite SignalsHigh Stand Evaporite SignalsHigh Stand Evaporite SignalsHigh Stand Evaporite Signals
maximummaximumfloodingfloodingsurfacesurface
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Major Evaporite Major Evaporite SettingsSettings
Basin-Center (Commonly product of Basin-Center (Commonly product of LSTLST & & TSTTST))
Thick evaporites deposited across whole basin Thick evaporites deposited across whole basin (> 50 m thick evaporite intervals)(> 50 m thick evaporite intervals)
ShallowShallow to to deepdeep water evaporites occur in water evaporites occur in many different settings (many different settings (shelfshelf, slope, basin) , slope, basin)
Platform (Commonly product of Platform (Commonly product of LSTLST & & TSTTST))< 50 m thick evaporite intervals, commonly < < 50 m thick evaporite intervals, commonly < 5 m thick evaporite beds inter-bedded with thin 5 m thick evaporite beds inter-bedded with thin to thick carbonate intervalsto thick carbonate intervals
Shallow water (Shallow water (SalternSaltern) & subaerial () & subaerial (Sabkha, Sabkha, Salina, MudflatSalina, Mudflat) evaporites landward of barrier evaporites landward of barrier or sillor sill
Open marine sediments deposited seaward of Open marine sediments deposited seaward of sillsill
Continental (Playa Lakes) (not discussed Continental (Playa Lakes) (not discussed here)here)
ContinentalContinentalEvaporitesEvaporitesPlatform EvaporitesPlatform EvaporitesBasin-Center EvaporitesBasin-Center Evaporites
Mean Sea LevelMean Sea Level
Sabkha, Salina, Sabkha, Salina, MudflatMudflatSubaqueous SalternSubaqueous SalternShallow toShallow to
Deep BasinDeep Basin
BasinCenter
Platform
Discovered Reserves for Proven Discovered Reserves for Proven Carbonate PlaysCarbonate Plays
Total = 490,000 MOEBTotal = 490,000 MOEBDiscovered Reserves for Proven Evaporite Plays
Total = 485,884 MOEB
52% 48%
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Evaporite Setting Plays & Basin Phase Evaporite Setting Plays & Basin Phase EvolutionEvolutionN = 9 PlaysN = 9 Plays
Play Elements & Tectonic Play Elements & Tectonic Evolution Pathway for Passive Evolution Pathway for Passive
Margin SettingsMargin Settings
Play Elements & Tectonic Play Elements & Tectonic Evolution Pathway for Passive Evolution Pathway for Passive
Margin SettingsMargin Settings
RiftRiftRiftRift
SagSagSagSagForelandForelandForelandForeland
CIEX
DBTH
CZCLFL or UP
PCMTH
DriftDriftDriftDrift
Pelagian
Rift Sag Drift Foreland
Post-Seal
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Post-Seal
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Post-Seal
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Pa
ss
ive
Ma
rgin
TECTONIC PHASE FOR PLATFORM-SUBAQUEOUS SALTERN EVAPORITE SETTINGS
Co
nti
ne
nta
l In
teri
or
Ba
ck
-Arc
Peten
Arabian Platform
Timan-Pechora
Angara-Lena
Gulf Basin
Dominant OccurrenceDominant Occurrence Minor OccurrenceMinor Occurrence
Plays Occur in Passive Margin Settings•25% of Plays Do Not Evolve to Foreland Phase•Stratigraphic Traps are Important•Source, Reservoir, Seal Likely in Drift Phase•>90% Source Rocks Carbonate in Origin•Source Rocks in Close Proximity to Reservoir
Plays Occur in Passive Margin Settings•25% of Plays Do Not Evolve to Foreland Phase•Stratigraphic Traps are Important•Source, Reservoir, Seal Likely in Drift Phase•>90% Source Rocks Carbonate in Origin•Source Rocks in Close Proximity to Reservoir
~ ~~~
~~
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
N = 13 PlaysN = 13 Plays Play Elements & Tectonic Play Elements & Tectonic Evolution Pathway for Continental Evolution Pathway for Continental
Interior SettingsInterior Settings
RiftRift
SagSag
ForelandForeland CITH
CIFL
CIEX
Evaporite Play Settings & Basin Phase EvolutionEvaporite Play Settings & Basin Phase Evolution
Rift Sag Drift Foreland
Post-Seal
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Post-Seal
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Post-Seal
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Pa
ss
ive
Ma
rgin
TECTONIC PHASE FOR BASIN CENTER-SHALLOW MARINE SHALLOW BASIN EVAPORITE SETTINGS
Co
nti
ne
nta
l In
teri
or
Ba
ck
-Arc
Gulf Suez
Michigan
Oman Salt
European Permian
Williston
Dnepr/Donets
Pripyat
Paradox
Zagros Fold Belt
Amu Darya
Western Canada
Dominant OccurrenceDominant Occurrence
Plays in Continental Interior SettingsPlays in Continental Interior Settings•40% of Plays Do Not Evolve to Foreland 40% of Plays Do Not Evolve to Foreland PhasePhase•Stratigraphic Traps ImportantStratigraphic Traps Important•Source, Reservoir, Seal Possible in ALL Source, Reservoir, Seal Possible in ALL PhasesPhases•>90% Source Rocks Carbonate in Origin>90% Source Rocks Carbonate in Origin•Source Rocks in Close Proximity to Source Rocks in Close Proximity to ReservoirReservoir
Minor OccurrenceMinor Occurrence
Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
One can predict Carbonate Play Opportunities in Evaporite Basins from One can predict Carbonate Play Opportunities in Evaporite Basins from an understanding of Basin Phase Evolution and Evaporite Settingan understanding of Basin Phase Evolution and Evaporite Setting
The opportunities occur in: The opportunities occur in: Land Detached Isolated Platforms in Basin-Center Evaporite Settings in Arc-Land Detached Isolated Platforms in Basin-Center Evaporite Settings in Arc-Related and Passive Margin Settings that Evolve to the Foreland Basin PhaseRelated and Passive Margin Settings that Evolve to the Foreland Basin Phase
Isolated buildups in Platform Evaporite Settings in Passive Margin Settings Isolated buildups in Platform Evaporite Settings in Passive Margin Settings That May or May Not Evolve to the Foreland Basin PhaseThat May or May Not Evolve to the Foreland Basin Phase
The Exploration potential of Carbonate Plays in Evaporite Basin is good. The Exploration potential of Carbonate Plays in Evaporite Basin is good. However where the “prospects” are located is the ever evolving However where the “prospects” are located is the ever evolving objectives tied to access to prospective acreage and a drilling program! objectives tied to access to prospective acreage and a drilling program!
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Kendall, Weber & Alsharhan “Evaporite Plays”
ConclusionsConclusions
Now let’s Now let’s find oil!find oil!
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