chronic kidney disease in sri lanka risk factors
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INTRODUCTION
Function of kidneys• Filter out waste product from
blood• Control blood pressure• Make hormones• Maintain salt and chemical in
right level
Gradual reductions of kidney functions without showing Symptoms. This kind of abnormality notice as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKDu),
First evidence 1950 Europe- Balkan region
Sri Lanka- 2000
Chronic: means ongoing ,
INTRODUCTION cont..
Major three causal factors
1) Fixed factors 2) Behavioral factors 3) Biomedical factors
INTRODUCTION cont..
Fixed factors Family history and genetic, Increasing age, Previous kidney damage, Low birth weight Male sex
INTRODUCTION cont..
Behavioral factors
Tobacco smoking, physical inactivity a poor nutrition
Biomedical factorsDiabetes High blood pressure Cardiovascular disease Over weight and obesity
INTRODUCTION cont..
INTRODUCTION cont..
Blood test – creatinine
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Urine analysis- Protein or red blood cells
Renal biopsy - removing a small sample of kidney tissue
DefinitionCKD is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are unspecific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. (www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic kidney disease)
WHAT IS CKDu
SRILANKAN SITUATION
Identified year 2000Last five years 6000 cases
Districts Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Kurunegala Trincomale Ampara
CKDu hot spot in SriLanka,(Source: http://www.docstoc.com/docs)
CADMIUM
(Source: www.jamesmbrown.co.uk/cd_pigments/cdconsump.gif)
CADMIUM CONT..
Natural cadmium levels in the environment• Atmosphere 0.1 - 5 ng/m³ • Earth's crust 0.1 - 0.5 µg/g • Marine sediment ~ 1 µg/g • Sea water ~0.1 µg/l
URANIUM
No research in SriLankaPositive relationship with CKDu (RNSA-UK)Safety level 2µg/L to 30µg/L (WHO)Some Dry zone soil (U) - 3.6mg/Kg Triple Super Phosphate
chemical kidney toxicity (less radiation impact)
Solution –drilled well Bedrock-uranium-rich granitoids and granites
FLUORIDE
One of major element dry zone water
Recommended level 1.5 mg/L
Tropical countries 0.8 mg/L
Dry zone some area exceed 5 mg/L
Life time exposure 4 mg/L cause to CKDu (NKF-US)
Sodium-fluoride is toxic to kidney
FLUORIDE cont..
Fluoride distribution the ground water SriLanka in ppm, C.B Dissanayaka, 2005)
Distribution of fluoride in deep well in SriLanka (C.B Dissanayaka, 2005)
CKDu hot spot in SriLanka (M.A.C.S. Jayasumana, 2009
ECO-FRIENDLY SOLUTION
1.BREADFRUIT•Scientific name - Artocarpus altilis•Indigenous solution -Indonesia•Boil half matured leaves•Drink water
2.MURUNGA•Scientific name – Moringa oleifera•Indigenous solution - India , Africa•Seed cake- water purification•Colloidal function -Bacteria and chemical element
MYCOTOXIN
• Ochratoxin-A
• Fungi species Penicillium Aspergillus
• Nephrotoxic.
• Oryza sativa and Glycine max storage and processing same water for soaking grains Dry zone climate
HERBAL MEDICINE
• No research in SriLanka
• China and Taiwan have done
• Positive relationship with CKDu Aristolochic acid – Renal failure
• Not popular in Dry zone SriLanka
ALUMINUM UTENSILS
• Commonly use
• Cheap and low quality
• Toxic compound with fluoride - (ALF x) • Effect to the kidney
CYANOBACTERIAL TOCXIN
PHYTO-REMIDIATE PLANTS
Plants Tank eco system Irrigation canals Paddy fields
EX:- Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum) Ipomoea aquatica (Kangkung) Alternanthera triandra Lam (Mukunuwenne)
Considerable other factors
ARSENIC Recommendation - 10 µg/L (WHO)SriLanka -100 µg/L to 200 µg/LIngredient - Agrochemical and pesticide
SELENIUM selenium - co-factor for enzymes Deficiency- positively impact on CKDu
NITROGEN / PHOSPHOROUS Nitrate recommendation - 10mg/L Dry zone water - 10mg/L to 30mg/L Phosphate level is very higher
Considerable Other Factors Cont..
MAL-NUTRITION Extreme in Dry zone
DRUGS
BEVERAGES
JOB FACTOR
GENETIC FACTOR
UNKNOWN OTHER FACTORS
SUGGESTIONS
• Increase people awareness on CKDu
• Multidisciplinary research approach
• Fallow Recommendation for Agrochemicals
• Promote mud-domestic utensils
• Promote heat water consumption
• Promote water filtering habit
Do what you can, with what you have, where you are(Theodore Roosevelt)
CKDu
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