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Chapter TI THE HAlF-WAVE-RECTIFIERCIRCUITTHE CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION 4PEAK, RMS, AND AVERAGE VALUES
COMPONENT SPECIFICATION 6
TRANSFORMER REQUIREMENTSDIODE REQUIREMENTS 8
",
PREFACE vii
UNIT @U(]I]POWER SUPPLIES
3
5
6
Chapter ~ FUll-WAVE-RECTlFIER CIRCUITS 13
THE CENTER-TAPPED-TRANSFORMER TYPE OF FULL-WAVERECTIFIER 13
W AVESHAPES 13DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT ACTION 21
WAVESHAPES AND COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONSDIODE STACKING 25
1720
Chapter ~ THE CAPACITOR AS A POWER-SUPPLY Fll HRTHE CAPACITOR AS A STORAGE DEVICE 27
21
27
ix
-CIRCUIT ACTION 28CHARGING THE CAPACITOR 29DISCHARGING THE CAPACITOR 31THE UNIVERSAL DESCENDING RC CURVE
THE UNIVERSAL ASCENDING RC CURVE
CONSTRUCTION OF RC CURVES 34
3233
Chapter ~POWER SUPPLY FILTERSCIRCUIT ACTION 37W AVESHAPES 38RIPPLE CONTENT 39HALF-WAVE VS. FULL-WAVE SUPPLIES
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY 41HOW TO CHOOSE THE CAPACITOR 42
ADDITIONAL STRESSES ON THE DIODE DUE TQ THECAPACITOR FILTER 46
VOLTAGE DOUBLERS 49
THE INDUCTOR AS A FILTER
THE BLEEDER RESISTOR 51COMPARING THE INDUCT OR AND THE CAPACITOR
FILTERS 52
37
40
50
Chapter ~VOLTAGE REGULATION 54PERCENT REGULATION AND THE
REGULATOR 54THE ZENER DIODE 55CIRCUIT ACTION 56DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS
VOLTAGE
5758
Chapter ~SILICON CONTROllED RECTIFIERSTHE SCR 64A SIMPLE CIRCUIT
AC INPUT 67DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DEVICES 70
64
66
70
UNIT lYW@AMPLIFIERS
Chapter U BASIC AMPLIFIERS 77WHAT IS AN AMPLIFIER? 77
x CONTENTS
.~'u~
ACTIVE DEVICES
SCHEMATICS 78BIAS CIRCUITS 78POLARITIES 80
THE REMAINING PARTS OF AN AMPLIFIERCHARACTERISTIC CURVES 81THE LOAD LINE 83THE QUIESCENT OPERATING POINT 85THE POINT-SLOPE METHOD OF LOAD-LINE
CONSTRUCTION 88THE MAXIMUM-POWER-DISSIPATION CURVE 91RESTRICTIONS ON THE LOAD LINE DUE TO THE
MAXIMUM-POWER-DISSIPATION CURVE 93THE FOUR-QUADRANT GRAPH 94THE MOSFET 98SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS 98AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS
78
80
99
Chapter m BIAS AND STABIl/ZATlON CIRCUITS
SENSITIVITY OF TRANSISTORS 106FIXED CURRENT BIAS 107SELF-BIAS 109THE EMITTER SWAMPING RESISTOR
VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS 112
Chapter ~ACTIVE-DEVICE PARAMETERS 119SMALL-SIGNAL PARAMETERS 119
VACUUM-TUBE PARAMETERS 120
DETERMINING SMALL-SIGNAL VACUUM-TUBE PARAMETERSFROM CHARACTERISTIC CURVES 121
TRANSISTOR PARAMETERS 124
THE DETERMINATION OF et AND (3 FROM COLLECTORCHARACTERISTICS 126
MOSFET PARAMETERS 128
106
III
Chapter TI@ EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF ACTIVE DEVICES 133CURRENT GAIN, VOLTAGE GAIN, AND POWER GAIN
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM AND AC ANALYSIS 134THEVENIN'S THEOREM AND NORTON'S THEOREM 135THE THEVENIN EQUIVALENT OF A VACUUM-TUBE
AMPLIFIER 138
THE NORTON EQUIVALENT OF A VACUUM-TUBEAMPLIFIER 140
133
CONTENTS xi
~
-I"1iIII
~:I'
VOLTAGE-GAIN FORMULA FOR A VACUUM-TUBE
AMPLIFIER 140CURRENT AND POWER GAIN 141THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A MOSFET
AMPLIFIER 142
VOLTAGE GAIN OF A MOSFET AMPLIFIER
THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSISTORAMPLIFIER 143
GAIN FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
DETERMINATION OF HYBRID PARAMETERS 151THE EFFECT OF SIGNAL SOURCE RESISTANCE 153
143
147
Chapter TI TI CAPACITOR COUPLING 159BLOCKING THE DC LEVEL 159THE EFFECT OF CAPACITOR COUPLING ON AMPLIFIER
GAIN 161THE EFFECT OF CAPACITOR COUPLING ON THE LOAD
LINE 165THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DYNAMIC LOAD LINE
(AC LOAD LINE) 166
Chapter TI~ FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF CAPACITOR-COUPLEDAMPLIFIERS 177
EFFECT OF CAPACITANCES 177ACTIVE-DEVICE INTERNAL CAPACITANCES
HIGH-PASS AND LOW-PASS FILTERS 180A FEW REAPPEARING CIRCUITS 183A COMMON LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCUIT 183
A COMMON CIRCUIT AT HIGH FREQUENCIES
178
186
Chapter TI~ THE CAPACITOR-COUPLED VACUUM-TUBEAMPLIFIER 190
CONSIDERING ALL CAPACITANCES 190THE LOW-FREQUENCY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 192
THE HIGH-FREQUENCY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF ANRC-COUPLED VACUUM-TUBE AMPLIFIER 195
THE MID-FREQUENCY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THECAPACITOR-COUPLED VACUUM-TUBE AMPLIFIER
THE TOTAL RESPONSE CURVE OF THE CAPACITANCE-
COUPLED VACUUM-TUBE AMPLIFIER 197
197
xii CONTENTS
Chapter TI~ THE CAPACITOR-COUPLED TRANSISTORAMPLIFIER 206
LOW-FREQUENCY RESPONSE 206HIGH-FREQUENCY RESPONSE 209THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE
TESTING AMPLIFIERS FOR FREQUENCY RESPONSE
214215
.ChapterTI~ TRANSFORMER COUPLING 221HOW TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM POWER TO A LOAD
A TRANSFORMER AND RESISTOR COMBINATION
LOAD LINES FOR TRANSFORMER-COUPLED
AMPLIFIERS 227
221224
Chapter TI@ OUTPUT CIRCUIT POWER AND EFFICIENCYPOWER GAIN 235EFFICIENCY 236ACTIVE-DEVICE POWER DISSIPATION
POWER INTO THE OUTPUT CIRCUIT
OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER 237
235
236237
ChapterTI~ ClASSES OF OPERATION 243MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY FOR A TRANSFORMER-COUPLED
AMPLIFIER WITHOUT EXCESSIVE DISTORTION 243MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY WITHOUT A TRANSFORMER AND
WITHOUT EXCESSIVE DISTORTION 245INCREASING OUTPUT CIRCUIT EFFICIENCY 246MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF CLASS B AMPLIFIER 247CLASSES OF OPERATION 249
Chapter TIffi PUSH-PUll OPERATION 250TWO INPUTS WITH A PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 1800OUTPUT TRANSFORMER 251THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 253MATCHED PAIRS 254THE DYNAMIC LOAD LINE 255
CLASS AB OPERATION 260BIASING THE CLASS AB PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER
COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY 262PUSH-PULL IN CLASS A 265THE SPLIT-LOAD PHASE INVERTER
250
261
265
CONTENTS xiii
11
Chapter ~~ DISTORTIONDEFINITION 269
THE FOUR-QUADRANT GRAPHFOURIER THEOREM 271SYNTHESIS OF THE DISTORTED WAVESHAPEAMPLITUDE DISTORTION 272QUANTITATIVE STUDIES 273ADDITIONAL HARMONICS 275OTHER TYPES OF DISTORTION
269
269
271
277
Chapter ~@ THE EMITTER-FOLLOWER AND CATHODE-FOLLOWERCIRCUITS 280
THE POWER TRANSISTORS 280A NEW CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION 282INPUT RESISTANCE OF THE EMITTER FOLLOWERGAIN 284THE EFFECT OF BIAS RESISTORS ON THE OVERALL INPUT
RESISTANCE OF AN AMPLIFIER 286THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE EMITTER-FOLLOWER
AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT 287BIAS RESISTORS 289TERMINOLOGY 290THE VACUUM-TUBE CIRCUIT: THE CATHODE
FOLLOWER 291THE MOSFET SOURCE-FOLLOWER CIRCUIT
Chapter ~~ FEEDBACK 297PREDlSTORTING THE INPUT
FEEDBACK FRACTION 298NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 299POSITIVE FEEDBACK 300VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED VS. CURRENT-CONTROLLED
FEEDBACK 302
Chapter ~~ PRIMARY SIGNAL SOURCESBARKHAUSEN CRITERION 307
A BAS!C OSCILLATOR 309THE SERIES LC CIRCUIT 310THE PARALLEL LC CIRCUIT 313FREQUENTL Y ENCOUNTERED CIRCUITSTHE TUNED-BASE OSCILLATOR 315THE TUNED-COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR 316
THE COLPITTS OSCILLATOR AND THE HARTLEY
OSCILLATOR 316
282
294
297
307
315
xiv CONTENTS
-CRYSTAL-CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS 318AN ALTERNATE APPROACH TO OSCILLATOR THEORY
'UNIT LfOOrn~~PULSES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Chapter ~~PULSES AND PULSE TRAINSPULSES AND RADAR 325PULSES AND COMPUTERS 326PULSES AND TELEVISION 326THE PARTS OF A PULSE 327THE IMPERFECT PULSE 329THE EFFECT OF A LOW-PASS FILTER ON A PULSE
THE EFFECT OF A HIGH-PASS FILTER ON A PULSE
TELEVISION SYNCHRONIZATION PULSES 333RULES OF THUMB 334PERCENT TILT 335THE CAPACITOR-COUPLED AMPLIFIER
325
335
Chapter ~~WAVESHAPING WITH RC CIRCUITSTHE INTEGRATOR 341THE DIFFERENTIA TOR 343
341
Chapter ~~ CLIPPING, LIMITING, AND ClAMPINGCIRCUITS 347
CLIPPERS AND LIMITERS
DEFINITIONS 349THE TWO-LEVEL SLICER 350THE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER AS A CLIPPER
CIRCUIT 352CLAMPING CIRCUITS: THE DC RESTORER 355THE BIASED LOWER-EXTREMITY C:;LAMP 356CLAMPING VS. ADDING A DC LEVEL 357
347
Chapter ~W COMPUTERS AND DIODE LOGIC CIRCUITSTHE ANALOG COMPUTER 362THE DIGITAL COMPUTER 362DATA STORAGE 363THE PROGRAM 364LOGIC CIRCUITS 365
CONTENTS
319
330332
361
xv
L.
-DIODE LOGIC CIRCUITS
THE OR CIRCUIT 367THE AND CIRCUIT 367SYMBOLS 368THE NOT CIRCUIT 368THE NAND AND NOR CIRCUITS 370
TRUTH TABLES AND ALGEBRA TYPE OF EQUATIONS
367
370
Chapter ~{j THE ASTABLEMULTIVIBRATOR 374THE BARKHAUSEN CRITERION 374AB > + 1 375QUASI-STABLE STATESCUTOFF AND SATURATION
ANAL YSIS OF THE CIRCUIT
TIMING 382
DESIGN T1<;CHNIQUE
376377378
384
Chapter ~ffi THE BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATORANALYSIS OF THE CIRCUITS 392STABLE STATES 393THE DETERMINATION OF COMPONENT VALUES FOR THE
TRANSISTOR BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 393TRIGGERING 400OTHER TRIGGER ARRANGEMENTS
THE MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
390
402403
APPENDIX: CHARACTERISTIC CURVES 407
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 419
INDEX 425
xvi CONTENTS
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