circulatory system final
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Introduction The circulatory system or
cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood , and blood vessels
Sends blood toLungs for oxygenDigestive system for nutrients
Circulatory system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM
These are three functions:
Protect ion- the b lood carr ies ant ibod ies wh ich the body needs to fi ght an in fec t ion
Transportat ion- take th ings to the musc le and take th ings away f rom the musc le . The b lood carr ies essent ia l s l i ke oxygen and nut r ients to the musc les and the b lood carr ies away carbon d iox ide and o ther waste
Temperature control - the b lood t rans fers heat a round the body
The Heart: Location and Size
Approximately the size of a person’s fist, the hollow, cone-shaped heart weighs less than a pounds.
It is enclosed within the inferior mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax, the heart is flanked on each side of lungs.
The Heart: Location and Size
It is more pointed in the apex because it is directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm.
Its broad posterosuperior aspect, or base, from which the great vessels of the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib.
The Heart: Covering and Wall
The heart is enclosed by a doubled-walled sac called pericardium.
The loosely fitting superficial part of this sac is referred to as to as the fibrous pericardium. It helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as the diaphragm and sternum.
Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery,
two layer serous pericardium.
Its parietal layer lines the interior of the fibrous
pericardium. At the superior aspect of the heart,
this parietal layer attaches to the large arteries
leaving the heart and then makes a U- turn and
continues inferiorly over the heart surface as the
visceral layer or epicardium, which is actually
the part of the heart wall.
The Heart: Covering and Wall
A slippery lubricating fluid (serous fluid) is produced by the serous pericardial membranes. This fluid allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless environment as the serous pericardial layers slides smoothly across each other.
The Heart: Covering and Wall
The Heart: Covering and WallThe heart walls
are composed of three layers:
The outer epicardium , the myocardium, and the innermost endocardium.
The myocardium consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements.
The endocardium is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers.
Chambers of Heart The heart has
four chambers namely:
Two Atria Two
Ventricle
Four chambers Two atria
Upper chambersLeft and rightSeparated by interatrial
septum Two ventricles
Lower chambersLeft and rightSeparated by
interventricular septum Atrioventricular septum separates
the atria from the ventricles.
Chambers of Heart
The septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as either the interventricular septum or the interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates.
Valves Atrioventricular
Valve Tricuspid valve –
prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
Semilunar Valves Pulmonary valve –
prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
The Heart: Blood Flow
Deoxygenated blood in from body
Oxygenated blood in lungs
Atria Contract Ventricles Contract
Deoxygenated blood out to lungs
Oxygenated blood out to body
The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.)
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
PulmonarySemilunarValve
Left Atrium
BicuspidValve
Left Ventricle
PulmonaryValve
TricuspidValve
AorticSemilunarValve
LungsBody
The Heart: Cardiac Conduction System
Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart
Sinoatrial node (SA node) Wall of right atrium Generates impulse Natural pacemaker Sends impulse to AV node
Atrioventricular node (AV node) Between atria just above ventricles Atria contract Sends impulse to the bundle of His
Bundle of His Between ventricles Two branches Sends impulse to Purkinje
fibers
Purkinje fibers Lateral walls of ventricles Ventricles contract
The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Right atrium contracts Tricuspid valve opens Blood fills right ventricle
Right ventricle contracts Tricuspid valve closes Pulmonary semilunar
valve opens Blood flows into
pulmonary artery
Left atrium contracts Bicuspid valve opens Blood fills left ventricle
Left ventricle contracts Bicuspid valve closes Aortic semilunar valve
opens Blood pushed into aorta
One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle Atria contract and relax Ventricles contract and relax
The Heart: Heart SoundsOne cardiac cycle – two heart
sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shutLubb – First sound
When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut
Dubb – Second sound When the atria contract and the
pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut
CirculationPulmonary circuit
right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins heart (left atrium)
Systemic circuitleft atrium left ventricle aorta
arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava heart (right atrium)
Physiology of Circulation
Vital signs the signs that indicate
life, example: pulse, body temperature, breathing, and blood pressure.
Body Sites of Arterial Pulse
1. Temporal Artery2. Facial artery3. Common Carotid
Artery4. Brachial Artery5. Radial Artery6. Femoral Artery7. Popliteal artery8. Posterior Tibial
Artery9. Dorsalis Pedis
Artery
Pulse - the regular expansion and contraction of an artery, caused by the heart pumping blood through the body.
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
1. __ Tricuspid valve A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers
2. __ Bicuspid valve B. Covering of the heart and aorta
3. __ Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
4. __ SA node D. In the lateral walls of ventricles
5. __ Bundle of His E. Natural pacemaker
6. __ Purkinje fibers F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
CFBEAD
Blood Blood, vital fluid found
in humans and other animals that provides important nourishment to all body organs and tissues and carries away waste materials. Sometimes referred to as “the river of life,” blood is pumped from the heart through a network of blood vessels collectively known as the circulatory system.
Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of adipose
(fatty tissues) tissue
Concentrations of ions
Females have less than males
Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of adipose
(fatty tissues) tissue
Concentrations of ions
Females have less than males
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
About 55 percent of the blood is composed of a liquid known as plasma. The rest of the blood is made of three major types of cells: red blood cells (also known as erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Blood: Bleeding Control
Hemostasis – the control of bleeding
Three processes of hemostasis
Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug
formation Blood coagulation
Blood Vessels
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart, branching to smaller and smaller units ending at the cpillaries.
Capillaries which transfer oxygen and other blood components to and from the tissues. Oxygen-poor blood continues through the capillaries to veins.
Veins which converge to carry blood back to the heart, lungs, and liver.
Blood Vessel, any of the veins, arteries, and capillaries that transport blood through the body.
Blood Vessels: Microscopic AnatomyThe covering or coat of the blood
vessels is called tunics. Three Parts of tunics:
Tunica intima- its cells fit closely together and form a slick surface that decreases friction as blood flows through the vessel lumen.
Tunica media- bulky middle coat. Sheets of elastic tissues
Tunica externa- composed of fibrous connective tissue having a function of support and protect the vessels.
Arteries: Major Parts Aorta is the largest artery in the body.
for the adult, the size of the aorta is about the size of a garden hose having a diameter of your thumb.
Parts of Aorta Ascending aorta Aortic arch Abdominal aorta
Capillaries Capillary, one of the minute blood vessels that form
the connection between the arteries and the veins. These tiny vessels vary in diameter from 0.0127 to
about 0.2032 mm (0.0005 to about 0.008 in) and are present in great numbers throughout the entire body. The walls of capillaries are exceedingly thin and readily permeable. They are surrounded by lymph, and there is a constant interchange between the substances in the blood within the capillaries and the waste products in the body tissues and lymph outside. This interchange facilitates the processes of nutrition and elimination and enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to take place.
Lymph capillaries assist the blood capillaries in this process.
Veins: Major Parts
Parts of VeinsSuperior Vena
Cava- draining the head and arms empty.
Inferior Vena Cava- draining the lower body empty.
Apply Your Knowledge
How do arteries control blood pressure?
ANSWER: The muscular walls of arteries can constrict to increase blood pressure or dilate to decrease blood pressure.
Blood Pressure
Is the pressure that exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessel, and it is a force that keeps blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats.
Blood Pressure Diastolic - It is the pressure that is exerted on the
walls of the various arteries around the body in between heart beats when the heart is relaxed.
Normal range -60 – 80 mmHg (adults); 65 mmHg (infants); 65 mmHg (6 to 9 years)
Importance with age - Diastolic readings are particularly important in monitoring blood pressure in younger individuals.
Blood Pressure - Diastolic represents the minimum pressure in the arteries.
Ventricles of the heart - Fill with blood Blood Vessels - Relaxed
Blood Pressure Systolic - It measures the amount of pressure
that blood exerts on arteries and vessels while the heart is beating.
Normal range - 90 – 120 mmHg (adults); 95 mmHg (infants); 100 mmHg (6 to 9 years)
Importance with age - As a person's age increases, so does the importance of their systolic blood pressure measurement.
Blood Pressure -Systolic represents the maximum pressure exerted on the arteries.
Ventricles of the heart - Left ventricles contract
Blood Vessels - Contracted
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the arteries.
Good Answer!
Apply Your Knowledge
ARTERIES: Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
Do pulmonary arteries carry blood with high levels of oxygen or low levels of oxygen?
Chest Pain Cardiac
Myocardial infarction Angina Pericarditis Coronary spasm
Non-cardiac Heartburn Panic attacks Pleurisy Costochondritis Pulmonary embolism Sore muscles Broken ribs
Take all complaints of chest pain seriously!
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Disease Description
Anemia The blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body’s cells
Aneurysm A ballooned, weakened arterial wall
Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms
Carditis Inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease Description
Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart
Pericarditis Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium)
Congestive Heart Failure
Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease Description
Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Leukemia Bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs
Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease Description
Sickle Cell Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries
Thalassemia Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose Veins Twisted, dilated veins
Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How would you explain this to the her?
Bravo!
REFERENCES McGrawHillBiology IIHuman Anatomy And PhysiologyMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.http://thecardiovascularsystem.wikispaces.com/search/view/haemoglobin
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