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(Four Weeks)

Civic Action Project

www.crfcap.org

A Partnership of Constitutional Rights Foundation and The Annenberg Foundation with support from the S. D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation | Stephen Bechtel Fund.

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Civic Action Project Table of Contents

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TEACHER BACKGROUND

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Handout 5A Chicago’s Gang Congregation Ordinance

In the United States, particularly in urban areas, criminal street gangs pose great danger. They often try to take over parts of a city, battling other gangs in turf wars and terrorizing residents. Like other cities, Chicago has had much experience with gangs. In the 1990s, more than 100 criminal gangs roamed its streets. In an eight-year period, Chicago street gangs committed more than 60,000 crimes, including 20,000 violent crimes and 894 homicides. In 1992, the Chicago City Council’s Committee on Fire and Police conducted public hearings on the city’s street gangs. Many testified about the terror they felt on city streets. One woman stated: “When I walk out my door, these guys are out there . . . . They watch you . . . . They know where you live. They know what time you leave, what time you come home. I am afraid of them.” Another resident said: “I have never had the terror that I feel every day when I walk down the streets of Chicago. . . . I have had my windows broken out. I have had guns pulled on me. I have been threatened. I get intimidated on a daily basis. . . .” From these hearings, the City Council concluded “criminal street gangs establish control over identifiable areas . . . by loitering in those areas and intimidating others from entering those areas.” It found that the “burgeoning presence of street gang members in public places has intimidated many law abiding citizens” and “creates a justifiable fear for the safety of persons and property in the area.” In response, in June 1992, the City Council passed the Gang Congregation Ordinance, and the mayor signed it into law. To violate this law, four things must happen. First, a police officer must reasonably believe that a street gang member is present in a group of two or more. Second, the people must be “loitering,” which the law defines as staying “in any one place with no apparent purpose.” Third, the officer must issue an order for the group to disperse. Fourth, the people must disobey the order. If convicted, an offender could face up to six months in jail, a fine up to $500, and up to 120 hours of community service. Within two months of the ordinance’s passage, the Chicago Police Department issued General Order 92-4, containing guidelines on how it was going to enforce the law. The purpose of the guidelines was “to ensure that the anti-gang loitering ordinance is not enforced in an arbitrary or discriminatory way.” The guidelines limited enforcement to “designated areas,” not made public. They further allowed only officers in the Gang Crime Section and other specific officers to make arrests under the ordinance. They also spelled out criteria for identifying gang members. The ordinance was in effect from August 1992 to December 1995. During that period, police issued almost 90,000 dispersal orders and arrested more than 40,000 people for violating the law. Many of these people were put on trial. Thirteen trials were held. In each, lawyers for the defendants challenged the constitutionality of the ordinance. Eleven judges ruled that the ordinance was unconstitutional, and the prosecutors appealed. Two trial judges, however, upheld the law, and the ensuing trials convicted some defendants. These defendants appealed their convictions.

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The Illinois Appellate Court consolidated all the appeals and ruled that the ordinance was unconstitutional. This occurred in December 1995, and police stopped enforcing the ordinance. The prosecutors appealed to the Illinois Supreme Court. This court also ruled that the law was unconstitutional. The prosecutors appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari, meaning it decided to hear the case. In 1999, the court issued its opinion in City of Chicago v. Morales. (Jesus Morales was one of the defendants in the case. The name of the party appealing the case is always listed first.) The court found Chicago’s Gang Congregation Ordinance unconstitutional. It ruled that the law violated the 14th Amendment’s due process clause, which, among other things, requires fair notice. The court said that the meaning of staying “in any one place with no apparent purpose” was unclear. “[T]he purpose of the fair notice requirement is to enable the ordinary citizen to conform his or her conduct to the law. . . . Although it is true that a loiterer is not subject to criminal sanctions unless he or she disobeys a dispersal order, the loitering is the conduct that the ordinance is designed to prohibit. If the loitering is in fact harmless and innocent, the dispersal order itself is an unjustified impairment of liberty.” Excerpts From the Chicago Gang Congregation Ordinance Whenever a police officer observes a person whom he reasonably believes to be a criminal street gang member loitering in any public place with one or more other persons, he shall order all such persons to disperse and remove themselves from the area. Any person who does not promptly obey such an order is in violation of this section. It shall be an affirmative defense to an alleged violation of this section that no person who was observed loitering was in fact a member of a criminal street gang. As used in this section: “Loiter” means to remain in any one place with no apparent purpose. . . . “Public place” means the public way and any other location open to the public, whether publicly or privately owned. . . . Any person who violates this section is subject to a fine of not less than $100 and not more than $500 for each offense, or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both. In addition . . . , any person who violates this section may be required to perform up to 120 hours of community service . . . . For Discussion 1. How was the legislative branch involved with the policy? List the actions and what legislative

body did them. 2. How was the executive branch involved? List the actions and what executive body did them. 3. How was the judicial branch involved? List the actions and what judicial body did them.

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Handout 6A �Part 1

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Handout 6B Anti-Gang Policy Pack

Policy #1: Anti-Tagging Policy �&HQWUDO�+HLJKWV�KDV�EHHQ�SODJXHG�ZLWK�WDJJLQJ��*DQJ�VLJQV�FDQ�EH�VHHQ�RQ�WUDIILF�VLJQV��ZDOOV�VXUURXQGLQJ�KRXVHV��VLGHV�RI�EXVLQHVVHV��DQG�PDQ\�RWKHU�VXUIDFHV�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�FLW\���&LW\�&RXQFLO�0HPEHU�*UHJ�0DUWLQ�KDV�SURSRVHG�D�QHZ�DQWL�WDJJLQJ�SROLF\��,W�ZRXOG�FRQVLVW�RI�WZR�SDUWV��DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�WKH�EXGJHW�IRU�JUDIILWL�UHPRYDO�DQG�D�QHZ�DEDWHPHQW�RUGLQDQFH��0DUWLQ�VD\V�WKDW�VWXGLHV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�UDSLGO\�FOHDQLQJ�XS�JUDIILWL�UHGXFHV�LQFLGHQWV�RI�WDJJHU�JUDIILWL��,Q�WXUQ��0DUWLQ�VD\V��WKH�FLW\�DQG�QHLJKERUKRRGV�ZLOO�ORRN�PRUH�XQGHU�FRQWURO��EXVLQHVV�ZLOO�LPSURYH��DQG�SHRSOH�ZLOO�KDYH�D�EHWWHU�TXDOLW\�RI�OLIH����8QGHU�WKH�SROLF\��WKH�FLW\�ZLOO�GHYRWH����������RI�LWV�DQQXDO�EXGJHW�WR�JUDIILWL�UHPRYDO��7KLV�ZLOO�JLYH�WKH�FLW\�WKH�UHVRXUFHV�WR�UHPRYH�JUDIILWL�IURP�ERWK�SXEOLF�DQG�SULYDWH�SURSHUW\��0HPEHUV�RI�WKH�3XEOLF�6HUYLFHV�'HSDUWPHQW�ZLOO�ORFDWH�DQG�UHPRYH�DOO�JUDIILWL�UHSRUWHG�WR�LW��,I�WKH�JUDIILWL�LV�RQ�SULYDWH�SURSHUW\��WKH�GHSDUWPHQW�ZLOO�DVN�WKH�RZQHU�IRU�SHUPLVVLRQ�WR�SDLQW�RYHU�WKH�JUDIILWL��,I�WKH�RZQHU�UHIXVHV��WKH�GHSDUWPHQW�ZLOO�FLWH�WKH�RZQHU�IRU�YLRODWLQJ�WKH�QHZ�DEDWHPHQW�RUGLQDQFH�EHFDXVH��XQGHU�WKH�ODZ��JUDIILWL�LV�D�SXEOLF�QXLVDQFH�DQG�YLRODWHV�WKH�ODZ��7KH�SURSHUW\�RZQHU�ZLOO�WKHQ�KDYH�WR�DSSHDU�LQ�FRXUW�DW�D�QXLVDQFH�KHDULQJ��,I�WKH�FRXUW�ILQGV�WKDW�WKHUH�LV�JUDIILWL�RQ�WKH�RZQHU¶V�SURSHUW\�YLVLEOH�WR�WKH�SXEOLF��WKHQ�WKH�FRXUW�ZLOO�RUGHU�WKH�RZQHU�WR�UHPRYH�LW�DW�WKH�RZQHU¶V�H[SHQVH����7KH�3XEOLF�6HUYLFHV�'HSDUWPHQW�ZLOO�PDLQWDLQ�D�KRWOLQH�IRU�UHVLGHQWV�WR�UHSRUW�QHZ�JUDIILWL��DQG�WKH�GHSDUWPHQW�VD\V�WKDW�ZLWK�WKH�QHZ�EXGJHW�LW�VKRXOG�EH�DEOH�WR�UHVSRQG�WR�DOO�FDOOV�ZLWKLQ����KRXUV��VL[�GD\V�RI�WKH�ZHHN��,W�ZLOO�KLUH�ILYH�QHZ�ZRUNHUV�ZKR�ZLOO�VSHFLDOL]H�LQ�JUDIILWL�UHPRYDO��:RUNHUV�ZLOO�XVH�SDLQW�JXQV�DQG�VDQGEODVWHUV�WR�UHPRYH�JUDIILWL��7KH�SDLQW�XVHG�WR�FRYHU�JUDIILWL�RQ�SULYDWH�SURSHUW\�ZLOO�EH�EURZQ��,I�WKH�SURSHUW\�RZQHU�GRHV�QRW�OLNH�WKDW�FRORU��LW�ZLOO�EH�XS�WR�WKH�RZQHU�WR�SDLQW�RYHU�WKH�VXUIDFH���7KH�&HQWUDO�+HLJKWV�&KDPEHU�RI�&RPPHUFH�VXSSRUWV�0DUWLQ¶V�SURSRVDO��,W�WKLQNV�WKDW�WKH�QHZ�SROLF\�ZLOO�FOHDQ�XS�WKH�FLW\�DQG�LPSURYH�EXVLQHVV��6RPH�WD[SD\HUV�KDYH�H[SUHVVHG�RXWUDJH�DW�WKH�FRVW�RI�WKH�SURSRVDO����7KH�3XEOLF�6HUYLFHV�'HSDUWPHQW�KDV�IRXU�GLYLVLRQV��:DVWH�0DQDJHPHQW��ZKLFK�FROOHFWV�VROLG�ZDVWH�DQG�UHF\FODEOH�PDWHULDOV���6WUHHW�0DLQWHQDQFH��ZKLFK�PDLQWDLQV�VWUHHWV��VLGHZDONV��VWRUP�GUDLQV��VHZHUV��DQG�WUHHV���$XWRPRWLYH��ZKLFK�PDLQWDLQV�WKH�FLW\¶V�IOHHW�RI�YHKLFOHV���DQG�(QYLURQPHQW��ZKLFK�FRRUGLQDWHV�SURMHFWV�WR�SUHYHQW�SROOXWLRQ�DQG�PDLQWDLQ�WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�OLIH�LQ�WKH�FLW\���7KH�(QYLURQPHQW�'LYLVLRQ�FXUUHQWO\�LV�LQ�FKDUJH�RI�FOHDQLQJ�XS�JUDIILWL�DQG�ZLOO�UHPDLQ�VR�XQGHU�WKH�QHZ�SROLF\��

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� Policy #2: Tutoring and Mentoring

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Policy #3: After-School and Summer Recreation Program

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Handout 7A

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Handout 7B Document Packet Document 1

The following report on the nation’s dropout problem is from the Indiana Department of Education web site �85/��ZZZ�GRH�LQ�JRY�VVHUYLFHV�SGI�VDRBGURS�RXWBFRQVHTXHQFHV�SGI���

Consequences of Dropping out of School Introduction �,Q����������PLOOLRQ���±����\HDU�ROGV�DQG�����PLOOLRQ���±���\HDU�ROGV�GLG�QRW�KDYH�D�KLJK�VFKRRO�GLSORPD�DQG�ZHUH�QRW�HQUROOHG�LQ�VFKRRO��IRU�D�WRWDO�RI�����PLOOLRQ��0RVW�RI�WKHVH�\RXWK��DW�EHVW��DUH�KHDGHG�IRU�D�OLIH�RI�VSRUDGLF�HPSOR\PHQW�DQG�ORZ�ZDJHV��)RU�WKHP��HVWDEOLVKLQJ�D�VWDEOH�IDPLO\�DQG�UDLVLQJ�FKLOGUHQ�ZKR�FDQ�PDNH�LW�LQ�RXU�VRFLHW\�DQG�HFRQRP\�FDQ�EH�SUREOHPDWLF����&RQVHTXHQFHV�IRU�WKRVH�VWXGHQWV�ZKR�GURS�RXW�RI�VFKRRO�PD\�LQFOXGH���Economic

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�References ���3DXO�(��%DUWRQ. One Third of a Nation S������3ROLF\�,QIRUPDWLRQ�&HQWHU��(GXFDWLRQDO�7HVWLQJ�6HUYLFH��������Economic: ���3DXO�(��%DUWRQ��One Third of a Nation S������3ROLF\�,QIRUPDWLRQ�&HQWHU��(GXFDWLRQDO�7HVWLQJ�6HUYLFH�����������:HQG\�6FKZDUW]�New Information on Youth Who Drop Out S�����.LG6RXUFH��85/��ZZZ�NLGVRXUFH�FRP�����Ibid��S�����Unemployment ���&LYLO�5LJKWV�3URMHFW��DROPOUTS +DUYDUG�8QLYHUVLW\��&LYLO�5LJKWV�LQ�%ULHI��Engagement in High Risk Behaviors ���(��*UHJRU\�:RRGV�Reducing the Dropout Rate. 6FKRRO�,PSURYHPHQW�5HVHDUFK�6HULHV��S���Incarceration: ���&LYLO�5LJKWV�3URMHFW��DROPOUTS +DUYDUG�8QLYHUVLW\��&LYLO�5LJKWV�LQ�%ULHI� Driver’s License ���,&��������6HF����D��$�GULYHU¶V�OLFHQVH�RU�D�OHDUQHU¶V�SHUPLW�PD\�QRW�EH�LVVXHG�WR�DQ�LQGLYLGXDO�OHVV�WKDQ���������\HDUV�RI�DJH�ZKR�PHHWV�DQ\�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�FRQGLWLRQV��,V�FRQVLGHUHG�D�GURSRXW�XQGHU�,&���������������E������GULYHU¶V�OLFHQVH�RU�OHDUQHU¶V�SHUPLW��DQG�HPSOR\PHQW�FHUWLILFDWH�ZLOO�EH�UHYRNHG�RU�GHQLHG���������,'2(�6WXGHQW�6HUYLFHV�$GPLQLVWUDWLYH�0DQXDO��������Cost to Society ���,QGLDQD¶V�(GXFDWLRQ�5RXQG�7DEOH��S������������

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Handout 7B Document Packet Document 2 California Dropout Research Project An Affiliated Project of the University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute UC Santa Barbara | Gevirtz Graduate School of Education Policy Brief 15 (Reprinted With Permission)

Why Students Drop Out of School: A Review of 25 Years of Research

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Handout 8B �

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Handout 8C

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Handout 9A

Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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REASONING (logos) Present evidence: facts, statistics, expert opinions, survey results. Cite the source of your information. Make your facts understandable. Tailor your arguments for your audience. State your conclusion in one simple sentence. Make sure all your reasons support your conclusion. You should be able to say, “I want you to do X for the following reasons: A, B, C.”

PERSUASION

For Discussion ����� :KDW�DUH�logos��pathos��DQG�ethos"�:KLFK��LI�DQ\��RI�WKH�WKUHH�GR�\RX�WKLQN�LV�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�LQ�

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EMOTIONAL APPEALS (pathos) Link your proposal to basic human needs (food, shelter, security, belonging, esteem, power, shared beliefs, self-fulfillment, etc.). Personalize the issue. Tell a story about how it affected a person’s life. Tie your proposal to self-interest. Show people how it benefits both them and the community. Entice them: Be complimentary. Find something you like or that impresses you and comment on it. �

GAINING PEOPLE’S TRUST (ethos) Listen to what people have to say. Be fair. Tell the truth without exaggerating. If you have opposition, be able to state your opponent’s positions fairly. Know what you’re talking about. Study up as best you can. If you don’t know something, don’t try to fake it. Show that you believe in what you’re doing. Show your interest and enthusiasm. Stay calm. People tend not to trust someone who flies off the handle. Be friendly. You are not going to persuade anyone who dislikes you.

Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Lesson 10: Building Constituencies �Overview 7KLV�OHVVRQ�LQWURGXFHV�VWXGHQWV�WR�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�EXLOGLQJ�D�FRQVWLWXHQF\�WR�VXSSRUW�RU�RSSRVH�SXEOLF�SROLFLHV�XVLQJ�WKH�FDVH�VWXG\�RI�WKH�0RQWJRPHU\�%XV�%R\FRWW�DV�DQ�H[DPSOH��)LUVW��VWXGHQWV�UHDG�SULPDU\�GRFXPHQWV�IURP�WKH�ER\FRWW�DQG�GLVFXVV�KRZ�WKH�GRFXPHQWV�VKRZ�KRZ�OHDGHUV�WULHG�WR�EXLOG�VXSSRUW��7KHQ�LQ�VPDOO�JURXSV��VWXGHQWV�EUDLQVWRUP�KRZ�WKH\�FDQ�JHW�VXSSRUW�IRU�WKHLU�&$3�LVVXH��)LQDOO\��DV�KRPHZRUN��VWXGHQWV�ZULWH�D�SODQ�IRU�EXLOGLQJ�VXSSRUW�IRU�WKHLU�&$3�LVVXH���Civic Mission of Schools Proven Practices: 1, 2 �Objectives 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�DEOH�WR��• 'HVFULEH�KRZ�EXLOGLQJ�FRQVWLWXHQFLHV�LV�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�FLYLF�DFWLRQ�XVLQJ�WKH�0RQWJRPHU\�%XV�

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Handout 10A

The Montgomery Bus Boycott �

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Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Handout 10B

Document Exploration �,Q�\RXU�JURXS������ 5HDG�WKH�GRFXPHQW�\RX�DUH�DVVLJQHG�DQG�GLVFXVV�WKH�IROORZLQJ��

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Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Handout 10C Document 1

Excerpt from Letter to the Mayor �Founded in 1946, the Women’s Political Council was an organization of African-American professional women, most of them educators. It was deeply involved in community issues. �� 0D\�����������+RQRUDEOH�0D\RU�:��$��*D\OH��&LW\�+DOO��0RQWJRPHU\��$ODEDPD��'HDU�6LU���7KH�:RPHQ¶V�3ROLWLFDO�&RXQFLO�LV�YHU\�JUDWHIXO�WR�\RX�DQG�WKH�&LW\�&RPPLVVLRQHUV�IRU�WKH�KHDULQJ�\RX�DOORZHG�RXU�UHSUHVHQWDWLYH�GXULQJ�WKH�PRQWK�RI�0DUFK��������ZKHQ�WKH�³FLW\�EXV�IDUH�LQFUHDVH�FDVH´�ZDV�EHLQJ�UHYLHZHG��7KHUH�ZHUH�VHYHUDO�WKLQJV�WKH�&RXQFLO�DVNHG�IRU����� $�FLW\�ODZ�WKDW�ZRXOG�PDNH�LW�SRVVLEOH�IRU�1HJURHV�WR�VLW�IURP�EDFN�WRZDUG�IURQW��DQG�ZKLWHV�IURP�

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Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Handout 10C Document 2 �

Excerpt From Leaflet �Following the arrest of Rosa Parks, leaders in the African American community decided action must be taken. Jo Ann Robinson and a fellow professor at Alabama State College (a segregated school) drafted and copied on a mimeograph machine the following leaflet, which Robinson and two students distributed throughout the black community. �7KLV�LV�IRU�0RQGD\��'HFHPEHU�����������$QRWKHU�1HJUR�ZRPDQ�KDV�EHHQ�DUUHVWHG�DQG�WKURZQ�LQWR�MDLO�EHFDXVH�VKH�UHIXVHG�WR�JHW�XS�RXW�RI�KHU�VHDW�RQ�WKH�EXV�IRU�D�ZKLWH�SHUVRQ�WR�VLW�GRZQ����,W�LV�WKH�VHFRQG�WLPH�VLQFH�WKH�������>UHFHQW@�FDVH�WKDW�D�1HJUR�ZRPDQ�KDV�EHHQ�DUUHVWHG�IRU�WKH�VDPH�WKLQJ��7KLV�KDV�WR�EH�VWRSSHG����1HJURHV�KDYH�ULJKWV��WRR��IRU�LI�1HJURHV�GLG�QRW�ULGH�WKH�EXVHV��WKH\�FRXOG�QRW�RSHUDWH��7KUHH�IRXUWKV�RI�WKH�ULGHUV�DUH�1HJURHV��\HW�ZH�DUH�DUUHVWHG��RU�KDYH�WR�VWDQG�RYHU�HPSW\�VHDWV��,I�ZH�GR�QRW�GR�VRPHWKLQJ�WR�VWRS�WKHVH�DUUHVWV��WKH\�ZLOO�FRQWLQXH��7KH�QH[W�WLPH�LW�PD\�EH�\RX��RU�\RXU�GDXJKWHU��RU�PRWKHU����7KLV�ZRPDQ¶V�FDVH�ZLOO�FRPH�XS�RQ�0RQGD\��:H�DUH��WKHUHIRUH��DVNLQJ�HYHU\�1HJUR�WR�VWD\�RII�WKH�EXVHV�0RQGD\�LQ�SURWHVW�RI�WKH�DUUHVW�DQG�WULDO��'RQ¶W�ULGH�WKH�EXVHV�WR�ZRUN��WR�WRZQ��WR�VFKRRO��RU�DQ\ZKHUH�RQ�0RQGD\����<RX�FDQ�DIIRUG�WR�VWD\�RXW�RI�VFKRRO�IRU�RQH�GD\�LI�\RX�KDYH�QR�RWKHU�ZD\�WR�JR�H[FHSW�E\�EXV����<RX�FDQ�DOVR�DIIRUG�WR�VWD\�RXW�RI�WRZQ�IRU�RQH�GD\��,I�\RX�ZRUN��WDNH�D�FDE��RU�ZDON��%XW�SOHDVH��FKLOGUHQ�DQG�JURZQ�XSV��GRQ¶W�ULGH�WKH�EXV�DW�DOO�RQ�0RQGD\��3OHDVH�VWD\�RII�RI�DOO�EXVHV�0RQGD\����Reverends King and Abernathy revised this leaflet and distributed it again over the weekend. The revised leaflet also urged people following the boycott to attend a gathering at 7 p.m. on Monday at Holt Street Baptist Church. ���

Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Excerpt of a Reflection on the Mass Meeting, December 5, 1955

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Handout 10C Document 3

Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Handout 10C Document 4

Letter to Time Magazine 1DWLRQDO�1HZV�(GLWRU�7,0(�0DJD]LQH��7,0(��/,)(�%XLOGLQJ����5RFNHIHOOHU�3OD]D��1HZ�<RUN�����1HZ�<RUN���6XEMHFW��%XV�SURWHVW�LQ�0RQWJRPHU\��$ODEDPD���'HDU�6LU����,�DP�ZULWLQJ�WKLV�OHWWHU�WR�\RX��EHFDXVH�,�KDYH�ORQJ�EHHQ�LPSUHVVHG�ZLWK�WKH�IDLU�DQG�XQELDVHG�WUHDWPHQW�\RX�JLYH�LQ�\RXU�QHZV�VWRULHV���,�DP�D�UHJXODU�FRYHU�WR�FRYHU�7,0(�UHDGHU���,�KDYH�EHHQ�SDUWLFXODUO\�LPSUHVVHG�ZLWK�WKH�EROG�DQG�FRXUDJHRXV�ZD\�LQ�ZKLFK�\RX�KDYH�KDQGOHG�WKH�H[WUHPHO\�WRXFK\�VXEMHFW�RI�UDFH�UHODWLRQV����7KHUH�LV�D�VWRU\�LQ�WKH�PDNLQJ�KHUH�LQ�0RQWJRPHU\��$ODEDPD��WKDW�PD\�EH�MXVW�DV�H[SORVLYH�DV�WKH�7LOO�FDVH���������,�DP�UHIHUULQJ�WR�WKH�SURWHVW�ZKLFK�WKH�1HJURHV��DQG�PDQ\�ZKLWHV��RI�0RQWJRPHU\�DUH�PDNLQJ�DJDLQVW�WKH�ORFDO�EXV�FRPSDQ\����������:KDW�\RX�PD\�QRW�NQRZ�LV�WKDW�RQO\�SDUW�RI�WKH�VWRU\�LV�DFWXDOO\�UHDFKLQJ�WKH�SXEOLF�WKURXJK�WKH�QRUPDO�FKDQQHOV�RI�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ��7KH�ORFDO�QHZVSDSHUV�KDYH�FRQVLVWHQWO\�SULQWHG�RQH�VLGHG�VWRULHV�DERXW�WKH�GHYHORSPHQWV�LQ�WKLV�SURWHVW����������,Q�DGGLWLRQ��DOO�RI�WKH�³ODZ�HQIRUFHPHQW´�DJHQFLHV�LQ�WKH�FLW\�DQG�FRXQW\�KDYH�EHHQ�GRLQJ�HYHU\WKLQJ�SRVVLEOH�WR�EUHDN�WKH�EDFN�RI�RXU�FDPSDLJQ��/DZV�WKDW�KDYH�UDUHO\�EHHQ�HQIRUFHG�DUH�QRZ�EHLQJ�SXOOHG�SXW�RI�WKH�ERRNV�DQG�EHLQJ�XVHG�DJDLQVW�WKH�1HJURHV��EXW��ZH�KHDU��QRW�DJDLQVW�WKH�ZKLWHV�����������,�DP�D�ZKLWH�/XWKHUDQ�PLQLVWHU��VHUYLQJ�D�1HJUR�FRQJUHJDWLRQ��,�FDQQRW�HYHQ�JLYH�P\�RZQ�PHPEHUV�D�ULGH�LQ�P\�FDU�ZLWKRXW�IHDU�RI�EHLQJ�VWRSSHG�E\�WKH�SROLFH�DQG�DFFXVHG�RI�UXQQLQJ�D�WD[L��2Q�ODVW�0RQGD\�6KHULII�%XWOHU�������VWRSSHG�PH��DFFXVHG�PH�RI�UXQQLQJ�D�WD[L��WRRN�PH�LQ�IRU�TXHVWLRQLQJ��VHDUFKHG�P\�FDU��ZLWKRXW�VKRZLQJ�PH�D�ZDUUDQW�RU�LQGLFDWLQJ�WKDW�KH�KDG�RQH���DQG�ILQDOO\�UHOHDVHG�PH��7KH�VDPH�WKLQJ�LV�EHLQJ�GRQH�RYHU�DQG�RYHU�LQ�WKLV�FLW\�HYHU\�GD\����,I�\RX�ZDQW�D�JRRG�ORRN�DW�WKH�ZD\�D�RQH�UDFH�SUHVV�DQG�D�RQH�UDFH�SROLFH�IRUFH�EDQG�WRJHWKHU�WR�GLVFUHGLW�ILIW\�WKRXVDQG�SHRSOH�ZKR�DUH�WLUHG�RI�EHLQJ�WUHDWHG�OLNH�DQLPDOV�RQ�WKH�FLW\�EXVVHV��DQG�ZKR�DUH�UHJLVWHULQJ�WKHLU�IHHOLQJV�E\�UHIUDLQLQJ�IURP�ULGLQJ�WKRVH�EXVVHV��WKHQ�,�XUJH�\RX�WR�VHQG�D�UHSRUWHU�WR�0RQWJRPHU\�DV�VRRQ�DV�SRVVLEOH����������6LQFHUHO\�\RXUV���5REHUW�*UDHW]��&RSLHV��'U��.LQJ��$WW\��*UD\��5HY��+XJKHV��

Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Handout 10C Document 5

Excerpt From an Advertisement On Christmas Day 1955, the Montgomery Improvement Association, the leaders of the boycott, took out this half-page advertisement in two local newspapers.��

“To the Montgomery Public” �:H��WKH�1HJUR�FLWL]HQV�RI�0RQWJRPHU\��IHHO�WKDW�WKH�SXEOLF�KDV�D�ULJKW�WR�NQRZ�RXU�FRPSODLQWV�DQG�JULHYDQFHV�ZKLFK�KDYH�UHVXOWHG�LQ�WKH�SURWHVW�DJDLQVW�WKH�0RQWJRPHU\�&LW\�/LQHV�DQG�RXU�UHIXVDO�WR�ULGH�FLW\�EXVVHV��:H��WKHUHIRUH��VHW�IRUWK�KHUH�VRPH�RI�WKH�PDQ\�ELWWHU�H[SHULHQFHV�RI�RXU�SHRSOH��ZKR�KDYH��DW�YDULRXV�WLPHV��EHHQ�SXVKHG�DURXQG��HPEDUUDVVHG��WKUHDWHQHG��LQWLPLGDWHG�DQG�DEXVHG�LQ�D�PDQQHU�WKDW�KDV�FDXVHG�WKH�PHHNHVW�WR�ULVH�LQ�UHVHQWPHQW����&203/$,176����1. Courtesy:�7KH�XVH�RI�DEXVLYH�ODQJXDJH��QDPH�FDOOLQJ�DQG�WKUHDWV�KDYH�EHHQ�WKH�FRPPRQ�SUDFWLFHV���������:H�DUH�RUGHUHG�WR�PRYH�IURP�VHDWV�WR�VWDQGLQJ�VSDFH�XQGHU�WKH�WKUHDW�RI�DUUHVW���������1R�UHJDUG�IRU�VH[�RU�DJH�LV�FRQVLGHUHG�LQ�H[HUFLVLQJ�WKLV�DXWKRULW\�E\�WKH�EXV�RSHUDWRU����2. Seating:�������1HJURHV��ROG��\RXQJ��PHQ�DQG�ZRPHQ��PRWKHUV�ZLWK�EDEHV�LQ�WKHLU�DUPV��VLFN��DIIOLFWHG��SUHJQDQW�ZRPHQ��PXVW�UHOLQTXLVK�WKHLU�VHDWV��HYHQ�WR�VFKRRO�FKLOGUHQ���������2Q�OLQHV�VHUYLQJ�SUHGRPLQDQWO\�1HJUR�VHFWLRQV��WKH�WHQ�IURQW�VHDWV�PXVW�UHPDLQ�YDFDQW��HYHQ�WKRXJK�QR�ZKLWH�SDVVHQJHU�ERDUGV�WKH�EXV����������3. Arrests:�1XPHURXV�DUUHVWV�KDYH�EHHQ�PDGH�HYHQ�WKRXJK�WKH�SHUVRQ�DUUHVWHG�LV�REVHUYLQJ�WKH�SROLF\�DV�JLYHQ�XV�����������������6. Passing up passengers:�,Q�PDQ\�LQVWDQFHV�WKH�EXV�RSHUDWRUV�KDYH�������FROOHFWHG�IDUHV�DW�WKH�IURQW�GRRU�DQG��DIWHU�FRPPDQGLQJ�1HJUR�SDVVHQJHUV�WR�HQWHU�IURP�WKH�EDFN�GRRU��WKH\�KDYH�GULYHQ�RII��OHDYLQJ�WKHP�VWDQGLQJ���������9. Adjudication:�(YHU\�HIIRUW�KDV�EHHQ�XVHG�WR�JHW�WKH�EXV�FRPSDQ\�WR�UHPRYH�WKH�FDXVHV�RI�WKHVH�FRPSODLQWV����������10. The great decision:�7KH�EXV�SURWHVW�LV�QRW�PHUHO\�LQ�SURWHVW�RI�WKH�DUUHVW�RI�0UV��5RVD�3DUNV��EXW�LV�WKH�FXOPLQDWLRQ�RI�D�VHULHV�RI�XQSOHDVDQW�LQFLGHQWV�RYHU�D�SHULRG�RI�\HDUV��,W�LV�DQ�XSVXUJLQJ�RI�D�JURXQG�VZHOO���������2XU�FXS�RI�WROHUDQFH�KDV�UXQ�RYHU���������11. Our proposal: ���������7KDW�DVVXUDQFH�RI�PRUH�FRXUWHV\�EH�H[WHQGHG�WKH�EXV�ULGHUV���������

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12. Nature of movement: �

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Handout 10C Document 6 �

Letter to W.C. Patton On December 19, 1955, W.C. Patton of the Alabama National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had written a report on the boycott to Roy Wilkins, the head of the NAACP. This is Wilkins’ response to the report. This report noted that the boycott was then aiming at reforming the segregated bus system, not getting rid of it. (The goal would change as the boycott went on.) Wilkins wrote back on December 27. �0U��:��&��3DWWRQ�������)RXUWK�$YHQXH��1RUWK��%LUPLQJKDP��$ODEDPD���'HDU�0U��3DWWRQ����7KDQN�\RX�IRU�\RXU�PHPRUDQGXP�RQ�WKH�0RQWJRPHU\��$ODEDPD��PRYHPHQW�SURWHVWLQJ�VHJUHJDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�EXVHV��0U��0DUVKDOO�LV�DZD\��EXW�,�VKDOO�FRQVXOW�ZLWK�0U��&DUWHU�RQ�WKH�OHJDO�DQJOH�DQG�RXU�FRRSHUDWLRQ�WKHUHRQ��>Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP’s chief counsel and later a U.S. Supreme Court justice. Robert L. Carter was Marshall’s assistant and later succeeded him at the NAACP.@��,Q�WKH�PHDQWLPH�,�WKLQN�LW�VKRXOG�EH�XQGHUVWRRG�WKDW�WKH�1$$&3�ZLOO�QRW�RIILFLDOO\�HQWHU�WKH�FDVH�RU�XVH�LWV�OHJDO�VWDII�RQ�DQ\�RWKHU�EDVLV�WKDQ�WKH�DEROLWLRQ�RI�VHJUHJDWHG�VHDWLQJ�RQ�WKH�FLW\�EXVHV��:H�QRZ�KDYH�D�FLW\�EXV�FDVH�RQ�DSSHDO�IURP�6RXWK�&DUROLQD��KDYLQJ�ZRQ�LQ�WKH�ORZHU�FRXUW��2EYLRXVO\��ZKHQ�RXU�QDWLRQDO�SURJUDP�FDOOV�IRU�DEROLVKLQJ�VHJUHJDWLRQ�DQG�RXU�ODZ\HUV�DUH�ILJKWLQJ�RQ�WKDW�EDVLV�LQ�6RXWK�&DUROLQD��ZH�FRXOG�QRW�HQWHU�DQ�$ODEDPD�FDVH�DVNLQJ�PHUHO\�IRU�PRUH�SROLWH�VHJUHJDWLRQ����3OHDVH�NHHS�PH�DGYLVHG��,�ZLOO�ZULWH�\RX�RU�KDYH�0U��&DUWHU�ZULWH�\RX�VKRUWO\����%HVW�ZLVKHV�IRU�WKH�+ROLGD\�6HDVRQ����9HU\�VLQFHUHO\�\RXUV���5R\�:LONLQV��([HFXWLYH�6HFUHWDU\���

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Handout 10C Document 7

Excerpt From an Interview ��On January 20, 1956, Donald T. Ferron, a Fisk University researcher, interviewed Rufus A. Lewis, a member of the Montgomery Improvement Association, the group leading the boycott. Lewis co-chaired its transportation committee, which was in charge of providing alternative transportation for those taking part in the boycott.���)HUURQ��:KDW�LV�\RXU�MRE�DV�FR�FKDLUPDQ"���/HZLV��,�WU\�WR�JHW�SULYDWH�FDUV��DQG�DGHTXDWH�DPRXQW�RI�VHUYLFH�RXW�RI�WKH�V\VWHP��GHVLJQDWH�JDV�RXW�WR�WKRVH�ZKR�QHHG�KHOS�ZLWK�JDV��WR�JHW�GLVSDWFK�DQG�SLFN�XS�VWDWLRQV��DQG�SHUVRQV�WR�RUJDQL]H�WKH�ULGLQJ�SXEOLF��$�GLVSDWFKLQJ�SODFH�LV�ZKHUH�SHRSOH�FRQJUHJDWH�LQ�WKH�PRUQLQJ�WR�JR�WR�ZRUN��7KHVH�GLVSDWFK�SODFHV�DUH�PRVWO\�FKXUFKHV�DQG�YRWHU¶V�FOXEV���������)HUURQ��+RZ�HIIHFWLYH�LV�WKH�PRYHPHQW"���/HZLV��$ERXW�����HIIHFWLYH��7KHUH�DUH�D�YHU\�IHZ�1HJURHV�ZKR�ULGH�WKH�EXVHV�QRZ��,�GRQ¶W�NQRZ�ZKR�WKH\�DUH��7KH\�KLGH�WKHPVHOYHV�RQ�WKH�EXV�E\�VLWWLQJ�YHU\�ORZ�LQ�WKH�VHDWV��7KH\�PD\�EH�WKRVH�ZKR�FRPH�IURP�UXUDO�DUHDV�DQG�GRQ¶W�NQRZ�DERXW�ZKDW¶V�KDSSHQLQJ����)HUURQ��7R�ZKDW�GR�\RX�DWWULEXWH�WKH�VXFFHVV�RI�WKH�PRYHPHQW"���/HZLV��,�ZRXOG�VD\�WKDW�WKHUH�DUH�WKUHH�UHDVRQV������7KH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�LV�WKH�DWWLWXGH�RI�WKH�SHRSOH²VR�PDQ\�KDYH�EHHQ�PLVWUHDWHG�WKDW�WKH\¶UH�MXVW�WLUHG�RI�WKH�VLWXDWLRQ������3DPSKOHWV�VXJJHVWLQJ�QRW�WR�ULGH�WKH�EXVHV������7KH�FRPSOHWH�FRRSHUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�3URWHVWDQW�PLQLVWHUV�LQ�WKH�FLW\��7KH�ZKLWH�SUHVV�KHOSHG�E\�SULQWLQJ�D�FRS\�RI�WKH�SDPSKOHW�RQ�WKH�IURQW�SDJH��,�ZRXOG�FDOO�WKLV�DQ�LQGLUHFW�DLG��$QG�WKH�SROLFH�GULYLQJ�EHKLQG�EXVHV�LQ�WKH�PRUQLQJ��WR�SUHYHQW�1HJURHV�IURP�WU\LQJ�WR�LQWLPLGDWH�RU�SUHYHQW�RWKHU�1HJURHV�IURP�ULGLQJ�WKH�EXVHV���3HRSOH�GLGQ¶W�NQRZ�ZK\�WKH\�IROORZHG�WKH�EXVHV��EXW�WKH\�WKRXJKW�LW�ZDV�IRU�WKH�SXUSRVH�RI�SUHYHQWLQJ�SHRSOH�IURP�ULGLQJ��)LYH�GD\V�ODWHU�WKH�EXVHV�ZHUH�WDNHQ�RII�WKH�VWUHHWV�LQ�SUHGRPLQDQWO\�1HJUR�DUHDV��7KLV�ZDV�LQWHUSUHWHG�WR�PHDQ�WKDW�EXVHV�GLGQ¶W�ZDQW�WR�FDUU\�1HJUR�SDVVHQJHUV�DQ\�PRUH��7KH�UHDVRQ�JLYHQ�IRU�WDNLQJ�EXVHV�RII�WKH�VWUHHW�ZDV�WKDW�RQH�ZDV�ILUHG�LQWR�E\�1HJURHV�DW�+ROFRPEH�DQG�-HII�'DYLV�6WUHHWV��7KLV�LV�D�ZKLWH�QHLJKERUKRRG�DQG�WKH�VKRW�LV�UHSRUWHG�WR�KDYH�EHHQ�ILUHG�IURP�DQ�XSVWDLUV�DSDUWPHQW��$QG�WKHQ�ZH¶YH�ILQDQFLDO�DLG�IURP�1HZ�<RUN��3HQQV\OYDQLD��)ORULGD��1HZ�2UOHDQV��DQG�SODFHV�LQ�$ODEDPD��ZLWKRXW�DQ\�SDUWLFXODU�DSSHDO��:H�DOVR�UHFHLYH�GRQDWLRQV�IURP�ZKLWHV�ZKR�UHIXVH�WR�OHDYH�WKHLU�QDPHV���������

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Excerpt From The Reminiscences of Bayard Rustin

��Bayard Rustin was an expert in non-violent protests. A protégé of labor leader A. Phillip Randolph, Rustin helped civil rights leaders in this era. �FEBRUARY 21 ,�$55,9('�LQ�0RQWJRPHU\���������,�VDW�LQ�RQ�D�FRQIHUHQFH�ZLWK�D�FRPPLWWHH�RI�WKH�0RQWJRPHU\�,PSURYHPHQW�$VVRFLDWLRQ��ZKLFK�FRRUGLQDWHV�WKH�SURWHVW�DFWLYLWLHV��7KUHH�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�ZHUH�DFFHSWHG������7KH�PRYHPHQW�ZLOO�DOZD\V�EH�FDOOHG�D�QRQ�YLROHQW�SURWHVW�UDWKHU�WKDQ�D�ER\FRWW�LQ�RUGHU�WR�NHHS�LWV�IXQGDPHQWDO�FKDUDFWHU�XSSHUPRVW������$�SLQ�VKRXOG�EH�GHVLJQHG�IRU�DOO�WKRVH�ZKR�GR�QRW�ULGH�WKH�EXVVHV�WR�ZHDU�DV�D�V\PERO�RI�XQLW\��HQFRXUDJHPHQW��DQG�PXWXDO�VXSSRUW������7KH�VORJDQ�IRU�WKH�PRYHPHQW�ZLOO�EH�³9LFWRU\�ZLWKRXW�9LROHQFH�´���FEBRUARY 23 ������([DFWO\�DW���WKH�RQH�KXQGUHG�ZKR�KDG�EHHQ�DUUHVWHG�ZRUNHG�WKHLU�ZD\�WR�WKH�SXOSLW�WKURXJK�������FKHHULQJ�PHQ��ZRPHQ�DQG�FKLOGUHQ��2YHUQLJKW�WKHVH�OHDGHUV�KDG�EHFRPH�V\PEROV�RI�FRXUDJH��������7HOHYLVLRQ�FDPHUDV�JURXQG�DZD\��DV�.LQJ�ZDV�ILQDOO\�DEOH�WR�RSHQ�WKH�PHHWLQJ��+H�EHJDQ��³:H�DUH�QRW�VWUXJJOLQJ�PHUHO\�IRU�WKH�ULJKWV�RI�1HJURHV�EXW�IRU�DOO�WKH�SHRSOH�RI�0RQWJRPHU\��EODFN�DQG�ZKLWH��:H�DUH�GHWHUPLQHG�WR�PDNH�$PHULFD�D�EHWWHU�SODFH�IRU�DOO�SHRSOH��2XUV�LV�D�QRQ�YLROHQW�SURWHVW�������´���FEBRUARY 24 ������7KLV�DIWHUQRRQ�WKH�FRRUGLQDWLQJ�FRPPLWWHH�UHMHFWHG�D�SURSRVDO�WKDW�SHRSOH�EH�DVNHG�WR�VWRS�ZRUN�IRU�RQH�KRXU�RQ�0DUFK�����,�ZDV�LPSUHVVHG�ZLWK�WKH�OHDGHUV¶�UHVSRQVH��ZKLFK�DGKHUHG�WR�WKH�*DQGKLDQ�SULQFLSOH�RI�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�IRU�RQH¶V�RSSRQHQWV��$V�.LQJ�SXW�LW��³:H�GR�QRW�ZDQW�WR�SODFH�WRR�PXFK�RI�D�EXUGHQ�XSRQ�ZKLWH�KRXVHZLYHV�QRU�WR�JLYH�WKHP�WKH�LPSUHVVLRQ�WKDW�ZH�DUH�SXVKLQJ�WKHP�DJDLQVW�WKH�ZDOO�´���7KLV�HYHQLQJ�D�IHZ�RI�WKH�OHDGHUV�JRW�WRJHWKHU�WR�FRQVLGHU�D�FRQVWUXFWLYH�SURJUDP�IRU�LQFXOFDWLQJ�WKH�SKLORVRSK\�RI�QRQ�YLROHQFH�LQ�WKH�FRPPXQLW\��$IWHU�KRXUV�RI�VHULRXV�GLVFXVVLRQ��VHYHUDO�SURSRVDOV�ZHUH�DFFHSWHG��7KH�IROORZLQJ�LPSUHVVHG�PH�DV�EHLQJ�SDUWLFXODUO\�VLJQLILFDQW����

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Handout 10C Document 8

Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Handout 10D

Gaining Support 7KLQN�DERXW�LQGLYLGXDOV�DQG�JURXSV�ZKR�PLJKW�VXSSRUW�\RXU�HIIRUWV�WR�LQIOXHQFH�SROLF\����Consider: Those you know:�)ULHQGV��IDPLO\�PHPEHUV��IHOORZ�VWXGHQWV� Government:�<RXU�LVVXH�LV�D�SXEOLF�SROLF\�LVVXH��7KDW�PHDQV�LW�LQYROYHV�JRYHUQPHQW��,W�PLJKW�EH�\RXU�VFKRRO��WKH�VFKRRO�ERDUG��FLW\�JRYHUQPHQW��RU�FRXQW\�JRYHUQPHQW��&RQVLGHU�ILQGLQJ�RXW�ZKDW�DQ�HOHFWHG�RIILFLDO�RU�DQ�DJHQF\�RI�JRYHUQPHQW�WKLQNV�DERXW�\RXU�LVVXH�DQG�ZKHWKHU�\RX�FDQ�ILQG�VXSSRUWHUV�WKHUH���Business: 3XEOLF�SROLF\�RIWHQ�DIIHFWV�EXVLQHVVHV��&RQVLGHU�ZKHWKHU�D�SDUWLFXODU�EXVLQHVV�RU�WKH�EXVLQHVV�FRPPXQLW\�PLJKW�VXSSRUW�\RXU�HIIRUWV��2QH�EXVLQHVV�DVVRFLDWLRQ�WKDW�LV�SRZHUIXO�LQ�PRVW�FRPPXQLWLHV�LV�WKH�&KDPEHU�RI�&RPPHUFH����Non-Profits:�1HLWKHU�EXVLQHVVHV�QRU�JRYHUQPHQW�DJHQFLHV��WKHVH�JURXSV�UHO\�RQ�PHPEHUVKLS�GXHV��GRQDWLRQV�IURP�VXSSRUWHUV��JUDQWV��RU�YROXQWHHUV��7KHUH�PLJKW�EH�D�QRQ�SURILW�WKDW�FRXOG�RIIHU�VXSSRUW��&RQVLGHU�WKHVH�W\SHV�RI�QRQ�SURILWV���

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Lesson 11: The Public Agenda �Overview 7KLV�OHVVRQ�LQWURGXFHV�VWXGHQWV�WR�WKH�SXEOLF�DJHQGD�DQG�LWV�LPSRUWDQFH�WR�SROLF\��)LUVW��VWXGHQWV�UHDG�DERXW�DQG�GLVFXVV�WKH�SXEOLF�DJHQGD�DQG�ZD\V�WKDW�FLWL]HQV�FDQ�LQIOXHQFH�LW��7KHQ�SDLUV�RI�VWXGHQWV�DUH�JLYHQ�GLIIHUHQW�VLWXDWLRQV��DQG�WKH\�GHYHORS�VWUDWHJLF�SODQV�IRU�JHWWLQJ�WKHLU�LVVXHV�RU�VROXWLRQV�WR�LVVXHV�RQ�WKH�SXEOLF�DJHQGD����Civic Mission of Schools Proven Practices: 1, 2, 5 �Objectives 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�DEOH�WR��• 'HILQH�³SXEOLF�DJHQGD�´�• ([SODLQ�GLIIHUHQW�ZD\V�WKDW�FLWL]HQV�FDQ�LQIOXHQFH�ZKDW�LV�RQ�WKH�SXEOLF�DJHQGD���• &UHDWH�D�SODQ�IRU�JHWWLQJ�D�K\SRWKHWLFDO�LVVXH�RQ�WKH�SXEOLF�DJHQGD����Preparation & Materials • Handout 11A: Setting the Public Agenda²��SHU�VWXGHQW�• Handout 11B: Issues—&XW�RXW�RQH�LVVXH�SHU�JURXS �• Handout 11C: Options for Influencing the Public Agenda²��SHU�VWXGHQW� Procedure �I. Focus Discussion��$��� +ROG�D�GLVFXVVLRQ�E\�DVNLQJ�VWXGHQWV���

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III. Small-Group Activity—Getting on the Public Agenda��$��� 'LYLGH�VWXGHQWV�LQWR�VPDOO�JURXSV���±��VWXGHQWV���([SODLQ�WKDW�WKH\�DUH�JRLQJ�WR�EH�JLYHQ�DQ�

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Handout 11A

Setting the Public Agenda �

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Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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Handout 11B

Issues Issue 1: $�PRQWK�DJR��\RXU�VFKRRO�ERDUG�YRWHG�WR�EDQ�VWXGHQWV�IURP�EULQJLQJ�WKHLU�FHOOSKRQHV�WR�VFKRRO��<RX�KDYH�MXVW�OHDUQHG�WKDW�LQ�IRXU�GD\V��WKH�VFKRRO�ERDUG�ZLOO�PHHW�DJDLQ��<RX��DORQJ�ZLWK�PDQ\�RI�\RXU�IHOORZ�VWXGHQWV��RSSRVH�WKH�QHZ�FHOOSKRQH�SROLF\�DQG�ZDQW�WKH�ERDUG�WR�UHFRQVLGHU�LW��7KXV�IDU��QR�IRUPDO�RSSRVLWLRQ�WR�WKLV�PHDVXUH�KDV�GHYHORSHG�����Issue 2:�6L[�PRQWKV�DJR��\RXU�FLW\�GHFLGHG�WR�FRQWUDFW�RXW�LWV�SDUN�PDLQWHQDQFH�WR�D�SULYDWH�FRPSDQ\�QDPHG�+HUPHV��<RX�KDYH�QRWLFHG�WKDW�0DUEOH�3DUN��\RXU�ORFDO�SDUN��KDV�VLQFH�WKDW�WLPH�IDOOHQ�LQWR�GLVDUUD\��/LWWHU�UHPDLQV�RQ�WKH�JURXQG�IRU�GD\V�DIWHU�SLFQLFNHUV�OHDYH��7KH�SOD\LQJ�ILHOGV�KDYH�JRSKHU�KROHV�WKDW�PDNH�WKHP�KD]DUGRXV�WR�UXQ�RQ��<RX�KDYH�FRPSODLQHG�WR�+HUPHV��EXW�QRWKLQJ�KDV�LPSURYHG��1RERG\�LQ�WKH�FRPPXQLW\�VHHPV�FRQFHUQHG�DERXW�WKH�VWDWH�RI�\RXU�SDUN��<RX�ZDQW�DWWHQWLRQ�SDLG�WR�WKLV�LVVXH������Issue 3:�)LYH�\HDUV�DJR��\RXU�VWDWH�SODFHG�WKH�IROORZLQJ�UHVWULFWLRQV�RQ�GULYHU¶V�OLFHQVHV�RI�WKRVH�XQGHU����\HDUV�RI�DJH��• 1R�GULYLQJ�ZLWK�D�SDVVHQJHU�XQGHU�DJH����ZKR�LV�QRW�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKHLU�LPPHGLDWH�IDPLO\���• 1R�GULYLQJ�EHWZHHQ�PLGQLJKW�DQG���D�P��H[FHSW�IRU���

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Options for Influencing the Public Agenda �+HUH�DUH�VRPH�H[DPSOHV�RI�FLYLF�DFWLRQV�SHRSOH�RIWHQ�XVH�WR�JHW�LVVXHV�RQ�WKH�SXEOLF�DJHQGD��&RQVLGHU�ZKDW�PLJKW�ZRUN�EHVW�JLYHQ�\RXU�DVVLJQHG�LVVXH��<RXU�JURXS�PD\�WKLQN�RI�DGGLWLRQDO�FLYLF�DFWLRQV�WKDW�\RX�WKLQN�ZRXOG�EH�PRVW�HIIHFWLYH���Letters to Officials �0RVW�SHRSOH�LQ�SRZHU�NHHS�FORVH�WUDFN�RI�OHWWHUV�ZULWWHQ�E\�WKH�SXEOLF��,W¶V�RQH�RI�WKH�ZD\V�WKH\�JDXJH�SXEOLF�RSLQLRQ��$OWKRXJK�8�6��VHQDWRUV��&(2V��RU�WKH�KHDGV�RI�QRQ�SURILWV�PD\�QRW�SHUVRQDOO\�UHDG�\RXU�OHWWHU��WKH\�KDYH�DVVLVWDQWV�ZKR�UHDG�OHWWHUV�DQG�WDOO\�RSLQLRQV��<RXU�OHWWHU�ZLOO�EH�UHDG��DQG�LW�SUREDEO\�ZLOO�EH�DQVZHUHG� Tell who you are.�*LYH�\RXU�QDPH��DGGUHVV��DQG�ZKR�\RX�DUH��7KH�SHRSOH�ZKR�UHDG�\RXU�OHWWHU�ZDQW�WR�NQRZ�ZKR�\RX�DUH��ZK\�\RX�FDUH��DQG�KRZ�WR�UHDFK�\RX� Focus on one issue.�'RQ¶W�WU\�WR�ILJKW�FULPH��DLU�SROOXWLRQ��DQG�XQHPSOR\PHQW�DOO�LQ�RQH�OHWWHU� Keep it short and simple.�6WDWH�\RXU�LGHDV�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�SDUDJUDSK��*HW�\RXU�LGHD�DFURVV�LQ�D�SDJH�RU�OHVV��3HRSOH�ZKR�UHDG�D�ORW�RI�OHWWHUV�GRQ¶W�KDYH�PXFK�WLPH� Be polite. <RX�FDQ�GLVDJUHH��EXW�QHYHU�WKUHDWHQ�RU�LQVXOW��/HW�\RXU�LGHDV�GR�WKH�WDONLQJ�� Include supporting material.�,I�\RX�KDYH�DQ\�QHZVSDSHU�DUWLFOHV��OHWWHUV�WR�WKH�HGLWRU��RU�RWKHU�ZULWWHQ�PDWHULDO�VXSSRUWLQJ�\RXU�SRVLWLRQ��LQFOXGH�LW���Letter-Writing Campaigns �,I�SROLWLFLDQV�DQG�FRUSRUDWLRQV�SD\�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�RQH�OHWWHU��WKLQN�RI�ZKDW�PDQ\�OHWWHUV�FDQ�GR� Get permission to set up a table in the mall and ask passersby to write letters. +DQJ�D�SRVWHU�WHOOLQJ�ZKDW�\RX¶UH�GRLQJ��<RX�FDQ�KDQG�RXW�OHDIOHWV��WDON�WR�SHRSOH��DQG�JHW�WKRVH�LQWHUHVWHG�WR�ZULWH�D�VKRUW�OHWWHU�ULJKW�WKHUH��3URYLGH�FOLSERDUGV�WR�ZULWH�RQ��<RX�FDQ�KDYH�VHYHUDO�SHRSOH�ZULWLQJ�OHWWHUV�DW�RQH�WLPH� Plan your target. :KR�VKRXOG�UHFHLYH�WKH�OHWWHUV"�$OO�WKH�PHPEHUV�RI�WKH�FLW\�FRXQFLO"�7KH�PHPEHUV�VLWWLQJ�RQ�D�SDUWLFXODU�FRPPLWWHH"�-XVW�RQH�PHPEHU"�'HFLGH� Prepare a leaflet.�([SODLQ�WKH�SUREOHP��*LYH�WKH�DGGUHVV�RI�WKH�SHUVRQ�WR�ZULWH�WR��,QFOXGH�DOO�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�D�SHUVRQ�ZRXOG�QHHG�WR�ZULWH�DQG�PDLO�WKH�OHWWHU� Don’t send form letters. $�KDQGZULWWHQ�OHWWHU�VKRZV�WKDW�D�SHUVRQ�UHDOO\�FDUHV��6RPH�JURXSV�RUJDQL]LQJ�OHWWHU�ZULWLQJ�FDPSDLJQV�DW�PDOOV�RIWHQ�XVH�D�YDULHW\�RI�SHQV�DQG�SDSHU�DQG�HQYHORSHV��7KDW�ZD\�DOO�WKH�OHWWHUV�ORRN�GLIIHUHQW� Get people’s names, addresses, and phone numbers.�3HRSOH�ZKR�ZULWH�OHWWHUV�FDUH�DERXW�\RXU�SUREOHP��7KH\�DUH�SRWHQWLDO�VXSSRUWHUV� Ask for small contributions for stationery and postage.� �

Handout 11C

Civic Action Project © 2012 Constitutional Rights Foundation��

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�Petitioning �$�SHWLWLRQ�LV�OLNH�D�OHWWHU�ZLWK�D�WKRXVDQG�VLJQDWXUHV��,W¶V�HDVLHU�WR�JHW�SHRSOH�WR�VLJQ�D�SHWLWLRQ�WKDQ�ZULWH�D�OHWWHU��2IILFLDOV�NQRZ�WKLV²WKDW¶V�ZK\�WKH\�SD\�PRUH�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�D�OHWWHU�ZULWLQJ�FDPSDLJQ��%XW�D�SHWLWLRQ�ZLOO�KHOS�VSUHDG�WKH�ZRUG�DERXW�\RXU�FDXVH�DQG�\RXU�RUJDQL]DWLRQ�� Give your petition a clear, simple title.�7HOO�ZKDW�\RX�ZDQW� Address the petition to an individual or group who can help you with your problem. Write your petition like a short letter.�%ULHIO\�GHVFULEH�WKH�SUREOHP��\RXU�SODQ��DQG�\RXU�UHDVRQV� Provide numbered spaces for people to write their signature, address, and telephone number. 7KH�QXPEHUV�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�FRXQW�WKH�VLJQDWXUHV�\RX�KDYH�FROOHFWHG�� Include your group’s name on the petition. Make every page a separate petition. 7KDW�ZD\�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�SHUVRQ�FDQ�JDWKHU�VLJQDWXUHV��$OVR�LW�PDNHV�LW�FOHDU�WKDW�SHRSOH�NQHZ�ZKDW�WKH\�ZHUH�VLJQLQJ� Get permission to set up a table at school or at the local mall. Be able to tell people about the problem and your strategy in clear, simple language.�3HRSOH�ZLOO�ZDQW�WR�NQRZ�PRUH�EHIRUH�WKH\�VLJQ� Let people make up their own minds.�'HOLYHU�\RXU�PHVVDJH�DQG�OHW�\RXU�LGHDV�VSHDN�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV�� Get your friends to sign first.�3HRSOH�ZLOO�IHHO�EHWWHU�LI�D�ORW�RI�RWKHUV�KDYH�DOUHDG\�VLJQHG� Set a deadline.�(QHUJ\�IRU�WKH�GULYH�ZLOO�ODVW�D�VKRUW�WLPH��0DNH�WKH�GULYH�VKRUW��<RX�FDQ�WKHQ�FODLP��³,Q�RQO\�D�ZHHN��ZH�FROOHFWHG�����VLJQDWXUHV�´ Make copies of the petition before you deliver it. <RX�PD\�ZDQW�WR�FRQWDFW�WKH�VLJQHUV�� Do something special to deliver the petition. 3UHVHQW�LW�DW�D�SXEOLF�PHHWLQJ�RU�LQYLWH�WKH�PHGLD���E-Mail and Telephone Campaigns �3ROLWLFLDQV�NHHS�WUDFN�RI�H�PDLOV�DQG�WHOHSKRQH�FDOOV�DQG�D�IORRG�RI�SKRQH�FDOOV�RU�H�PDLOV�FDQ�JHW�D�SROLWLFLDQ¶V�DWWHQWLRQ�DV�TXLFNO\�DV�D�VWDFN�RI�PDLO��,W¶V�HDVLHU�IRU�PRVW�SHRSOH�WR�FDOO�RU�H�PDLO�WKDQ�WR�ZULWH�D�OHWWHU� Target the swing votes. 8QOHVV�\RXU�VXSSRUWHUV�ZLOO�FDOO�HYHU\RQH��LW¶V�EHVW�WR�FDOO�WKRVH�ODZPDNHUV�ZKR�KDYH�QRW�PDGH�XS�WKHLU�PLQGV�

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Handout 13A �

Fact Sheet on Public Hearings �$OO�EUDQFKHV�DQG�OHYHOV�RI�JRYHUQPHQW�KROG�SXEOLF�KHDULQJV����Legislative Hearings.�&RQJUHVV��VWDWH�OHJLVODWXUHV��DQG�FLW\�FRXQFLOV�KROG�KHDULQJV�IRU�PDQ\�UHDVRQV��• 7R�FRQVLGHU�OHJLVODWLRQ��• 7R�RYHUVHH�WKH�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�ODZV��JRYHUQPHQW�SURJUDPV��RU�GHSDUWPHQWV��• 7R�LQYHVWLJDWH�DQ�DUHD�WKDW�PD\�QHHG�OHJLVODWLRQ��• 7R�FRQILUP�WKH�DSSRLQWPHQW�RI�DQ�RIILFLDO���Executive Hearings.�([HFXWLYH�GHSDUWPHQWV�RU�DJHQFLHV�DOVR�KROG�KHDULQJV��)RU�H[DPSOH��• 7KH�)HGHUDO�&RPPXQLFDWLRQV�&RPPLVVLRQ�PD\�KROG�SXEOLF�KHDULQJV�RQ�PHGLD�RZQHUVKLS��• $�VWDWH¶V�$LU�5HVRXUFHV�%RDUG�PD\�KROG�D�KHDULQJ�RQ�D�UXOH�WR�LPSOHPHQW�DQ�DLU�SROOXWLRQ�ODZ���• $�FLW\¶V�3DUNV�DQG�5HFUHDWLRQ�'HSDUWPHQW�PD\�KROG�D�KHDULQJ�RQ�D�SURSRVHG�SDUN���Judicial Hearings.�7KH�MXGLFLDO�EUDQFK�KHDULQJV�LQFOXGH��• &LYLO�DQG�FULPLQDO�WULDOV��• 7ULDO�FRXUW�KHDULQJV��VXFK�DV�GHWHUPLQLQJ�ZKHWKHU�SDUWLFXODU�HYLGHQFH�PD\�EH�DGPLWWHG���• 2UDO�DUJXPHQWV�EHIRUH�DSSHDOV�FRXUWV����Open to the Public to Observe.�%\�GHILQLWLRQ��SXEOLF�KHDULQJV�DUH�RSHQ�WR�WKH�SXEOLF��DQG�PRVW�KHDULQJV�DUH�SXEOLF�KHDULQJV��³6XQVKLQH´�DQG�³2SHQ�+HDULQJV´�ODZV�UHTXLUH�PRVW�OHJLVODWLYH�DQG�H[HFXWLYH�KHDULQJV�WR�EH�RSHQ�WR�WKH�SXEOLF��7KH�6L[WK�$PHQGPHQW�UHTXLUHV�WKDW�FULPLQDO�KHDULQJV�EH�SXEOLF��&RXUWV�KDYH�DOVR�LQWHUSUHWHG�WKH�)LUVW�$PHQGPHQW�WR�UHTXLUH�PRVW�FLYLO�WULDOV�WR�EH�RSHQ����6RPH�VHQVLWLYH�PDWWHUV�PD\�EH�GLVFXVVHG�LQ�FORVHG��RU�H[HFXWLYH��VHVVLRQ��)RU�H[DPSOH��D�FLW\�FRXQFLO�PD\�GLVFXVV�SHUVRQQHO�PDWWHUV�LQ�SULYDWH��&RXUWV�KROG�FORVHG�KHDULQJV�RQ�MXYHQLOH�PDWWHUV���Open to the Public to Speak.�$Q\�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�SXEOLF�PD\�VSHDN�DW�PDQ\�KHDULQJV�EXW�QRW�DOO��7KHVH�DUH�JHQHUDO�UXOHV��• 0DQ\�ORFDO�DQG�VRPH�VWDWH�DQG�IHGHUDO�KHDULQJV��&LWL]HQV�PD\�VLJQ�XS�DW�WKH�KHDULQJ�WR�VSHDN�

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Handout 13B

Proposed New Policy �,PDJLQH�WKDW�GXH�WR�EXGJHW�SUREOHPV��WKH�VWDWH�UHFHQWO\�SDVVHG�D�ODZ�DOORZLQJ�VFKRROV�WR�IRUJR�UHTXLULQJ�SK\VLFDO�HGXFDWLRQ�FODVVHV��7KH�&HQWUDO�+HLJKWV�6FKRRO�'LVWULFW��XQGHU�VHYHUH�EXGJHW�SUREOHPV�LWVHOI��LV�FRQVLGHULQJ�D�SURSRVDO�WR�PDNH�DOO�SK\VLFDO�HGXFDWLRQ�FODVVHV�HOHFWLYHV�DW�LWV�IRXU�PLGGOH�VFKRROV�DQG�WZR�KLJK�VFKRROV��&XUUHQWO\��DOO�VWXGHQWV�JUDGHV��±���PXVW�WDNH�3�(��FODVVHV��7KH�GLVWULFW�HVWLPDWHV�WKDQ�PRUH�WKDQ�KDOI�RI�DOO�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�GHFLGH�QRW�WR�HQUROO�LQ�3�(��7KH�GLVWULFW�HVWLPDWHV�WKLV�SURSRVHG�SROLF\�ZLOO�VDYH�DERXW����PLOOLRQ�HDFK�\HDU�E\���• (QODUJLQJ�WKH�FODVV�VL]H�RI�WKH�HOHFWLYH�3�(��FODVVHV��• /D\LQJ�RII�VL[�WHDFKHUV��• &XWWLQJ�VL[�DX[LOLDU\�3�(��VWDII�PHPEHUV���• 6DYLQJ�PRQH\�RQ�WRZHO�VHUYLFHV��RQ�PDLQWDLQLQJ�DQG�EX\LQJ�HTXLSPHQW��DQG�RQ�ZHDU�DQG�WHDU�

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Handout 13C �

Role Instructions �School Board Committee <RX�DUH�D�FRPPLWWHH�IRU�WKH�VFKRRO�ERDUG�ZKRVH�WDVN�LV�WR�UXQ�WKH�PHHWLQJ��HYDOXDWH�WKH�DUJXPHQWV�PDGH��DQG�UHSRUW�EDFN�WR�WKH�VFKRRO�ERDUG��:KLOH�WKH�RWKHU�JURXSV�DUH�SUHSDULQJ��GR�WKH�IROORZLQJ������� 5HYLHZ�WKH�SURSRVHG�SROLF\�XVLQJ�GRADE��3UHGLFW�ZKDW�DUJXPHQWV�VXSSRUWHUV�DQG�

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Handout 13D

Tips for Presenting at a Public Hearing �Make your speech short and on point.�<RX�ZLOO�VWDQG�RXW�IURP�RWKHUV�DW�DQ\�KHDULQJ���Stay polite and civil.�'R�QRW�LQVXOW�DQ\RQH�RU�TXHVWLRQ�WKH�GHFLVLRQ�PDNHUV¶�PRWLYHV��$VVXPH�HYHU\RQH�ZDQWV�ZKDW�LV�EHVW��<RX�ZDQW�WR�SHUVXDGH�WKH�ERDUG�WR�VLGH�ZLWK�\RX����Think long term.�2Q�DQRWKHU�LVVXH�SHRSOH�ZKR�DUH�DJDLQVW�\RX�PD\�EH�RQ�\RXU�VLGH��'RQ¶W�EXUQ�EULGJHV��'RQ¶W�TXHVWLRQ�\RXU�RSSRQHQWV¶�PRWLYHV���Remember logos, pathos, and ethos��EHORZ��� REASONING (logos)��Present evidence:�IDFWV��VWDWLVWLFV��H[SHUW�RSLQLRQV��VXUYH\�UHVXOWV��Cite the source of your information.�Make your facts understandable.��Tailor your arguments for your audience.�State your conclusion in one simple sentence.�Make sure all your reasons support your conclusion. <RX�VKRXOG�EH�DEOH�WR�VD\��³,�ZDQW�\RX�WR�GR�;�IRU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�UHDVRQV��$��%��DQG�&�´� EMOTIONAL APPEALS (pathos)��Link your proposal to basic human needs��IRRG��VKHOWHU��VHFXULW\��EHORQJLQJ��HVWHHP��SRZHU��VKDUHG�EHOLHIV��VHOI�IXOILOOPHQW��HWF����Personalize the issue. 7HOO�D�VWRU\�DERXW�KRZ�LW�DIIHFWHG�D�SHUVRQ¶V�OLIH��Tie your proposal to self-interest. 6KRZ�SHRSOH�KRZ�LW�EHQHILWV�ERWK�WKHP�and�WKH�FRPPXQLW\��Entice them: Show how interesting it is.�Be complimentary.�)LQG�VRPHWKLQJ�\RX�OLNH�RU�WKDW�LPSUHVVHV�\RX�DQG�FRPPHQW�RQ�LW���GAINING PEOPLE’S TRUST (ethos)��Listen to what people have to say.�Be fair.�7HOO�WKH�WUXWK�ZLWKRXW�H[DJJHUDWLQJ��,I�\RX�KDYH�RSSRVLWLRQ��EH�DEOH�WR�VWDWH�\RXU�RSSRQHQW¶V�SRVLWLRQV�IDLUO\��Know what you’re talking about.�6WXG\�XS�DV�EHVW�\RX�FDQ��,I�\RX�GRQ¶W�NQRZ�VRPHWKLQJ��GRQ¶W�WU\�DQG�IDNH�LW��Show that you believe in what you’re doing.�6KRZ�\RXU�LQWHUHVW�DQG�HQWKXVLDVP��Stay calm.�3HRSOH�WHQG�QRW�WR�WUXVW�VRPHRQH�ZKR�IOLHV�RII�WKH�KDQGOH��Be friendly.�<RX�DUH�QRW�JRLQJ�WR�SHUVXDGH�DQ\RQH�ZKR�GLVOLNHV�\RX���

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Lesson 14: Creating Change Through the Electoral Process

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Handout 14A

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Handout 14B

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Handout 14C Youth Vote Assignment

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Handout 14D Youth Vote Assignment

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Handout 14E Youth Vote Assignment

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Handout 14F Youth Vote Assignment

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4. If not, then I can decide if I should try to find someone else to speak about it at a future school board meeting, or if I should try to speak myself.

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