civil war

Proslavery and antislavery factions disagree over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to the territories.

Protest, Resistance, and Violence

Popular Sovereignty – people in the territories can decide whether or not to have slavery by voting

Douglas wants railroad west in ChicagoDouglas feels popular sovereignty on slavery

is bestThinks slavery unworkable in prairie farms

but seeks South’s support

Tension in Kansas and Nebraska

Stephen DouglasUS Senator – IL1813 – 1861

Two new territories are created: Kansas and Nebraska

Allows popular sovereignty on slaveryRepeals Missouri Compromise; bitter debate

ensues

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory

Kansas holds election for territorial legislature

Proslavery “border ruffians” vote illegally, win fraudulent majority

Proslavery government in Lecompton; antislavery rival in Topeka

Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas”

Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas”

Peace Convention-Fort Scott, KS

Nativism—belief in favoring native-born Americans over immigrants

Nativists form American Party, known as Know-Nothing Party 

Nativism

Citizen Know NothingThe Know Nothing Party's nativist

ideal

Violence in the SenateSenator Charles Sumner verbally attacks

colleagues, slaveryCongressman Preston S. Brooks beats

Sumner on the head with his cane for insults to uncle

Southerners applaud Brooks; Northerners condemn him

Brooks-Sumner Incident

Senator Charles Sumner

1811 - 1874

Congressman Preston S

Brooks1819 - 1857

Brooks-Sumner Incident

This 1856 cartoon shows Preston Brooks attacking Charles Sumner in the U.S. Senate chamber.

Dred Scott, slave who had lived in free areas sues for freedom

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney hands down decisionSlaves are property not

citizensSlaves do not have rights of

citizensMissouri Compromise was

unconstitutional – there is no such thing as free territory.

Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott - 1799 - 1858

Republican Abraham Lincoln runs for Douglas’s Senate seat in Illinois

Douglas:slavery backward not immoral

Lincoln:slavery immoral

Douglas thinks popular sovereignty will undo slavery

Lincoln thinks legislation needed to stop spread of slavery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

The Lincoln - Douglas debates created quitea spectacle, partly due tothe opponents’ difference inheight.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine - elect leaders who do not enforce slavery

Douglas wins seat; doctrine worsens regional split between Democrats

Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery draw attention

The Freeport Doctrine

Abolitionist John Brown believes God wants him to fight slavery

Brown, followers violently kill 5 men – chops off their hands

Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200

“The Pottawatomie Massacre”

AbolitionistJohn Brown1800 - 1859

John Brown plans to start a slave uprising, needs weapons

Leads band to federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry to get arms

U.S. Marines put down rebellion, capture Brown

Brown is hanged for high treason, December 1859

Many Northerners admire Brown; Southerners fear future uprisings

Harpers Ferry

Drawing of John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry -

1858

The issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and lead to the birth of new ones.

Slavery Divides Whigs:Whig Party splinters after Kansas-Nebraska

Act of 1854

New Political Parties Emerge

Liberty Party pursues abolition through laws; Free-Soil Party opposes extension of slavery

into territoriesObject to slavery’s impact on white wage-

based labor forceConvinced of conspiracy to spread slavery

throughout U.S.

Antislavery Parties Form

Unhappy Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers form Republican Party 

Republicans oppose the extension of slavery in territories

Main competition for voters is Know-Nothing Party

Republican Party

Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin stirs protest

Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows slavery as moral problem, not just political

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Industry and Immigration in the North1850s North industrialized; makes large amount,

variety of productsRailroads carry raw materials east, manufactures

and settlers west• small towns quickly become cities• telegraph wires provide fast communication

Immigrants become industrial workers, fear expansion of slavery• slave labor might compete with free labor• could reduce status of white workers unable to

compete

Differences Between North and South

South predominantly rural, mostly plantations and small farms

Economy relies on cash crops; manufacture under 10% of U.S. goods

Few immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans meet labor needs

In 3 states, blacks are majority; in 2, are half of population

Whites fear restriction of slavery will change society, economy

Agriculture and Slavery in the South

Differences Between North and South

The Election of 1860 (immediate cause of secession)

Democrats split over slaveryLincoln wins with less than half of popular

vote gets no Southern electoral votes

Lincoln Is Elected President

Abraham Lincoln16th President of the United States

South Carolina and 6 other states secede:want complete independence from

federal controlfear end to their way of lifewant to preserve slave labor system

Confederacy or Confederate States of America forms

Confederacy permits slavery, recognizes each state’s sovereignty

Former senator Jefferson Davis unanimously elected president

Southern Secession

Jefferson DavisPresident of the

Confederate States of America

Southern Secession

Four Border States did not secede: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri

They are unique because they stayed with the Union even though they owned slaves.

The Border States

Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor

Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter

Lincoln’s Dilemma:Reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of

slave states to secedeEvacuating fort would legitimize Confederacy,

endanger Union

Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter

First ShotsLincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just

sends foodFor South, no action would damage

sovereignty of ConfederacyJefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful

secession into warfires on Sumter April 12, 1861

Three more states secede; border states remain in Union

Fort Sumter

Bombardment of Fort Sumter.Perine, George Edward, 1837-1885,

engraver

North’s AdvantagesPopulationMoneyStrong GovernmentArmy/NavyFactoriesFood SuppliesRailroadsTelegraphs

Defensive PlanBetter Military

LeadersMotivationExperienced

OutdoorsmenPotential Allies from

King Cotton Diplomacy

Differences between North and South

South’s Advantages

Union Goal: Preserve the UnionAnaconda plan: Union

strategy to conquer Southblockade Southern

portscapture the

Mississippi River and divide Confederacy in two

capture Richmond, Confederate capital

Confederate strategy: defense: hold until the enemy is worn down or allies arrive

Union and Confederate Strategies

Confederate Goal: Maintain Independence

Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning

North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fight to a draw

Ironclads make wooden warships obsolete

New Weapons:Rifles more accurate, faster

loading, fire more rounds than muskets

Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land mines are used

A Revolution in Warfare

Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac  at Hampton Roads

Gatlin gunsArtillerySubmarinesCrude FlamethrowersHot Air Balloons

Additional New Military Technology

Bull Run—first battle, near Washington, D.C.; Confederate victory, proves war will be neither short nor glorious.

Thomas J. Jackson (Confederate general) called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle

Americans Expect a Short War

General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson - CSA

Lee wins Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into Maryland

Antietam - bloodiest single-day battle

Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue

Lincoln fires McClellan

Antietam

Battle of Antietam by Kurz and Allison.

Britain has cotton inventory, new sources; does not need South

Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality

Britain Remains Neutral

By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.

Lincoln’s View of Slavery:Federal government has no power to

abolish slavery where it existsEmancipation discourages Britain from

supporting the South

Proclaiming Emancipation

Emancipation Proclamation - issued by Lincoln in 1863:frees slaves behind

Confederate lines does not apply to

areas occupied by Union or slave states in Union

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral purpose

Free blacks can join the Union army, welcome ability to fight against slavery

Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life

Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other

Reactions to the Proclamation

African Americans 1% of North’s population, by war’s end 10% of army

Lower pay than white troops for most of war; limits on military rank

High mortality from disease; POWs killed or returned to slavery

Fort Pillow, TN - Confederates massacre over 200 African-American POWs

African-American Soldiers

Slaves seek freedom behind Union army linesOn plantations, destroy property, refuse to go

with fleeing owners

Slave Resistance in the Confederacy

Living conditions in prisons worse than in army camps

Andersonville—worst Confederate prison, in Georgiahas no shelter, sanitation; 1/3 of

prisoners dieNorthern prisons more space,

food, shelter than Southern12% of Confederate prisoners,

15% of Union prisoners die

Prisons

Andersonville Prison

U.S. Sanitary Commission works to better hygiene; hire, train nursesDorothea Dix superintendent of women nursesUnion death rate drops

Union nurse Clara Barton serves on front lines and was later the founder of the American Red Cross

Southern women also volunteer as Confederate nurses

Civil War Medicine

Clara Barton Dorothea Dix

General Ulysses S. Grant (Union)—brave, tough, decisive commander in West

Grant captures Confederate Forts Henry, Donelson

Admiral Farragut on the Lower Mississippi

David G. Farragut commands fleet that takes New Orleans

Union Armies in the West

David G Farragut

Prelude to Gettysburg: Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops, dies 8 days later of pneumonia

Lee invades North to get supplies, support of Democrats

Gettysburg: Turning point battle of the war.Three-day battle at Gettysburg cripples South

Armies Clash at Gettysburg

Armies Clash at Gettysburg

Battle of GettysburgCurrier & Ives

Vicksburg Under Siege Starving Confederates

surrender on July 4Union has complete control of

the Mississippi River, Confederacy completely divided

Grant is named Commander of the Union Army

Grant Wins at Vicksburg

General Ulysses S Grant

Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of Mississippi division

Grant and Sherman believe in total war to destroy South’s will to fight

The Confederacy Wears Down

William Tecumseh Sherman

Sherman’s Sentinels

March starts in Chattanooga, TN and ends in Savannah, GA

Sherman takes Atlanta; burns it downSherman cuts wide path of destruction in

Georgia; lives off landDecember, takes Savannah, turns north to

help Grant fight Leeinflicts even more destruction in South

Carolina

Sherman's March to the Sea

Democrats want immediate armistice, nominate McClellan

Radical Republicans—harsh conditions for readmission to Union

Lincoln pessimistic; Northern victories, troops’ votes give him win

Lincoln chooses War Democrat Andrew Johnson as running mate.

The Election of 1864

General George McClellan

Neither side completely unified; both sides face divided loyalties

Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:order to bring accused to court, name charges

Seizes telegraph offices so cannot be used for subversion

Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating peace

Lincoln expands presidential powers, sets precedent

Dealing with Dissent

Casualties, desertions lead to conscription—draft to serve in army

Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve for them

Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted

90% eligible Southerners serve; 92% Northern soldiers volunteer

Conscription

White workers fear Southern blacks will come North, compete for jobs

Angry at having to free slaves, mobs rampage through New York City

Draft Riots

Rioters and Federal troops clash

Lee surrenders April 1865 at village of Appomattox Court House Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms

The Surrender at Appomatox

Picture of Robert E. Lee's Surrender at Appomattox

from the pages of Harper's Weekly

Lincoln is shot at Ford’s TheatreAssassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is

trapped by Union cavalry, shot

Lincoln’s Assassination

Lincoln’s Assassination

Southern ShortagesFood shortages from lost manpower, Union

occupation, loss of slavesBlockade creates other shortages; some

Confederates trade with enemy

Northern Economic GrowthIndustries that supply army boom; some

contractors cheat and profitWages do not keep up with prices; workers’

standard of living dropsWomen replace men on farms, city jobs,

government jobsCongress establishes first income tax on earnings

to pay for war

The War Affects Regional Economies

Political ChangesWar ends threat of secession; increases

power of federal government

Economic ChangesGap between North and South widensNorth: industry booms; commercial

agriculture takes holdSouth: industry, farms destroyed

The War Changes the Nation

Hundreds of thousands dead, wounded; lives disrupted

Financially, war costs the government estimated $3.3 billion

Costs of the War

Though both Union and Confederate soldiers were lucky to escape the war with their lives, thousands - like this young amputee – faced an uncertain future.

Costs of the War

Physically and Economically DevastatedBuildings, infrastructure, farms destroyed

throughout SouthAlmost ½ of all livestock was destroyedPeople poor; property value plummets,

Confederate bonds worthless1/5 white males dead, many maimed; tens of

thousands black males dead

Conditions in the Postwar South

Conditions in the Postwar South

Charleston, South Carolina, lies in ruins following the war between the states.

1865, Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery in all states

Civilians Follow New PathsSome soldiers stay in army; others become

civilians; many go westWomen can now pursue careers as nurses.

The War Changes Lives

Lincoln’s Ten-Percent PlanReconstruction—period of rebuilding after

Civil War, 1865–1877Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

calls for 10% allegianceRadical Republicans led by Charles Sumner,

Thaddeus Stevens want to destroy power of former slaveholdersgive full citizenship, suffrage to African

Americans

Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction

Wade-Davis Bill makes Congress responsible for Reconstruction

Lincoln uses pocket veto to kill Wade-Davis; Radicals outraged

Radical Republican Reaction

President Andrew Johnson proposes own Presidential Reconstruction:states must swear allegiance,

annul war debts, ratify 13th Amendment

does not address voting rights, land, laws for former slaves

States that had not applied under Lincoln agree to Johnson’s termssome states do not fully comply

Johnson Continues Lincoln’s Policies

Andrew Johnson17th President of the United

States

Radical Republicans in Congress refuse new Southern legislators

Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau -helps former slaves, poor whitesgives social

services, medical care, education

Presidential Reconstruction Comes to a Standstill

Grants citizenship to African AmericansForbids black codes or discriminatory lawsBlack codes restore many restrictions of

slaveryWhites use violence to prevent blacks from

improving their livesJohnson vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil

Rights ActAlienates moderate Republicans; angers

Radicals

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Draft Fourteenth Amendment—makes African Americans full citizens

Most Southern states reject amendment; not ratified until 1868

1866 Congressional ElectionsJohnson jeered on tour urging election of

supporters of his planModerates, Radicals win 2/3 majority in

Congress, can override veto

Congressional Reconstruction

Reconstruction Act doesn’t recognize most new state governmentsdivides South into military districtssets new conditions for reentry in Union

Johnson believes act unconstitutional, vetoes; Congress overrides

Congressional Reconstruction

Congressional Reconstruction

Radicals seek to impeach - formally charge with misconduct in office

Johnson fires Stanton - test constitutionality of Tenure of Office Act

House Radicals impeach Johnson; Senate does not convict

Johnson Impeached

Grant wins presidency with help of African-American vote

Fifteenth Amendment— gives voting rights to all, regardless of color

South does not enforce 14th, 15th Amendments

White Southerners use violence to prevent blacks from voting

Enforcement Act of 1870—federal government can punish violators

Ulysses S. Grant Elected

Ulysses S Grant18th President of

the United States

Democrats call Southern white Republicans scalawags most are small farmerswant better economic position

Carpetbaggers - Northerners who moved to South after war

African Americans are largest group of Southern Republicans

In many areas, 90% of African-American voters vote

Politics in the Postwar South

New-Won FreedomsAt first, former slaves cautious about testing limits of

freedomSome travel to new placesMany leave plantations to find work in Southern

townsReunification of FamiliesMany search for loved ones on different plantationsCouples can marry legally and be sure of keeping

their childrenEducationFreed people of all ages seek educationAfrican Americans establish schools and universitiesInitially, most teachers Northern whites; by 1869,

most are black

Former Slaves Face Many Challenges

Churches and Volunteer GroupsMany African Americans found churches;

mostly Baptist, MethodistBlack ministers become influential

community leadersAfrican Americans form thousands of

volunteer organizations:foster independencegive financial, emotional supportoffer leadership opportunities

Former Slaves Face Many Challenges

1865–1877, African Americans hold local, state, federal office

At first, most officeholders freeborn; by 1867 some former slaves

Almost as many black as white citizens; black officeholders minorityonly 16 African Americans in CongressHiram Revels is first black senator

Politics and African Americans

Hiram Revels

By 1866, Republican governments repeal most black codes

Anti-segregation laws created, but many not enforced

Blacks focus on building up their community, not total integration

Laws Against Segregation

Landless African Americans sign labor contracts with plantersneither freedmen nor planters happy with

systemSharecropping—owner gives land, seed, tools

for part of cropsTenant farming—rent land from owner; buy

own toolsDesigned to keep southern blacks in debt and

tied to the land. A form of economic slavery.

Changes in the Southern Economy

Other countries increase cotton production; South creates oversupply

Try to diversify—textiles, tobacco products; wages lower than North

Banks hold Confederate debt, mounting planters’ debts; many fail

Cotton No Longer King

Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, end Reconstruction.

The Collapse of Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)—Confederate veterans group that turns terrorist

Grows rapidly; aims to restore white supremacy

Anti-Black ViolenceKlan, others kill thousands, burn schools,

churches, homesKlan works to force Republican state

governments out of powerSouthern Democrats use violence to intimidate

black votersWhite Democratic candidates win state

elections in 1875, 1876

Opposition to Reconstruction

Opposition to Reconstruction

Etching of Ku Klux Klan Members

Economic PressureBlack landowners, non-farmers attacked, have

property destroyedNeed forces freedmen into wage labor,

sharecropping for whitesLegislative Response1870, 1871 Enforcement Acts passed to curtail

Klan, DemocratsKlan violence decreases because restore white

supremacy in SouthShifts in Political PowerAmnesty Act returns voting rights to many former

ConfederatesCongress allows Freedmen’s Bureau to expire

Opposition to Reconstruction

Fraud and BriberyGrant considered honest; appoints friends to

political officeSeries of Grant administration scandals

exposedRepublican Unity ShatteredLiberal Republicans weaken Radicals, make

Reconstruction difficult

Scandals and Money Crises Hurt Republicans

The Panic of 1873Business opportunities in South

lead investors to excessive debtbanks, businesses close; stock

market collapsesPanic triggers 5-year economic

depressionCurrency Dispute

financial experts want return to gold standard

South, West want more greenbacks to pay debts

Specie Resumption Act puts country back on gold standard

Economic Turmoil

Supreme Court decisions undermine 14th, 15th Amendments

Federal government loses power to protect African-American rights

Northerners grow indifferent to events in South:shift attention to national problemswant reconciliation between regionsbegin to dislike Reconstruction policies

Republicans conclude government cannot impose moral, social changes

Judicial and Popular Support Fades

Redemption—return of Democrats to power in the South, 1869–1875

Election of 1876Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B.

HayesDemocrats choose Governor Samuel J. TildenTilden wins popular vote, 1 shy of electoral; 20

electoral disputed Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets presidency,

Democrats get: federal troops leave south funding for Southern railroad, waterways

Compromise means end of Reconstruction

Democrats “Redeem” the South

Rutherford B Hayes19th President of the United

States

Home Rule in the SouthAfter Hayes removes federal troops, Democrats

take over statesHome rule—running state government without

federal interventionRepublicans fail to protect rights they gave to

former slavesUnwillingness to distribute land blocks

economic independenceAmendments abolish slavery, give basis for civil

rights legislationAfrican-American schools, civic groups

increase literacy, opportunity

Legacy of Reconstruction