civil war- reconstruction (ch.16-22) anisha hossain rylie bryant brendan hotchkiss

Civil War- Reconstruction

(Ch.16-22)Anisha Hossain

Rylie BryantBrendan Hotchkiss

Ch.16- The South and the Slavery Controversy

The Economy• “Cotton is King” → led to the dependence of a one crop economy.

• The cotton industry grew bigger and farmers were making a lot of profit off of it allowing for a lot of prosperity.

• Cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840.o Much of Britain's cotton supply came from the South.

• Cotton was a powerful monarch.

• The economic structure of the South became increasingly monopolistic.

• There was financial instability in the South of the plantation systemo the temptation to overspeculate (no profit with material held) caused

many planters to plunge into debt.

• Slaves represented a heavy investment of capital.

The Government• Before the Civil War the government was an oligarchy-governed by a few-

and heavily influenced by the planter aristocracy.o This undemocratic way widened the gap between the rich and the

poor.

• Liberty Party and Free Soil Partyo grew out of split in abolitionist movement in late 1830’so Liberty party merged into the Free Soil Party in 1848o Opposed the spread of slavery into territorieso “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men”o Repeal of the the Fugitive Slave Law

Slavery• The invention of the cotton gin allowed slavery to prosper as well.

• Many free blacks owned property in New Orleans

• Free blacks were known as the “Third Race” because they were unable to get certain jobs that some whites could get.

• However in the North free blacks were hated more than in the South.

• Former slave Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist and self educated orator of rare power, was mobbed and beaten by northern rowdies.

• Congress outlawed slave imports in 1808 so they were smuggled into the south

• Many people wanted to auction off slaveso Abolitionists and Harriet Beecher Stowe seized on the emotional power of this

theme by putting it at the heart of the plot of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

• Black Belt- (S.Carolina to Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana) was where most slaves were concentrated.

• Slaves were not permitted to read because it allowed them to think.

Abolitionism• American Colonization Society (1817) focused on transporting the blacks

back to Africa

• Republic of Liberia(1822)- founded as a place for former slaves

• The Second Great Awakening caused abolitionists to think that slavery was a sin.

• Theodore Dwight Weld- abolitionist who spoke against slaveryo wrote the pamphlet: American Slavery As It Is (1839)

• William Lloyd Garrison- wrote an anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator

• Sojourner Truth- freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and women’s rights

• Frederick Douglass-lectured widely for abolitionism; he was political

Rebellions

• Nat Turners Rebellion- A black slave of the early 19th century, who led the only effective and sustained slave revolt in American history. He and his supporters killed several dozen white people in Virginia.

Impact• In 1832 states wanted to make emancipation illegal

• The nullification crisis of 1832 caused southern abolitionism to silence.

• The Gag Resolution demanded that all anti-slavery appeals to be tabled without debate in the House of Representatives.

• Free soilers opposed extending slavery to western territories.

Ch.17 Manifest Destiny and its Legacy

The Government• Whigs, Daniel Webster as secretary of state and Henry Clay as the king of

the whigs and their spokesman, were set to control the presidency.

• William Henry Harrison was president at the time but 4 weeks into his presidency he caught pneumonia and died so Clay and Websters plans were ruined.

• John Tyler- VP to Harrison became president; he was a democrat at heart and contradicted many of the Whig ideas.o vetoes Bank of the USo Lowers tariffso “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”

Economically…• Whig Party caused financial reform → the independent treasury system

ended.

• Fiscal Bank- would establish a new Bank of the US→ vetoedo Fiscal Corporation was also vetoed

• Tyler signed the Tariff of 1842 which was a protective whig tariff.

Wars...• During the 19th Century there was much hatred with Britain.

• This sparked the Third War with Englando was fought with paper broadsides

Texas

• Mexico refused to look at Texas’ independence

• Texas made treaties with Belgium, FR, and Holland

• Britain wanted to ally with Texas

• Became the leading issue in the presidential campaign of 1844o the democrats were pro expansion and wanted to annex Texas

• President Tyler signed a resolution in 1845 that invited Texas to become the 28th state.

Oregon

• Four nations claimed Oregon Country: Spain, Russia, Britain, and the US

• Spain dropped out of America with the Florida Treaty of 1819

• Russia dropped out with the treaties of 1824 and 1825

• Britain controlled the area north of the Columbia river and US controlled the southo there were fewer people from BR but they did not want to take away

their claim.o This was a main issue in the campaigns

The Election of 1844

• The whig party chose Henry Clay and the Democrats chose James K. Polk(speaker of the House of Representatives)o James K. Polk won!

• In the 1840’s and 1850’s many Americans felt that God had “manifestly” destined the American people to spread their democratic institutions around the worldo Democrats Supported Manifest Destiny!

• Polks goal was to lower tariffs

• His second goal was restoration of the independent treasury

Mexico• Polk was eager to buy california from Mexico

• Mexicans considered Texas to be theirs

• the United States had claims against the Mexicans for some $3 million in damages to American citizens and their property

• Deadlock with Mexico over Texas was further tightened by a question of boundaries.

• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848o They confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous

area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California.

o The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000

• The Mexican War was a small one but it brought back questions on slavery

Wilmot amendment- mandated that slavery should never be practiced in territory gained from Mexico

Wilmot Proviso- conflict in Washington of the Wilmot amendment in 1846

Ch.18- Renewing the Sectional Struggle

• Popular sovereignty- the sovereign people would choose the status of slavery.

• Democrats chose Lewis Cass as their candidate for the elections

• The whigs chose Zachary Taylor as their candidate for the elections

• The Free Soil Party emerged → it was formed by anti slavery men of the North

• In 1848 gold was discovered in California.o Californians drafted their own constitution in 1849 in order for

protection

• Harriet Tubman-Conductor of the Underground Railroad which helped slaves escape to the Northo Southerners demanded a new Fugitive Slave Law

• The congressional debate of 1850 spoke of the possible admission of California into the union.

• Henry Clay- “The Great Compromiser”o suggested that the North enact a stricter slave law

• John Calhoun-”The Great Nullifier”o leave slavery aloneo return runaway slaves to the south

• Daniel Webster- was against slaveryo a new fugitive slave law should be formed

• in 1850 President Taylor died and Millard Fillmore took over

• A second era of good feelings came abouto people thought that the compromises would help end the issues of

slavery

The Compromise of 1850• California was admitted as a free state and the territories of New Mexico

and Utah were open to slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. o the senate was unbalanced in favor of the North

The Fugitive Slave Law 1850• fleeing slaves could not testify on their own behalf and they were denied a

jury trial

• Northerner who tried to help the slaves escape would be faced with fines and jail time

Election of 1852

• Democrat- Franklin Pierceo supported the finality of everything

• Whigs- Winfield Scotto split into two, Northern whigs and Southern Whigso Northern- didn’t accept platform but accepted candidateo Southern- accepted platform but not the candidate

• Franklin Pierce won!

• The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- neither American nor Britain could own an isthmian waterway

• Cuba was prized by southerner for the most desirable slave territory

• The secretary of state instructed the American ministers in Spain, England, and France to prepare confidential recommendations for the acquisition of Cubao This was called the Ostend Manifesto

Stated that if Spain did not allow the US to buy Cuba for 120 million dollars then America would attack Cuba on grounds that Spain’s continued ownership of CUba endangered American interests.

• With the acquisition of California and Oregon, the transcontinental railroad was proposed

• Sec. of War Jefferson Davis wanted James Gadsden to buy an area of Mexico from Santa Anna for which the railroad would pass.o This was the Gadsden Purchase

• Stephen A Douglas- wanted to break the North-South deadlock over westward expansiono proposed that the Territory of Nebraska be sliced into two territories,

Kansas and Nebraska.o their status on slavery would be decided by the peopleo Kansas=slave stateo Nebraska=free state

• The Kansas Nebraska Act ran into the problem of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which forbade slavery in the proposed Nebraska territory.o Douglas wanted to repeal the Missouri Compromiseo the act destroyed two compromises ( 1820 and 1850)o Democratic Party was shatteredo The Republican Party was formed

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• Literary Works• Uncle Tom’s Cabin

o Written by Harriet Beecher Stoweo The purpose was to awaken the North to the

wickedness of the South and slaveryo The deeper source lay in the Second Great

Awakening o Led people to ignore the Fugitive Slave Lawo The book was very popular in Britain and

France

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• Literary Works• The Impending Crisis of the South

o Written by Hinton R. Helpero hated by the black peopleo attempted to use statistics to prove

indirectly that the non-slave holding white people were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• Bleeding Kansaso worst outcome of popular sovereignty o Popular Sovereignty- is when the state gets to

choose to be a slave state or a free stateo people from Missouri came into Kansas to vote that

Kansas be a slave stateo Civil War in Kansas started in 1856 and continued

until it merged with the large scale Civil War

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• Reactions of the British and the Frencho Britain thought the North would wino London and Paris thought about getting involved on

the side of the South but they were afraid their countries would go against them and side with the North (Uncle Toms Cabin)

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• The Dred Scott Caseo A slave who lived with his master for 5 years sued for his

freedom on his long residence on free soilo The Supreme Court ruled that because a slave was private

property he could be taken into any territory and legally held there

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• The 5th Amendment-forbade congress from depriving people of their property without the due process of law

• The Court went further and stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• Election of 1860o Abraham Lincoln won

the election however not with the popular vote

o The election led to South Carolina Seceding

o The Republicans Won

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]

• The Splito Dec. 1860 South Carolina decided to secede

Along with South Carolina was Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia,Louisiana & Texas

This group of states was known as the Confederate States of America

They elected Jefferson Davis as president

The North and the South

• Union Fortso Fort Sumter- in Charleston Harbor;

needed supplies in order to support the men there Lincoln then told the South he was sending

supplies to the men at Fort Sumter not reinforcements for war• The South viewed this as an act of

aggression and South Carolina fired on the Fort on April 12th 1861

• Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded after the attack

The North and the South

• Border Stateso Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West

Virginiao They were the only slave states that had not

seceded from the Uniono Contained the Ohio River, a vital necessity of both

the Union and Confederateo The Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy

The North and the South

• The Balance of Forceso The south had the “Home Field Advantage” o They didn't have to fight to win they just had to fight to a drawo Robert E.Lee turned down the job as command of the northern army

to fight with his home state of virginia along with chief lieutenant Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

o The North held ¾ of the nations wealth and ¾ of the nation's railroad system

o The north also had a much larger population

The North and the South

• Lincoln vs Daviso One defect of the south was that their own states

could secede and some soldiers refused to fight outside of their state borders

o Davis often had disputes with his own congresso Lincoln and the North enjoyed a long established

and financially stable government

The North and the South

• The Drafto The north and south

both established a Draft

o passed by congress in 1863

o Men who were called into the draft could pay for a replacement

The North and the South

• Economic Stressors of Waro The North increased tariffs and taxes in order to financially support the

waro Morrill Tariff Act- high protective tariff that increased duties 5-10%o The Washington Treasury issued Greenback Paper Money that was

backed by the nations fluctuating Gold Supplyo In 1863 Congress authorized the National Banking System, it was

designed to stimulate the sale of government bonds- and to establish a standard bank-note currency

o The Confederate Government was forced to print blue-backed paper money that was subject to “Runaway Inflation”

Ch.21- The Furnace of Civil War

• The Northern military plan (6 components)1. Slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts.

2. Liberate the slaves and undermine the very economic foundation of the South. 3. Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River.

4. Dismember the Confederacy by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas.5. Capture its capital at Richmond.6. Try everywhere to engage the enemy's main strength and grind it into submission.

• South was winning at the beginning of the war

• Battle of Antietam- Pivotal point in the war

Ch. 21

• Emancipation Proclamation

-Antietam provided Lincoln with the military backing to issue the

preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

-it called for the freeing of all slaves in Confederate territory, except in

locations where the Union had mostly regained control

-Changed the nature of the war by removing any chance of settlement

between the Confederacy and the Union

Ch. 21

• Presidential election of 1864- the Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party

(Lincoln’s party)

-Democrats nominated General McClellan was their presidential candidate

-The Northern Democrats lost the election of 1864. This was one of the

most crushing losses suffered by the South. The removal of Lincoln was

the last hope for a Confederate victory.

Ch. 21

• The Union army led by general Grant took the Confederate capitol of Richmond ultimately ending the war

• President Lincoln was shot at Ford Theater on April 14, 1865

• The war claimed more than 600,000 lives

Ch.22- The Ordeal of Reconstruction

• Emancipation proclamation

-Took effect unevenly throughout the south

-Some slaves resisted emancipation due to their loyalty to their masters

-following emancipation, black communities were centered around church

-education for blacks arose after the proclamation

Ch. 22

• Freedmen’s Bureau

-intended to provide clothing, medical care, food, and education to both

freedmen and white refugees

• President Johnson-Ran as Lincoln’s VP to appeal to the War Democrats and other

pro-Southern elements

-He was a strong supporter of state's rights and of the Constitution

Ch. 22

• Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan-A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the

presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation

• Wade Davis Bill (1864)-Required that 50% of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and it

demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation

Ch. 22

• President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan-It called for special state conventions which were required to: repeal the decrees of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th Amendment

Ch. 22

• Black Codes

-A series of laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated slaves

-They were aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force

-They mocked the idea of freedom and imposed hardships on the blacks

-The codes forbade a black to serve on a jury or to vote

-The Republicans were strongly opposed to the Black Codes

Ch. 22

• The Reconstruction Act- Divided South into 5 military districts

-The districts were controlled and patrolled by union soldiers

-The moderate Republican goal was to create voters in Southern states

that would vote those states back into the Union and thus free the federal

government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights

Activity

What was the main crop of the South?

Cotton

What was the government before the Civil War?

Oligarchy

What did Nat Turner do?

lead a slave rebellion

True or False

Most slave owners treated their black slaves as a valuable economic investment.

True

What was the strict rule passed by congressmen to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives in 1836?

Gag Resolution

What caused southern abolitionism to silence?

the nullification crisis of 1832

Who were northern antislavery politicians who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories?

Free Soilers

Who was a free black woman who fought for black emancipation and women’s rights?

Sojourner Truth

Who wrote an anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator?

William Lloyd Garrison

What caused southern abolitionist to think that slavery was a “sin”?

The Second Great Awakening

Which party caused financial reform and caused the independent treasury system to end?

Whig party

What was the conflict in Washington of the Wilmot amendment in 1846?

Wilmot Proviso

What confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

The United States’ hatred with Britain sparked what war?

Third War with England

What was the idea that God had “manifestly” destined the American people to spread their democratic institutions around the world?

Manifest Destiny

Spain, Russia, Britain, and the US all claimed what area/region?

Oregon Country

Who was the president that vetoes the Bank of the US?

John Tyler

What was the idea that the sovereign people would choose the status of slavery?

popular sovereignty

Who was the conductor of the underground railroad?

Harriet Tubman

What was the time period in which people thought that the compromise would help end the issue of slavery?

Second Era of Good Feelings

What document admitted California as a free states and the territories of New Mexico and Utah were open to slavery?

The Compromise of 1850

What law said that slaves could not testify on their own behalf and they were denied a jury trial?

Fugitive Slave law of 1850

What stated that if Spain didn’t allow the US to buy Cuba for $120 million then America would attack Cuba?

Ostend Manifesto

What is this?

Secretary of War (Jefferson Davis) wanted to buy an area of Mexico for which the railroad would pass.

Gadsden Purchase

Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe

What was the worst outcome of Popular sovereignty?

Bleeding Kansas

What case ruled that because a slave was private property he could be taken into any territory and legally held there?

The Dred Scott Case

What amendment forbade congress from depriving people of their property without the due process of law?

The 5th amendment

What compromise did the court state as unconstitutional and that congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories?

Missouri Compromise

What was in Charleston Harbor and needed supplies in order to support the men there?

Fort Sumter

What was a high protective tariff that increased duties 5-10%?

Morrill Tariff Act

What was the pivotal point of the Civil War?

Battle of Antietam

Who was winning at the beginning of the Civil War?

The South

What called for the freeing of all slaves in Confederate territory, except in the locations where the Union had mostly regained control?

Emancipation Proclamation

What intended to provide clothing, medical care, food, and education to both freedmen and white refugees?

Freedmen’s Bureau

What said that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US?

Lincoln’s 10% plan

What required the 50% of a state’s voters take the oath of allegiance and it demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation?

Wade Davis Bill (1864)

What called for special state conventions which were required to repeal the decreed of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th amendment?

President Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

What were a series of laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated slaves?

Black Codes

What divided the south into 5 military districts?

The reconstruction act