classical conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an
unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Dogs• Pavlov was studying how dogs salivated• He noted that when presented with food,
salivation was automatic (unconditioned response)• If he rang a bell while he gave the food, after a
while the bell alone would elicit the same response as the unconditioned one(conditioned response.)
• In other words, we can LEARN BEHAVIORS that previously were thought out of out our control
Classical Conditioning TermsUnconditioned Stimulus– A stimulus that naturally elicits a specific responseUnconditioned Response– A response that naturally follows a specific stimulusConditioned Stimulus— A stimulus that elicits a response it naturally has no connection to Conditioned Response– A response to a stimulus that does not occur naturally
Pavlov’s Experiments
Classical Conditioning
Acquisition the learning process when the response is first
established Extinction
diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS
does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when a
response is no longer reinforced
Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, after a rest period, of
an extinguished CR
Classical Conditioning
Discrimination in classical conditioning, the learned
ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS
Generalization tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit
similar responses
Classical Conditioning Higher Order Conditioning
When you pair another neutral stimulus with the neutral stimulus which will then elicit the same response not because it is conditioned, but because it is associated
Learned Helplessness Example of a cognitive processes is the condition of a human or animal that has learned to behave helplessly,
failing to respond even though there are opportunities for it to help itself by avoiding unpleasant circumstances or by gaining positive rewards.
Explains how a perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation can lead to depression and mental illness
Garcia Principle Conditioned taste Aversion Example of a biological predisposition
Biopsychosocial Influences on Learning
Pavlov’s Legacy
• Classical conditioning applies to other organisms
• Showed how to study a topic scientifically
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning• Uses rewards and
punishments to promote or deter a behavior
• We learn to associate a response and its consequences
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is strengthened
if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by
favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Operant Conditioning
Operant Behavior operates (acts) on environment produces consequences
Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to
stimulus behavior learned through classical
conditioning
Operant Chamber
Skinner Box chamber with a bar
or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior
it follows Shaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
Operant Conditioning
Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing power
through its association with primary reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it
occurs Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified
number of responses faster you respond the more rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of
unpredictability
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a
specified time has elapsed response occurs more frequently as the
anticipated time for reward draws near
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable
time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz
Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules
Punishment
Punishment aversive event that decreases the
behavior that it follows powerful controller of unwanted
behavior
Punishment
Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment
• Negatives of using punishment– Punished behavior is suppressed not
forgotten– Punishment teaches discrimination– Punishment can teach fear– Physical punishment may increase
aggression
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of one’s
environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if
they have learned a cognitive map of it Latent Learning
learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward for doing
what one already likes to do the person may now see the reward,
rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for its own
sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingBiological Predispositions
• Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
Skinner’s LegacyApplications of Operant Conditioning
• At school• In sports• At home• For self-improvement
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
• Similarities between classical and operant conditioning
• Differences between classical and operant conditioning
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
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