classical dosage forms

CLASSICAL DOSAGE FORMSASAD BILAL

Faculty of PharmacyUniversity Of Lahore

Asad.bilal14@gmail.com

CACHETS

LOZENGES

Tincture

SNUFFS

A POWDER WAS A SIMPLE WAY TO TAKE MEDICINE. IT COULD BE STIRRED WITH WATER AND SWALLOWED. BUT SOME POWDERS HAD A TERRIBLE TASTE, HOW COULD IT BE MASKED?????

“CACHETS” Were one answer

CACHETS

• A seal shaped capsule or wafer made of flour for enclosing powders of disagreeable taste. The sealed dosage form is wetted and swallowed.

• There were two types of cachets

Wet-seal Dry-seal

Cachet Machine

Wet and Dry-seal Cachets

Wet-seal were closed by wetting the flanges of each half and joining, with dry-seal the two halves were pushed together.

• To administer unpleasant and large volume. e.g. Sodium aminosalicylate and isoniazid cachets.

CAUTION

• Before administration cachet should be immersed in water for few seconds and then placed on the tongue and swallowed with water.

LOZENGES

Lozenges

• Lozenges are solid preparations that are intended to dissolve in mouth or pharynx. They may contain one or more medicaments in a flavored and sweetened base.

• Intended to treat local irritation or infection of mouth or pharynx and may also be used for systemic drug absorption.

Classification

Lozenges

Texture & Composition

Chewy or Caramel

Compressed Tablet

Soft Lozenges

Hard Candies

Site of Action

Local Acting

Systematic

Chewy or Caramel Based Medicated Lozenges

• These are the dosage form in which medicament is incorporated into a caramel base which is chewed instead of being dissolved in mouth.

Compressed Tablet Lozenges

• If the active ingredient is heat labile, it may be made into lozenge preparation by compression.

• The lozenge tablets differ from conventional tablets in terms of non-disintegrating characteristics and slower dissolution profiles.

Soft Lozenges

• Soft lozenges are either meant for chewing or for slow dissolution in mouth.

• They can be made from PEG 1000 or 1450, chocolate or sugar-acacia base while some soft lozenge formulations can also contain acacia and silica gel.

Hard Candy Lozenges

• Hard candy lozenges are mixtures of sugar and other carbohydrates in an amorphous (noncrystalline) or glassy state.

• The moisture content and weight of hard candy lozenge should be between, 0.5 to 1.5% and 1.5-4.5g respectively.

Medicaments

• Antiseptics• Local anesthetics• Antibiotics• Antihistaminics• Antitussives• Analgesics• Decongestants• Demulcents

Advantages• Can be given to those patients who

have difficulty in swallowing.• Easy to administer to geriatric and

pediatric population.• Has a pleasant taste.• It extends the time of drug in the

oral cavity to elicit a specific effect.• Easy to prepare, with minimum

amount of equipment and time.• Do not require water intake for

administration.• Technique is non invasive, as is the

case with parenterals.

Disadvantages

• It could be mistakenly taken as candy by children, hence should be kept out of the reach of children.

• Possible draining of drug from oral cavity to stomach along with saliva.

Tincture

Tincture

• These are alcoholic preparations containing the active principle of vegetable drugs. They are relatively weak compared with extract.

General Method of Preparation

• Herbs are put in a container and a spirit of 40% or more ethanol is added, for example, 80 proof vodka or 190 proof rectified spirit.

• The jar is left to stand for 2–3 weeks and shaken occasionally in order to maximize extraction.

• More accurate measuring can be done by combining 1 part herbs with a water-ethanol mixture of 2–10 parts, depending on the herb itself. For most tinctures, however, 1 part water to 5 parts ethanol is typical.

• Tincture of Benzoin• Tincture of cannabis• Tincture of cantharides• Tincture of iodine• Tincture of opium• Camphorated opium

tincture

Advantages

• Ethanol is able to dissolve substances which are less soluble in water, while at the same time the water content can dissolve the substances less soluble in ethanol. One can sometimes vary the proportion of ethanol and water to produce tinctures with different characteristics due to the distinct solvent properties of these two.

• The alcohol content also acts as a preservative.

Disadvantages

• Ethanol has a tendency to denature some organic compounds, rendering them so changed as to be ineffective.

• Certain other constituents, common among them proteins, can become irreversibly denatured, or "pickled" in a manner of speaking.

• A basic tenet of organic chemistry teaches that anytime a biologically viable component is denatured, it will reduce or negate its prior biological viability.

SNUFFS

Snuff

• Snuff is a hygienic preparation of tobacco with aromatics, perfumes and menthol. It is to be inhaled through nose.

• Oral snuff is very coarse milled tobacco, not sniffed but put in the mouth.

• Snuffs vary from moist to dry, and from coarse to fine and may be natural, or perfumed, or "medicated“.

Types of Snuffs

• Tobacco Snuff: fine-ground tobacco, intended for consumption by being inhaled or sniffed into the nose

Moist Snuff

Herbal Smokeless Tobacco

• One of the best way of giving up smoking is snuff taking.

• Snuff has great medicinal values.• it opens up nose quickly and makes a person’s

mind fresh.• Many European countries are promoting snuff

in order to help people to shift from smoking to snuff-taking.

Sneezing

KEEP CALM

And

FEEL FREE TO ASK ANY QUESTION