classification. grizzly bear ursus arctos polar bear ursus maritimus giant panda ailuropoda...
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Classification
Grizzly bear
Ursus arctos
Polar bear
Ursus maritimus
Giant panda
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Binomial Nomenclature
Do Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the same species? To the same genus?
Linnaeus’s classification system
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Grizzly bear
Ursus arctos
Polar bear
Ursus maritimus
Giant panda
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Binomial Nomenclature
Do Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the same species? To the same genus?
Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification
Classifying organisms using dichotomous keys (field guide) A device that can be used to easily identify an
unknown organism.
consists of a series of two part statements (describe characteristic of organisms).
At each step the user is presented with two choices.
As the user makes a choice about a particular characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key. Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism that they are trying to identify.
Constructing Dichotomous Keys
Take a look at the group of objects and separate them into two groups based on a single distinguishing characteristic.
Then continue to separate each of the groups until each object has its own separate set of characteristics.
Cladogram
Cladogram is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationship among group of organisms.
Cladistic analysis identifies and considers only those characteristics of organism that are evolutionary innovation-new characters that arise as lineage evolve over time.
Characteristics that appear in recent part of lineage but not in its older members are called derived characteristics. They are used to construct cladogram.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/Trex/phyframe3.html
Classification based on visible similarities
Classification based on phylogeny Organisms share traits Have recent common ancestorShare Evolutionary history
Changing number of kingdoms
Six Kingdom Classification
BACTERIA– Eubacteria
ARCHAEA– Archaebacteria
EUKARYOTA– Protista– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia
Classification of living things
Kingdom Eubacteria Archae
bacteria
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type prokaryote prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
Cell wall
Structure
Cell with peptidoglycan
Cell without peptidoglycan
Cell wall of cellulose in some, some have chloroplast
Cell wall of chitin
Cell wall of cellulose, chloroplast
No cell wall or chloroplast
Number of cells
Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular. Some multicellular
Most multicellular. Some unicellular
Multicellular Multicellular
Mode of nutrition
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph
Example Streptococcus E. Coli
Cyanobacteria(blue green algae)
Extremeophiles
Methanogens, Halophiles
Protozoa, Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Mushroom, yeasts
Mosses, Ferns, flowering plants
Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals
Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
BACTERIA-Eubacteria
Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell wall with peptidoglycan Ecologically diverse Autotroph / Heterotroph E.g.Streptococcus, E.coli, Cyanobacteria
ARCHAEA-Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell wall without peptidoglycan Autotroph/Heterotroph Most live in very harsh climates
and extreme environments - extremophiles E.g. Methanogens,Halophiles,Thermoacidophiles
EUKARYOTA-Protista
Eukaryotic Unicellular, some are multicellular Autotroph/Heterotroph Some have cell wall with cellulose Some have chloroplast E.g.Amoeba, Paramecium, Slime mold
EUKARYOTA-Fungi
Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotroph Cell wall of chitin Mycelium : a mass of hyphae, No root, stem and leaf Reproduce by forming spores No chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or parasitic
E.g.Mushroom, Yeast
EUKARYOTA-Plantae
Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotroph Chloroplast Cell wall of cellulose Can be divided into two groups:
– Non-flowering plants (e.g. algae, moss, fern, gymnosperms– Flowering plants (e.g. angiosperms)
EUKARYOTA-Animalia
Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotroph No Cell wall, No chloroplast Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone:
– Invertebrates : without backbone– Vertebrates : with backbone
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