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Cellular Reproduction
Section 1: Cellular Growth
Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation
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Recap: What are the 3 components of the cell theory??
1. All living organisms have one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
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• Section 1: Cellular Growth– Introduction:
• Since all living organisms are made of cells, the only way an organism can grow or heal itself is by cellular reproduction.
• Cell sizes must be limited to ensure that the needs of the cells are met.– Most cells are smaller than the period on the end
of this sentence. !!! WHY ARE THEY SO SMALL???...
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• Section 1: Cell Growth
• I. Cell Size Limitations:1. Surface area to volume ratio
• A. Surface Area= all of the area available for reactions to occur (covered by the plasma membrane….)
– Formula= length x width x # of sides
B. Volume= space inside (includes organelles and cytoplasm…)
– Formula= length x width x height
Cellular Growth
• Is bigger better??
– No!! Small cells transport substances more efficiently.
– Surface area to volume ratio decreases as the cell grows larger.
Cellular Reproduction
-As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.
-The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.
Section 1
Cellular Growth
Cellular GrowthCell Size Limitations continued…
• 2. Transport of substances- limits cellsize because small cells can transport easier.– Think Selective permeability! Once inside,
substances move by diffusion and proteins• Slow in large cells because more space to travel
3. Cellular Communications
-The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.
-Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.
Cellular ReproductionSection 1
Cellular Growth
II. The Cell Cycle
-Eukaryotic cells
-Somatic Cells (all body cells EXCEPT sex cells)
-Cycle produces genetically identical cells (to parent cell).
Cellular ReproductionSection 1
Cellular Growth
Cellular Growth
• *Once a cell reaches its size limit, it must either stop growing or divide!
• Division = Reproduction
• **Reproduction allows you to grow and heal certain injuries!
• Cell cycle=each time a cell goes through a complete cycle, it becomes 2 cells. Repeats cause continuous production of new cells.
Cellular Growth
• 3 Main Stages: (each can be subdivided)– 1. Interphase= *Majority of a cells life; cell grows,
carries out all cell functions, and replicates DNA; (3 sub stages).
– 2. Mitosis= cell nucleus and nuclear material divide (4 sub stages).
– 3. Cytokinesis= cytoplasm divides creating a new cell. *shortest time spent here
– Cell Cycle duration varies depending on the cell type; Most animal cells around 12-24hrs.
Cellular Reproduction
A. The Stages of Interphase The first stage of interphase, G1 (Gap 1)
*Immediately after a cell divides. Function: growing, normal cell function, prepares to
replicate DNA. Side note: muscle and nerve cells exit after this step, brain
damage is permanent!
Section 1
Cellular GrowthDigging Deeper…
Cellular Reproduction
The Second Stage of Interphase, S (synthesis)
Function: cell copies its DNA (prepares for division)*Chromosomes contain DNA (housed in nucleus)
Section 1
Cellular Growth
Cellular Reproduction
The Third Stage of Interphase, G2 (Gap 2)
*Follows S *Function: cell nucleus prepares to divide and inventory
taken to ensure mitosis can proceed.
Section 1
Cellular Growth
Cellular Growth
• B. The stages of Mitosis– Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Differ by: appearance and chromosome location
• Follows S phase of interphase
• Function: cells nuclear material (chromosomes) divide and separate to opposite ends of the cell.
Cellular Growth
• C. Cytokinesis– *Follows mitosis
– *Function: cell splits/divides
– Product*= 2 “daughter cells” with identical nuclei!!
Cellular Growth
• Prokaryotic cells differ…– Why?? They are simple cells!
– Use binary fission-a form of asexual reproduction to reproduce (similar to cloning)
– Homework: page 247 1-4; 6
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 1
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?
A. larger cells
B. smaller cells
C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio
D. cells shaped like a cube
Section 1 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 2
Cellular ReproductionChapter
At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis
D. synthesis
Section 1 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 3
Cellular ReproductionChapter
What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?
A. The cell grows and carries out normal functions.
B. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes.
C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.
Section 1 Formative Questions
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
The Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
The cell’s chromatin tightens.
Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.
Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.
Section 2
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Metaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.
They line up in the middle of the cell.
Section 2
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Anaphase
The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.
The sister chromatids separate.
The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.
Section 2
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.
Section 2
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Cytokinesis
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.
Section 2
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 4
Cellular ReproductionChapter
In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate?
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis
D. prophase
Section 2 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 5
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Which diagram shows anaphase?
A. B.
C. D.
Section 2 Formative Questions
1. A
2. B
FQ 6
Cellular ReproductionChapter
At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.
Section 2 Formative Questions
A. true
B. false
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
I. Normal Cell Cycle
Check points in place Different cyclin/CDK
combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Quality Control Checkpoints
The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.
Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.
Section 3
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
II. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
A. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normalcells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.
Section 3
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
B. Causes of Cancer
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.
Section 3
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
III. Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.
Section 3
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
IV. Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
Section 3
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
A. Embryonic Stem Cells
After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.
Section 3
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
B. Adult Stem Cells
Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue
Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor
Section 3
Cell Cycle Regulation
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 7
Cellular ReproductionChapter
What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle?
A. chromatin and chromosomes
B. cyclin and CDKs
C. microtubules and spindle fibers
D. protein and ribosomes
Section 3 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 8
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely?
A. chemicals such as asbestos
B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens
C. tobacco and second-hand smoke
D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
Section 3 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 9
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Section 3 Formative Questions
What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA?
A. apoptosis
B. carcinogens
C. cytokinesis
D. mitosis
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 10
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Section 3 Formative Questions
Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues?
A. apoptotic cells
B. cancer cells
C. prokaryotic cells
D. stem cells
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Chapter
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 1
A. interphase
B. prophase
C. metaphase
D. telophase
Which is the first phase of mitosis?
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 2
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter
A. interphase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase
During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 3
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. apoptosis
D. mitosis
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 1
Cellular ReproductionChapter
This cell has completed what stage of mitosis?
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase
D. telophase
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 2
Cellular ReproductionChapter
What term is used to describe programmed cell death?
A. apoptosis
B. anaphase
C. necrosis
D. cyclins
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 3
Cellular ReproductionChapter
What is the role of cyclins in a cell?
A. to control the movement of microtubules B. to signal for the cell to divide C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear
membraneD. to cause the nucleolus to disappear
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A
2. B
3. C
STP 1
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?
AB
C
Standardized Test Practice
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 2
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Standardized Test Practice
At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus?
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 3
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Standardized Test Practice
Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle?
A. formation of a cell plate
B. formation of microtubules
C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell
D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell
1. A
2. B
STP 4
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Standardized Test Practice
Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.
A. true
B. false
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 5
Cellular ReproductionChapter
Standardized Test Practice
Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?A. a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate
the cell cycleB. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes
or damage to DNAC. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes
during mitosis
D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production
cell cycle
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
chromosome
chromatin
Cellular ReproductionSection 1
Vocabulary
Section 1
prophase
sister chromatid
centromere
spindle apparatus
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Cellular ReproductionSection 2
Vocabulary
Section 2
cyclin
cyclin-dependent kinase
cancer
apoptosis
stem cell
Cellular ReproductionSection 3
Vocabulary
Section 3
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