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L t 2
C lt l Di i d
Lecture 2
Cultural Dimensions andBehaviorBehavior
Dr. Mark Meckler, University of Portland
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007 2-1
Learning Objectives
What is culture?What is a stereotype and what is “sophisticated stereotyping?”U d t d “l l f th l l f l i ”Understand “levels of theory = level of analysis”Understand values and cultural value structuresDescribe the major frameworks for explaining theDescribe the major frameworks for explaining the cultures of different societiesDiscuss the relation of culture to the study of Foreign AffairsExplain resistance to change at cultural level: forces for convergence and forces for divergence
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
for convergence and forces for divergence.
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What is Culture?What is Culture?
A way of life of a group of peopleThat complex whole which includesThat complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilitiescustom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of societymember of societyEverything that people have, think, and do as members of society
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
and do as members of society2-3
Sathe’s Levels of Culture
Manifestculture
Expressed values
Manifestculture
WaterExpressed values
Basic
p
line
Basic assumptions
assumptions
p
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007Iceberg Onion 2-4
Important Concepts and IssuesImportant Concepts and Issues
What is meant by “manifest culture?”What is meant by manifest culture?What is meant by “expressed values?”Th diff b t “ t t d l ” dThe difference between “stated values” and “expressed values.” Why a difference?What is meant by basic assumptions?”Why is there a water line in iceberg model?Which is more appropriate, the iceberg or the onion metaphor?
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
p
How is Culture Learned?
Primary Socialization– What is this?– What is this?
Cultures and SubculturesH d t th ?– How do we separate them?
– Do they impact each otherSecondary Socialization– What are key influences?
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American ValuesAmerican ValuesDiscuss some American valuesDiscuss some American values
Focus on Stated versus Expressed values
Choose one value discussionChoose one value discussion. – How does culture or subculture differ on that value.
H d i di id l diff th t l– How do you as an individual differ on that value– How do you explain the difference between
individual and national values?individual and national values?– Q: Can nations have very different value structures while
individuals from the different nations have very similar value ? H i h hi i h f di l ?
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
structures? How might this impact the success of diplomacy?
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Variations in Values
OrientationsOrientationsValuesValues Orientation VariationsRelation to Nature Subjugation Harmony MasteryTime OrientationBasic Human NatureActivity OrientationRelationships
PastEvilBeingIndividualistic
PresentNeutral/MixedContaining/ControllingGroup
FutureGoodDoingHierarchicalRelationships
Among PeopleSpace Orientation
Individualistic
Private
Group
Mixed
Hierarchical
Public
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15 Minute Practice
Form groupsIntroductions
Names, favorite foods, favorite movies
Apply one Kluckhohn pp yand Strodbeck dimension to each culture in your groupculture in your group.ContrastsSimilarities
How does a tree describe national culture?
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
Similarities
H f t d ’ Di i fHofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural ValuesCu u a a ues
Individualism/CollectivismP Di tPower DistanceUncertainty AvoidanceM li it /F i i itMasculinity/FemininityThrift-long time vs excess-short time
named “Confucian Dynamism”– named Confucian Dynamism– Came from a second study (Hofstede and
Bond, 1988)
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The Chinese Value SurveyyConfucian Dynamism Confucian Dynamism
Long Term Past and Presentg–Persistence/ Perserverance
– Stabile/Steady– Protecting Face
–Observing order by status
– Tradition– Reciprocation
( ti /f / ift )–Thrift–Shame
(greetings/favors/gifts)
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Small Group Exercise
Divide into groups(15 minutes)(15 minutes)Choose two of Hofstede’s core dimensions of national work culture and apply them toof national work culture and apply them to two cultures represented in your group.Si il i i ? C ?Similarities? Contrasts?
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
Hofstede and CVS Cultural Dimension Scores for 10
CountriesPD=power distanceID= individualism/collectivismMA=Masculinity/Femininity Countries
PD ID MA UA CD
MA=Masculinity/FemininityUA=Uncertainty AvoidanceCD=Confucian Dynamism
USA 40L 91H 62H 46L 29LGermany 35L 67H 66H 65M 31MJapan 54M 46M 95H 92H 80HJapan 54M 46M 95H 92H 80HFrance 68H 71H 43M 86H 30LNetherlands 38L 80H 14L 53M 44MHong Kong 68H 25L 57H 29L 96HHong Kong 68H 25L 57H 29L 96HIndonesia 78H 14L 46M 48L 25LWest Africa 77H 20L 46M 54M 16LRussia 95H 50M 40L 90H 10L
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
China 80H 20L 50M 60M 118H
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Schwartz Value Survey
Embedded vs AutonomyHierarchy vs EgalitarianismHierarchy vs. EgalitarianismMastery vs. Harmony
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
Trompenaars’ 7 Dimensions pof Culture
Universalism Vs. ParticularismIndividualism Vs. CollectivismNeutral Vs. Affective RelationshipsSpecific Vs. Diffuse Relationshipsp pAchievement Vs. AscriptionRelationship to TimeRelationship to TimeInner Directed vs. Outer Directed/Relation to Nature
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007 2-10
Ronen and Shenkar’s Country Clusters
ArabArabNear EasternFar EasternLatin AmericanLatin EuropeanAngloAngloGermanic
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Nordic
World Value Survey
Traditional vs Secular-Rational toward AuthorityySurvival versus Self Expression
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
Cultural Metaphors
What is a cultural metaphor?What are the pro’s and the con’s of usingWhat are the pro s and the con s of using metaphors to describe cultures?
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
Cultural Metaphors
Country Metaphor
England the traditional British houseGermany the symphonyItaly the operaItaly the operaJapan the gardenNigeria the marketplaceRussia the balletTurkey the coffeehouseUnited States football
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007 2-13
Hall’s High-Context and Low-Hall s High Context and LowContext Cultural Framework“Context is the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with ; y pthe meaning of that event. The elements that combine to produce a given meaning –p g gevents and context – are in different proportions depending on the culture. The p p p gcultures of the world can be compared on a scale from high to low context.
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
g
Context Definitions
A high context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person while very little is in the coded explicitperson, while very little is in the coded explicit transmitted part of the message– Extensive information networks among family friends g y
and clients may indicate a high context culture.A low context communication is just the opposite; I th f th i f ti i t d i thI.e. the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.– Compartmentalization of relationships and work may
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
p p yindicate a low context culture.
High-Context and Low-High Context and LowContext Cultures
High-Context Low-ContextChina AustriaEgypt CanadaFrance DenmarkFrance DenmarkItaly EnglandJapan FinlandLebanon GermanyySaudi Arabia NorwaySpain SwitzerlandSyria United States
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007 2-11
Do the Frameworks ExplainDo the Frameworks Explain Differences?
Represent average behavior within aRepresent average behavior within a cultureCountries classified similarly mayCountries classified similarly may still be very differentReliability may varyReliability may vary
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Convergence or Divergence?
Closer communication and trade links
Different cultural interpretations
Worldwide markets and productsInformation
Need to maintain cultural identityNeed for Aggression
TechnologyTravel and Exchange
ggEconomic InequalityDisplacement/Blame
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Implications
Understanding culture important even in home countryyUnderstanding how SELF is distinct from national culture identity is critical!Y ti ’ t k h ld ld b ( dYour nation’s stakeholders could be (and probably are) from multiple sub-culturesNeed to constantly look for underlying eed to co sta t y oo o u de y gcultural meanings and sources of differing perspectives– Remember to always update your stereotypes
Copyright, M. Meckler, 2007
– Remember to always update your stereotypes
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