clusters and cluster policy - regional development, universities and strategies for cluster...
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Clusters and Cluster Policy - Regional Development, Universities and Strategies for Cluster Promotion
David Charles
CURDS
University of Newcastle upon Tyne Business
school
Three themes
• Defining clusters and cluster policy– Communities of practice and multi-scalar policy
• Clusters and higher education– Using clusters to resolve priorities and policy
difficulties
• Creative industry clusters– Stretching the concept
What do we mean by clusters and clustering?• Varied definitions and approaches • ‘Clusters’ vs the process of ‘clustering’ • Clusters as self-generating groupings• Processes of facilitating clusters• Importance of linkages and interdependence• External economies and un-traded
interdependencies• Real phenomena or heuristic devices?
Dimensions and characteristics
• Multisectoral• Interaction/synergy• Spatial concentration• Hierarchical inter-regional linkages• Institutions and identity• New forms of governance – frameworks for
policy analysis and development
Clusters as innovation systems
• OECD Cluster focus group– Innovation seldom takes place in isolation but is
systemic. The notion of a cluster as a ‘reduced scale innovation system’
– Clusters are networks of production of strongly interdependent firms linked to each other in a value-adding production chain.
– Clusters mostly also encompass strategic alliances with universities, research institutes, knowledge-intensive business services, bridging institutions (brokers, consultants) and customers.
Issues in identifying clusters
• Spatial scales – Local– Regional– National
• Levels of interaction• Breadth of sectoral coverage• Focus on firms or sectors
Geographical scope and intensity of interaction
National
Local
Tight interaction
Loose agglomeration
Danish small scale clusters
Flanders Language Valley
Pegasus, Argonautics etc
Japanese style supply chains
Cambridge Biotech
Scottish Enterprise Clusters
Danish mega- clusters
Motorsport Valley
Silicon ValleyNOF
Finnish Telecoms cluster
Uniqueness
• Each country or region has its own unique cluster forms
• Variation in selection and variation processes– Between countries/regions– Technologies– Policy systems
• No ‘ideal’ cluster or form – no best practice• Cluster ‘innovation styles’
An alternative approach
• Cluster as knowledge community• Node of knowledge generation and dissemination• Focus on agglomeration of skilled people rather
than firms• Dominant designs, genres and movements• Competition and co-operation• Conventions and institutions• Shared assets
Knowledge community
• a knowledge community is ‘a group of people (principally designers, managers, and engineers in this case) often in separate organisations but united by a common set of norms, values and understandings, who help to define the knowledge and production trajectories of the economic sector to which they belong’. (Henry & Pinch, 2000, p194)
Music cluster/production network
Tour management Artists
Recording companies
Promotion and
distribution
CD manufactureStudios
Session musicians
Producers
Engineers
Artist management
Legal
Song writing
Music publishing
customer
Instrument retail
Instrument manufacture
Stage
Lighting
Sound
Logistics
Ticket sales
Venuesmerchandise
Merchandise manufacture
customer
Creative industries cluster?
Creative individuals
Creative firms
Specialist business services
Specialist manufacturing support
Business support agencies
Education and training
Local authorities
Creative knowledge pool
Associations
Cultural and creative support
agencies
Retail
Audience
Projects and venues
Australia, the Brand - a tourism cluster
SportSurfingSporting excellence
Aussie team sportswear
Surfware
WildlifeKangaroosKoalasCrocodilesSea lifeBirds
Images
Animal products
Stuffed toy animals
Indigenous peoplesDesignsCulture/ stories
ArtefactsDidgeridoosBoomerangs
Aboriginal designs
Music and stories
Outback lifeFarmingBushcraftMateship
ClothingAkubra hatsDrizabone
LiteratureFilms
FoodWine
Urban lifeArchitecture and iconsMulti-culturalism
Images
Souvenirs
Urban lifestyle experience
ImagesPosters calendarsT-shirts
Surfboards and equipment
The countryRed CentreBeachesBarrier ReefRainforest
Scales of policy action
• Cluster policies taken up a core element of industrial and innovation policies, but not always labelled as such
• National cluster policies– Foresight, Mega-clusters, Cluster as policy tool
• Regional clusters– Regional Development Agencies, RIS/RITTS initiatives– Turning sectoral strategies into clusters?
• Local clusters/micro clusters– Local authority initiatives– Building on company networking
Cluster development - micro/meso interaction
Potential Latent Working
Shading indicates strength of social infrastructure
Interactions among firms inside and outside regional cluster
Firm
UK policy on clusters and universities
'The role of our universities in the economy is crucial. They are powerful drivers of innovation and change in science and technology, the arts, humanities, design and other creative disciplines. They produce people with knowledge and skills; they generate new knowledge and import it from diverse sources; and they apply knowledge in a range of environments. They are also the seedbed for new industries, products and services and are at the hub of business networks and industrial clusters of the knowledge economy.' (DTI/DfEE, 2001)
Universities and clusters
Firm strategy, structure and rivalry
Factor Conditions
Demand conditions
Related and supporting industries
Chance
Government
Provision of skilled labourResearch on better exploitation of physical resourcesKnowledge resources
Science-based discoveries
HE as consumer of specialist inputsHE foresight on future demands
Direct assistance to firm management capabilitiesNew business formation
HE projects on supply chain developmentSpreading knowledge across supply chains
Advice on policy and regulationGovernment funding for HE research
University commercialisation strategies
• Dilemmas of diversity of knowledge• Need for specialisation in commercialisation• Combining responsiveness and opportunity-
seeking with focus and business development• Specialist centres and cluster discourses as
means to resolve dilemma
Scale of university engagement with clusters• National – national research programmes and
centres of excellence• Regional – RDA initiatives with dedicated
cluster programmes• Local/micro-clusters – small scale initiatives
with local funding or university-initiated• Internal to the university – structures for
industrial liaison or research organisation
North East England cases
• National – central government initiatives, university innovation centre for nanotechnology
• Regional – ONE clusters and centres of excellence
• Local/micro-clusters – local initiatives, Digital Media Network
• Internal to the university – Newcastle HEROBaC programme and restructuring
ONE - Strategy for Success
• Science and Industry Council• 5 centres of excellence
– New and renewable energies– Life sciences– Process industries– Digital media– Nanotechnology, microsystems and photonics
• NorthSTAR
Links to CELS
via BioNE2t
Academic BioscienceKnowledge/Research
Base
BiosciNorth
FunctionalGenomicsPlatform
NorthSTAR
GeneticsKnowledge
Park
UniversityTechnology
Transfer
BioNE2t
Centre of Excellence
in Life Sciences
Regional Bioscience
Cluster
Funding from ONE,
DTI, DoH etc
ICfL
External Bioscience
Firms
Significance
• Universities being enrolled by regional agencies on cluster initiatives at unprecedented scale. Universities also shaping agenda
• Universities assembling portfolios of funds for networked support programmes
• Regional agencies convinced of importance of universities to clusters. Move to a regionally-coordinated system, but aimed at international excellence
• The regional agenda is not necessarily linked with ‘sub-national quality – see US universities
Comparisons with Australia
• State level intervention and growing interest at Commonwealth level
• Queensland ‘Smart State’ strategy• Prioritisation of growth ‘sectors’• Biotechnology and ICT, but also advanced
mining, ‘new era’ foods• Local level interest in micro-clusters• Universities seeing reduction in proportion of
core funding
Queensland support for biotechnology• Bioindustries Taskforce• Establishment of the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) at the
University of Queensland, and attracting key researchers• Establishment of a Centre for Biomolecular Science and Drug
Discovery and research commercialisation centre at Griffith University• Bachelor of Biotechnology Innovation degree at QUT• Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research at Princess Alexandra
Hospital• BioStart initiative to encourage and support start-ups • BioLink networking program • Supporting missions to major biotechnology conferences• International biopartnering initiatives• Government-wide mechanism to identify the key priorities for R&D
spending
Culture and creative industries in Brisbane• Growing cultural and creative sector• Physical development on riverside
– South Bank• Adjacent university developments
– QUT, Griffith• QUT Creative Industries strategy
Creative industries
• Precinct with teaching facilities, wired exhibition space, black box performance space, art house cinema, enterprise centre, CIRAC, studios for design and animation, performance and music, visual arts, sets and props
• Office and workshop space for firms• Linked with City Council emerging industries strategy• Wider state film and tourism developments• Au$ 5 bn industry
Conclusions on universities, regions and clusters• Overcoming problems of fragmentation of university
initiatives• Focus on future opportunities for regions and for
universities to play a leading role• Mechanisms to identify priorities – importance of
universities in regional governance structures• Shift in notion of success from attraction of firms to
the capacity for regional clusters to evolve and be self-sustaining
Creative Industries
Those activities which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have the opportunity for wealth and job creation through the generation of intellectual property (DCMS, Creative Industries Mapping Document,1998,page 3)
Economic Significance of CIs
CreativeIndustries
PerceptionMindshare
Identity
TourismAttractor
Amenity/Infrastructural
Value
DirectEconomic
Benefit
Production System
I. Originalproduction,commissioningand directing
II. Productionof the meansof production/infrastructure
III.Reproduction,and massdistribution
IV. Sites ofexchange ofrights toconsume
ContentOrigination
IPRCommercial-isation
Distribution Markets
Culture exports
Internet delivery
Radio
TV
(internet)
Exhibition Performance
Exhibition Performance
Touring
Broadcast
Serving tourists in NE
Culture exports
Physical goods
Publishing
Magazines
Books
Games
Film
Video
Artworks
Craft
Designer goods
A Three Legged Stool?
Grant aidedCommercial
Voluntary
‘professional’
‘semi-professional’/‘prosumer’
‘amateur’
A spectrum of activities...
Audienceto
Content
Contentto
audience
Virtuous
cycle
WritersPerformers
ContentDesign
Venues,Events,Festivals
ProductsServices
TourismEntertainment
DistributionBroadcastingNew Media
… in a wider context
TourismCreative
Industries Digital Media
Audience toContent
Content toAudience
Heritage Cafes Restaurants Theatre Radio Internet PublishingMuseums Galleries Live Music/Dance Television Multimedia
Music cluster/production network
Tour management Artists
Recording companies
Promotion and
distribution
CD manufactureStudios
Session musicians
Producers
Engineers
Artist management
Legal
Song writing
Music publishing
customer
Instrument retail
Instrument manufacture
Stage
Lighting
Sound
Logistics
Ticket sales
Venuesmerchandise
Merchandise manufacture
customer
Theatre/performance cluster
Theatre company
Actors
Agents
Training providers
Rehearsal space
Performance venue
Musicians
Ticket sales
merchandiseCatering and bars
Video TV and radio
Writing
Publishers
Education outreach
Wardrobe
Stage sets
Lighting
Marketing
Audience
Consumers
Broadcasting
Video distribution and salessound
Tour logistics
Legal services
Creativeindividuals
Creativefirms
Specialistbusinessservices
Specialistmanufacturing
support
Businesssupport
agencies
Educationand training
Localauthorities
Creativeknowledge
pool
Associations
Cultural andcreativesupport
agencies
Retail
Audience
Projects andvenues
ResearchInstitutes
Investors
Content Origination (omitting Software Consultancy and Supply) by GOR
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
North East North West Yorkshireand TheHumber
EastMidlands
WestMidlands
Eastern London South East South West Wales Scotland
1991 1995 1999
Regional distribution of employment
Content Origination (omitting Software Consultancy and Supply) as % of Total Employment
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
North East North West Yorkshireand TheHumber
EastMidlands
WestMidlands
Eastern London South East South West Wales Scotland
1991 1995 1999
Proportion of employment
Newcastle and other core city regions
Content Origination (omitting Software Consultancy and Supply) as % of Total Employment by City Region
- 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
Birmingham
Bristol
Sheffield
Leeds
Liverpool
Manchester
Newcastle
1991 1995 1999
Content Origination (omitting Software Consultancy and Supply) as % of Total Employment
- 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Middlesbrough
Plymouth
Portsmouth
Stoke
Hull
1991 1995 1999
Middlesbrough and comparators
Critical Mass and Growth in Content Origination (minus Software Consultancy and Supply)1995-1999
Scotland
Wales
South West South East
London
Eastern
West Midlands
East Midlands
Yorkshire and The Humber
North West
North East
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Proportion of Total GB CO Employment 1995
% G
row
th o
f C
O E
mp
loy
me
nt1
99
5-1
99
9
Grows Core Arts (Artisticand Literary Creationand Interpretation,Art facilities)
Publishing
Other BusinessActivities NotElsewhere Classified(includes somedesign)
Static Radio Television andNews Agencies
1991-1995
Declines
Manufacturing(Jewelery, ImitationJewelery, MusicalInstruments, Gamesand Toys)
Architectural andEngineering Activities
Film and VideoProduction,Distribution andExhibition
Advertising
PhotographicActivities
Declines Static Grows
1995-1999
How others see the North East• DCMS: Creative Industries the Regional Dimension
(2000)– CI’s (DCMS minimum set) employ around 17,000, 1.9% of
regional workforce (cf. 4.3% GB)– High proportion of SMEs, esp. Microbusiness, and part-
timers– Region is small (lacks critical mass?)
• Trends Business Research, Business Clusters in the UK: A First Assessment (2001)– The region’s position in the creative industries such as TV,
film, advertising and fashion is limited, although in common with other regions niche opportunities are being developed
Conclusion on NE culture
• Not yet a cluster of competitive advantage but...– Strong growth in core content origination over last decade
– Increasingly professional support infrastructure and key hubs for development (NCSP, NGC, NWN, Generator, CBV,
…) – New investments (Music Centre, Baltic, Middlehaven, ...) – Core strengths in ‘storytelling’ and ‘visual art’ + some narrow
niches (e.g., folk music, glass)– and some evidence of micro and location-based “clustering”
(e.g., COBALT, Ouseburn, Pink Lane)
Issues for policy (1)
• Combining cluster policy scales• Cluster analysis and cluster policies• Permeable boundaries of cluster policy• Attention on the negative effects of policy• Customised mixes of policies• Frameworks for policy co-ordination• No standard recipe
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