co-benefits of financing vertical shaft brick kilns in nepal bhushan tuladhar, environment &...
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Co-Benefits of Financing Vertical Shaft Brick Kilns in Nepal
Bhushan Tuladhar, Environment & Public Health Organization (ENPHO),
Nepal
Jeeven Acharya & Anil RautWinrock International Nepal
Presentation Summary Air Quality & Brick
Kilns Vertical Shaft Brick
Kilns AQ Benefits of VSBK Potential CDM
Benefits
Air Quality Issues in Nepal Indoor AQ is a major concern
Biomass supplies 85% of energy needs Rate of urbanization is very high Air quality is a major problem in Kathmandu
Valley
Air Quality & Brick Kilns 166 brick kilns in Kathmandu Valley Brick demand is 1.1 4 billion/yr & growing at 11% /yr In 1993, brick kilns contributed 27% of PM10 Till 2003, most brick kilns utilized very polluting Moving
Chimney Bulls Trench Technology Since then new cleaner technologies have been introduced Brick Kilns operate in winter and dry season, when air
pollution is also at its peak
Inventory of PM10 Sources in Kathmandu Valley (1993)
Brick Kilns27%Vehicle
Emission12%
Other Industry
6%
Refuse Burning
4%
Road Resuspe
nsion9%
Domestic fuel25%
Himal Cement
17%
Transformation in Kathmandu’s Brick industry
Monthly Average PM10 in Kathmandu Valley
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
No
v '0
2
Fe
b '0
3
Ma
y '0
3
Au
g '0
3
No
v '0
3
Fe
b '0
4
Ma
y '0
4
Au
g '0
4
No
v '0
4
Fe
b '0
5
Ma
y '0
5
Au
g'0
5
No
v '0
5Month
PM
10 (
mic
rog
ram
s/m
3)
Patan
Bhaktapur
Putali Sadak
Thamel
TU Kirtipur
Maysyagaon
National Std.
VSBK Technology
VSBK Technology Initially developed in China First introduced in Nepal in 1991;
Reintroduced 2003 Energy Efficient and very low emission
Effective combustion Arrangement of bricks act as a dust strainer Energy conservation due to natural up drought
Vertical kiln with stationary fire and moving brick
Operates throughout the year Bull’s Trench Kilns
Production capacity – about 6,500 bricks per day per shaft
CDM Potential in Nepal Nepal has ratified the Kyoto Protocol Limited potential for large scale projects Some potential in promoting renewable
energy & energy efficiency Biogas project has been registered Projects being considered include: solar
lighting, improved cook stoves, solid waste management, electric vehicles
In the industrial sector, brick industry presents a major opportunity for CDM and AQ benefits
What Makes VSBK a CDM Project
New technology with low adaptation rate 3 VSBK compared to more than 100 Fixed Chimney
40-50% energy efficient than Fixed Chimney VSBK: 0.069 kg/brick; FC: 0.14 kg/brick
Brick production is energy intensive: cost of coal is about 40% of total operating cost
Higher capital cost and relatively lower return on investment than fixed chimney
Pay back period - FC: 1yr 2 mo.; VSBK: 2 yr. 2 mo. More technical know-how required High local environmental benefits
Emission from Various Types of Brick Kilns
8.06
1.71
0.55
0123456789
MovngChimney BTK
Fixed Chimney VSBK
Type of Brick Kiln
Mas
s E
mis
sio
n L
oad
(k
g o
f S
PM
/100
0 b
rick
s)
Compared to Moving Chimney BTK, VSBK Emission is less by a factor of 14Compared to Fixed Chimney, VSBK emission is less by a factor of 3
Emission Reduction through VSBK
0.33
0.87
1.82
2.61
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Kg
of
Em
iss
ion
/ 1
00
0 B
ric
ks
VSBK FC-FD Zig Zag FC-FD Straight line FC-ND Straight line
Source: Institute of Environmental Management, May 2005
Main barriers for Promotion of VSBK Investment Barrier
Initial investment: FC: US$64368; VSBK (six shafts): US$ 133,200
Technological Barrier
Barrier of prevailing practice
VSBK CDM Project Activity 72 shafts in KTM valley in five years 10 Years crediting period, starting 2006 Baseline is fixed chimney Baseline emissions 28,241 tCO2e/yr Project emissions: 13,891 tCO2e/yr
14,351 tons of CO2e saved per year At $7/ton: $100,457/year
Distribution of revenue: 40% to entrepreneur; 40% to VSBK program; 20% for social activities
Currently, PDD is being revised (prepared by Winrock International, Nepal under ADB funded PREGA project)
CO2 Reduction Emission from Fixed Chimney
To produce 8.18.1 million bricks/yr (actual production from FC) Coal use: 1,133 tons Total CO2 emission: 2,792 ton (CO2 emission/brick: 0.345
kg/brick) Emission from VSBK
To produce 8.18.1 million bricks/yr (to produce same as fixed chimney)
Coal use: 557 tons Total CO2 emission: 1,373 tons (CO2 emission/brick: 0.175
kg/brick) Emission reduction from 4-shaft VSBK (brick production 4.554.55
million bricks/yr) CO2 emission reduction/brick: 0.175 kg/brick Total CO2 emission reduction: 797 ton/year
Challenges Financial
High project development & transaction cost for CDM projects
Fixed chimney is financially very attractive Technical
CDM is complicated and understanding of CDM is very limited
Difficult to verify emission saving Institutional
Capacity to develop and process process CDM projects
Bringing together several kiln owners can be difficult
Conclusion
VSBK can significantly reduce air pollution in Kathmandu Valley
Existing investment and technological barrier has led to very low adoption rate of this clean brick kiln technology
Low energy consumption per brick in VSBK provides opportunity for CDM
Promotion of VSBK in Kathmandu valley can provide a good example for co-benefit of local air pollution and global GHG emission
Thank You
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