cohesion general overview

COHESIONCOHESION

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Parallelism

Paraphrase

Recurrence

Partial recurrence

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Personal pronouns

Possesive pronouns

Possesive determiners

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

participant

circumstance

this that

these those

here there

now then

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Comparison that is simply in terms of likeness and unlikeness: two things may be the same, similar or differente.g. same, likewise, other, more, better…

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Is the referent inside the text?

Is the referent outside the text?

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Is the referent inside the text?

Is the referent outside the text?Exophoric ref

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Is the referent inside the text?

Is the referent outside the text?Exophoric ref

Eg. “That must have cost a lot of money”

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Is the referent inside the text?

Is the referent outside the text?

Endophoric ref Exophoric ref

Anaphoric ref

Cataphoric ref

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Is the referent inside the text?

Is the referent outside the text?

Endophoric ref Exophoric ref

Anaphoric ref

Cataphoric ref

The data show is repared. That must have cost a lot of money

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Personal reference

Demonstrative reference

Comparative reference

Is the referent inside the text?

Is the referent outside the text?

Endophoric ref Exophoric ref

Anaphoric ref

Cataphoric ref

The data show is repared. That must have cost a lot of money

He who hesitates is lost

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Nominal substitution

Verbal substitution

Clausal substitution

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Nominal substitution

Verbal substitution

Clausal substitution

I’ve heard some strange stories in my time. But this one was perhaps the strangest one of all

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Nominal substitution

Verbal substitution

Clausal substitution

John is smoking more now than he used to do

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Nominal substitution

Verbal substitution

Clausal substitution

Is there going to be an earthquake? –It says so

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Nominal ellipsis

Verbal ellipsis

Clausal ellipsis

Four other oysters followed them, and yet another four

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Nominal ellipsis

Verbal ellipsis

Clausal ellipsis

Have you been swimming? Yes, I have

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Nominal ellipsis

Verbal ellipsis

Clausal ellipsis

What were they doing? Holding hands

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Additive

Adversative

Causal

Temporal

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Additive

Adversative

Causal

Temporal

’to be able to see nobody! And at that distance, too!’

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Additive

Adversative

Causal

Temporal

’All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total came out wrong’

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Additive

Adversative

Causal

Temporal

’you aren’t leaving, are you? Because I’ve got something to say to you’

TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)

Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction

Additive

Adversative

Causal

Temporal

The weather cleared just as the party approached the summit. Until then they had seen nothing of the panorama around them