colonization. what's happening in europe? 1200’s – 1600’s coming out of the “dark...
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Colonization
The Age Of ExplorationRound Two: Settlers Arrive
The EuropeansWhat's happening in
Europe?1200’s – 1600’sComing out of the
“Dark Ages”Renaissance
Arts – Leo DivinciTechnologyEducationScienceReligious Reform
Exploration, Expansion, & Trade
Trade linked through land routes: Persia, Arabia, Asia, & the Silk Road
Europeans had ship trade in the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean
Wanted a direct route to the east rather than dealing with the middle man
Atlantic Ocean was vastly unknown
Motives for Exploration
Money, Money, Money EconomicDesire for wealth and foreign
goodsWanted to sell foreign goods for
profitEventually… religious freedom
The Age of Exploration…
The Portuguese take the lead:Bartolomeu Dias 1487-1488Vasco da Gama 1498Slave Trade and eventually …“The Middle Passage”
The West AfricansSonghia and Benin Kingdoms
Highly civilized and densely populated.Advanced Agriculture (Gold & Salt mines)Iron WeaponsWriting SystemTransportation System (Camel Caravans & Riverboats)
Speaking of Camels…
Slavery in AfricaSlavery existed as a form of labor in Africa
before Europeans became interestedWarfare was common due to influence from
the Islamic empires(The rise and fall of Mali, Ghana, and
Dahomey)Wealthy war lords would take POWs as slaves
and sell themSo… Who was the first country to use slaves
in modern times/terms? …Africa.
But Seriously… Slavery
Portugal was the first European nation to establish a slave trading empire in Africa
They traded textiles and guns for African slavesRoughly 1000 slaves per year were traded along the
Middle Passage initially (Route from Europe to West Africa, to North America)
By 1800, 5 ½ million adults and 11 million children were transported as slaves
Europeans saw slavery as a great economic boonThey did not notice the social impact that slavery
had in Africa As a result, they transplanted the ‘economic
mentality’ of slavery to the rest of Europe
European Interest
The Middle Passage
Essentially, Spain got jealous of Portugal’s economic boom and had to get involved
Spain had recently gotten over the Spanish Reconquista (pushed the Moors out of Spain) and wanted desperately to become a big economic power
The Spanish Reconquista was the only successful crusade against Islamic faith
Basically, they ordered all Muslims AND Jews to convert to Catholicism or get out or be put to death.
By the end of the 1400s, Spain was sending numerous explorers to find a way to the Indies
Spain says… We don’t think so…
The Spaniards Have Landed…
The SpanishChristopher Columbus 1492…
But what did he really discover???Where did we get the name “Indians”?
The ConquistadoresGOD – GOLD – GLORY (3G Coverage)Hernando Cortes’ – Aztecs (Mexico) 1519-1521Juan Ponce de Leon – Fountain of Youth (Florida) 1513Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River Valley (Cherokee)
The Colombian Exchange
Horses, Steal Weapons… and Biological Warfare?Smallpox, Measles, and CholeraEnslaved Indians die out… need slaves from
Africa to compensate loss. “The Middle Passage”Positives: Trade, Livestock, Colonial possibilities
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494Pope Alexander VILine of Demarcation
Spain on the LeftPortuguese on the Right
Both countries agreed to Christianize the native ‘savages’ after the treaty was signed
Spain goes a step further and calls for all “inferiors” to convert to Christianity
The French and English didn’t care… they looked for new passageway through North America
Location:Vast empire from California to South America
and parts of the CaribbeanGoal of settlers:
Gain land and riches: GOLDReligious Conversion
Type of GovernmentKing exercised strict rule through the Council
of the Indies and Viceroys (Catholic Church)
Spanish
Religion:Roman Catholic – influenced local government
through Mission CommunitiesMission Communities used to convert to
ChristianityEconomy:
Closely controlled tradeSilver and Gold shipped back to Spain… not for
long.Queen Elizabeth and English Navy Vs. The Spanish
ArmadaEncomienda System [encomendar=to
entrust] lead to the importation of African Slaves to provided the labor
Spanish Continued
Spanish Missions
Location of SettlementsLarge area of eastern South America
Goals for Settlement?Land and plantationsReligious Conversion
GovernmentGrants of land issued to Nobles who sent
settlers to build towns.
The Portuguese
ReligionLandowners sent settlers to build Churches
first.Religious Conversion
EconomyPortuguese Nobles developed the land once
establishedBrazilwood exported, plantation agriculture, &
cattle raising.Indians and Africans forced to work together
Races MixMestizo [Spanish]Mestico [Portuguese]
Portuguese
LocationNearly half of North America and some of the
CaribbeanGoals of Settlers:
Fishing and Fur TradingWin Converts – [The only truly successful at
mission.]Government
The Crown didn’t really pay much attention at first then Louis XIV got much more involved.
France
ReligionCatholic
MissionariesLouis XIV prohibited
Protestant settlers from settling.
Economy:The Fur TradeCaribbean Island
slave trade
France
The French Samuel de Champlain founded
Quebec in 1608 He helped establish an empire from
the St.Lawrence River to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River
The French adopted a humane policy toward the Indians because all they wanted was trade
However, they brought disease and depleted animals for the fur trade
The first French colonists were the Huguenots (a Protestant variation)
All of their settlements failed due to famine, native attacks, or Spanish invasions.
Overall, initial French colonization efforts were weak
Location:Present Day East Coast of US and Caribbean.
Goals for Settlers:Commercial Ventures
Dutch East India CompanyLondon Company
Haven for the persecuted ReligiousProtestant Groups
Puritans QuakersCatholicsProtestants in General
The English
GovernmentRoyal Governors Large degree of self government
ReligionHaven for victims of Religious Persecution in
EnglandEconomy
Fishing Villages in New EnglandPlantations in South and Caribbean IslandsUsed Native Indians first, then traded African
Slaves
The English
England became interested in exploration because of Spain and Portugal’s wealth
Religiously, England was thoroughly Protestant because of Henry VIII’s marriage issues and his daughter, Elizabeth I’s push for Protestantism
Elizabeth I executed her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots for numerous assassination attempts
This upset King Phillip II of Spain and he sent the Spanish navy to invade Britain in 1588
Bringing it Home… The English
Comparisons
Traditional Henry VIII Post-Modern Henry VIII
The English “Sea Dogs” (pirates) and the navy easily defeated the illustrious Spanish Armada on a very foggy day
The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave the English a valid claim to the New World
English pirates like Sir Francis Drake discovered San Francisco
Sir Walter Raleigh founded the Roanoke Colony in North Carolina which later mysteriously disappeared …known as “The Lost Colony”
In 1600, there were no English settlements in the New World
English Colonization
The 3 G’s (3G Coverage)Gold, God, and Glory (in that order)• Essentially sums up what all European
nations were after• Claims of abundant gold and silver drove
warriors, sailors, and other ambitious men to seek glory while serving the Church
• A true win-win situation for God and Country
• National glory and religious mission went hand in hand
What Have We Learned?
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