commercial broilers

COMMERCIAL BROILERS

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SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS…FOR…

BROODINGNUTRITION

HOUSING AND EQUIPMENTMANAGEMENT

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Brooding

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ALL THE BIRD’S BODYSYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING 4

1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK

RESIDUAL YOLK

IMMATUREDIGESTIVE TRACT

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HATCH1 WEEKOF AGE

TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLDGREATER THAN REST OF BODY

Gut development

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DURING EMBRYOGENESIS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS

BEFORE THE BRAIN

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COMMERCIAL SCALE

BROODING

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SMALL SCALE

BROODING

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BROODING UNITS

LAMP-TYPE BROODER 10

BROODING

BROODING HEAT SOURCES11

BROODING UNITS

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THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOUIF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE

IN THE BROODER ?

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BROODINGTHE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

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BO

DY

WEI

GH

T

AGE

1000 HOURS

MOST CRITICAL PERIOD

42 DAYS

TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDSGROW VERY RAPIDLY

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….FACT….WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINESGUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES

Gut development

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Crop fill

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IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT

NUTRITIONIS FIXED

NUTRITIONIS NOT FIXED

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NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKINGWHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX

THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?

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SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATELIPID

PROTEINVITAMINSMINERALS

WATER21

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBER

…..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT…..IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATE

LIPID

PROTEIN 22

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER

MOST POULTRYEAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN

ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT23

IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER

…TODAY…FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY

75% OF THE TOTAL COST OFPRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS

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“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE

STARTER GROWER FINISHER LAYER

“General Nutrition”

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GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS(VENTRICULUS)

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KOILIN LINING 28

KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD

GROOVES

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GRITFED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE

NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE 30

KOILIN LAYER

GIZZARDGRIT

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HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK

?

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BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION

BODY WEIGHT

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DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION

DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML

“BROILERS”(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)

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Diseases of Poultry

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Newcastle diseases Virus

(ND/Ranikhet )

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Newcastle disease virus (NDV)• A type strain for avian paramyxoviruses. Members of this

family have a single stranded, linear, RNA, with an elliptical symmetry. The total genome is roughly 16,000 nucleotides. Replication of the virus takes place in the cytoplasm of the host cell.

• This family also includes important viruses such as mumps, human parainfluenza, sendai, simian virus-5 and recently emerged nipah and hendra viruses.

• NDV particle

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Newcastle Disease (ND)

• ND is caused by Newcastle disease virus• A disease with high infectivity.• Mortality rate is extremely high in chicken.• Depending on the virus strain responsible.• Practically, all avian species can be affected.

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Clinical symptoms of NDSudden death with few clinical signs• Respiratory symptoms• Nervous signs• Loss of appetite, depression, and lethargy• Dark greenish diarrhea• Decreased egg production

There is a marked hemorrhage of the comb, wattle, and adjacent skin.

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Newcastle disease

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Newcastle disease

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Newcastle disease

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Newcastle disease

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Newcastle disease

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Newcastle disease

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Newcastle disease

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Zoonotic importance

Newcastle disease Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is highly contagious.

Transmission occurs by exposure to faecal and other excretions from infected birds, and through contact with contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing.

Exposure of humans to infected birds can cause mild influenza-like symptoms and conjunctivitis, an abnormal eye discharge due to inflammation of the membrane lining the inside of the eyelid.

The infection can also cause nasal discharge, sneezing, and pneumonia. Left untreated, the infection tends to become chronic, lasting weeks or months.

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Newcastle disease virus (NDV)

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Newcastle disease virus (NDV)• NDV strains can be classfied into 3 pathotypes

Velogenic strains Mesogenic strains Lentogenic strains (vaccine)

• Wild or free-living birds (waterfowls) play a role in the spread of NDV

• Several outbreaks in many countries

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Transmission of NDV from wild birds

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The NDV genome• NDV has a single stranded negative-sense RNA genome,

which is approximately15 kb long. • The genomic RNA contains six genes encoding at least eight

proteins. • The nucleoprotein(NP), the phosphoprotein (P), and the

large polymerase protein (L) form the nucleocapsid. The haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) and fusion protein (F) anchored in the lipid bilayer of membrane in the external envelope,while inner layer of the virion envelope is formed by the matrix protein (M).

• The two additional non structural proteins, V and W are formed by the RNA editing process during P gene transcription.

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Newcastle disease virus (NDV)

8 genotypes of NDV strains can be isolated from the field 54

Diagnosis• Viurs isolation using embryonated eggs or tissue cultures

(chicken kidney cells)• HA test and HI test using the NDV-specific antiserum• Pathogenicity test 10-day-old embryo 1-day-old chick or nucleotide sequencing of the F gene• Detection of the NDV genome

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Detection methods of the NDV genome

• RT-PCR, RT-nested PCR (conventional, NP, F, HA, M)

• Real-time PCR (F, differentiation of genotypes)• Multiplex PCR• (NP, F, differentiation of genotypes)• LAMP

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NDV & Cancer• NDV selectively replicates in tumour cells and induces death while sparing

normal cells. • Due to this property, NDV has been exploited as a potential anti-cancer agent in

humans. • Based on the mechanism by which oncolysis is achieved, NDV has been

classified as lytic or non lytic strains for mammalian cells.• Lytic strains cause lysis of target cells by inducing changes in the plasma

membrane including syncytia formation. • These include 73-T31, MTH-68/H32, PV 70133, etc.• Non lytic strains cause tumour regression slowly by disrupting normal host cell metabolism. • This includes most commonly investigated Ulster strain. • Both strains replicate efficiently in tumour cells and have been investigated as

anti-cancer agents.

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Mechanisms of NDV-induced oncolysis

• First, lytic strains of the virus may simply kill the tumour cells directly and were found effective in preventing tumours from further spread.

• Secondly, for non lytic strains, the viral proteins inserted on to tumour cell membrane after infection may enhance an immune response.

• Finally, the virus itself may stimulate the host to produce effector cytokines such as interferons (IFN-γ) or TNF which activate (NK) cells, macrophages and sensitized T-cells.

• NDV also augments the expression of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in infected cells.

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Mechanisms of NDV-induced oncolysis

• There are reports that NDV induces NFκB and up regulates the expression of MHC I genes.

• NDV induces caspase dependent apoptosis in cancerous cells by both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.

• It was also found that NDV induces apoptosis by up regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic p53 and Bax and down regulating the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression in target cells.

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Broad spectrum antitumour activity of NDV

• Tumours of epithelial origin (carcinomas including breast, lung, prostate

and colon).• Neuroectodermal (melanomas, glioblastmas & neuroblastomas) • Mesenchymal origin (sarcomas).

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ClinicalTrials.govA service of U.S National institutes of health

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) for Cancer Patients Resistant to Conventional Anti-Cancer Modalities

This study is currently recruiting participants. Verified by Hadassah Medical Organization, February 2006

Condition Intervention Phase

Metastatic Cancer Procedure: Newcastle Virus Phase II

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ClinicalTrials.govA service of U.S National institutes of health

New Castle Disease Virus (NDV) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Sarcoma and Neuroblastoma

This study is not yet open for participants recruitment. Verified by Hadassah Medical Organization, August 2010

Condition Intervention Phase

GlioblastomaSarcoma

Neuroblastoma

Biological: New Castle Disease Virus

Phase IPhase II

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Phase I/II Trial of Intravenous NDV-HUJ Oncolytic Virus inRecurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme

Radiology, and Gaffin Center for Neuro-Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel (2009)

Complete tumor response. (A) Patient 09 at baseline, (B) stable disease at first follow-up, (C) partial response (PR) at second follow-up, (D) PR at 20 weeks from start of virotherapy, and (E and F) complete response at 25 and 30 weeks from start of virotherapy. 63

Infectious bursal disease (IBD)

GUMBORO

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD)• is a highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by

infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)• characterized by immunosuppression and mortality generally

at 3 to 6 weeks of age.• IBDV is a double stranded RNA virus that has a bi-segmented

genome and belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae.

• There are two distinct serotypes of the virus, but only serotype 1 viruses cause disease in poultry.

• IBDV genome consists of two segments, A and B, which are enclosed within a nonenveloped icosahedral capsid.

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD)• The genome segment B (2.9 kb) encodes VP1, the putative

viral RNA polymerase.• The larger segment A (3.2 kb) encodes viral proteins VP2,

VP3, VP4, and VP5. • VP2 protein contains important neutralizing antigenic sites

and elicits protective immune response and most of the amino acid (AA) changes between antigenically different IBDVs are clustered in the hypervariable region of VP2.

• The virus is attracted to lymphoid cells and especially those of B-lymphocyte origins.

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD)• Young birds at around two to eight weeks of age that have

highly active bursa of Fabricius are more susceptible to disease.

• Birds over eight weeks are resistant to challenge and will not show clinical signs unless infected by highly virulent strains.

• After ingestion, the virus destroys the lymphoid follicles in the bursa of Fabricius as well as the circulating B-cells in the secondary lyphoid tissues such as GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), CALT (conjuntiva), BALT (Bronchial) caecal tonsils, Harderian gland.

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD)

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD)

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD)

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FOWL POX

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FOWL POX• Fowlpox is a worldwide disease of poultry caused by viruses

of the family Poxviridae and the genus Avipoxvirus.• There are two forms of the disease. • The first is spread by biting insects (especially mosquitoes)

and wound contamination and causes lesions on the comb, wattles, and beak. Birds affected by this form usually recover within a few weeks.

• The second form is spread by inhalation of the virus and causes a diphtheritic membrane to form in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and sometimes the trachea. The prognosis for this form is poor.

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FOWL POX

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FOWL POX

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FOWL POX

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Infectious laryngotracheitis

(ILT)

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Infectious laryngotracheitis Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus is a herpes virus that causes

respiratory disease in chickens. characterized by severe dyspnea, coughing, and rales. It can also be a subacute disease with lacrimation, tracheitis,

conjunctivitis, and mild rales. The acute disease is characterized by the clinical signs and by

finding blood, mucus, and yellow caseous exudate or a hollow caseous cast in the trachea.

After recovery, some birds remain carriers for extended periods and become a source of infection for susceptible birds. The latent virus can be reactivated under stressful conditions.

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Infectious laryngotracheitis

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Infectious laryngotracheitis

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Infectious bronchitis

IB

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Infectious bronchitis• Infectious bronchitis is an acute, rapidly spreading, viral

disease of chickens.

• characterized by respiratory signs, decreased egg production, and poor egg quality.

• Some strains of the causative virus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), are nephropathogenic. The latter strains produce interstitial nephritis resulting in significant mortality.

• IBV, a coronavirus, is worldwide in distribution and has numerous serotypes.

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Infectious bronchitis• IBV is shed by infected chickens in respiratory discharges and

feces.

• The highly contagious virus is spread by airborne droplets, ingestion of contaminated feed and water, and contaminated equipment and clothing of caretakers.

• Naturally infected chickens and those vaccinated with live IBV may intermittently shed virus for many weeks or even months.

• Virus infection in layers and breeders occurs cyclically as immunity declines or on exposure to different serotypes.

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Infectious bronchitis

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Infectious bronchitis

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Infectious bronchitis

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Infectious bronchitis

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Infectious bronchitis

Stunting syndrome

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• Broiler chicks diseases

• Unknown etiology

• Impaired growth

• Bad feathering

• Bone abnormalities, Maldigestion and malabsorption

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Stunting syndrome

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Stunting syndrome

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Stunting syndrome

Hydropericardium syndrom

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• Avian adenoviruses (AAV) in chickens are the etiologic agents of 2 important diseases known as inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hydropericardium syndrome (HP).

• Characterized by the hepatitis, pale kidneys and pulmonary edema.

• Mortality varies from 12-75%

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Hydropericardium syndrom

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Hydropericardium syndrom

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Hydropericardium syndrom

Hydropericardium syndrom

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Hydropericardium syndrom

Marek’s Disease

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• Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens. It is named after József Marek.

• An infectious and highly contagious diseases caused by herpesvirus.

• Characterized by proliferation of lymphoid cells and their aggregation in any part of body but mostely peripheral nerve.

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Marek’s Disease

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Marek’s Disease

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Marek’s Disease

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Marek’s Disease

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Marek’s Disease

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Marek’s Disease

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Marek’s Disease