company confidential 1 a course on english literature prepared for: *stars* new horizons certified...

Company Confidential

1

A Course on English Literature

Prepared for: *Stars*

New Horizons Certified Professional Course

Parts of Speech

1. The Noun2. The Pronoun3. The Adjective4. The Verb5. The Adverb6. The Preposition7. The Conjunction8. The Interjection

The Noun(Naming Word)

A Noun is a word which is used as the name of a person, a place, a thing, an action, quality or state.

Exmp: Nupur is beautiful.

The Pronoun(Substituting Word)

The Pronoun is a word which is used in place of a noun.

Exmp: Mukul did not come as he was not well.

Types of Pronoun

There are eight types of pronoun but the main three are here:

1.Personal PronounsI, we, you, they, she or any thing.

2.Interrogative PronounWho, whose, whom, which, what

3.Relative PronounThat pronoun which joints the two sentences.Ex: I met Meenakshii, who returned my book.He broke my pencil, which I bought yesterday.

The Adjective(Qualifying Word)

An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a Noun or Pronoun.

It tells what kind of person, place, or thing. A noun or a pronoun is.

• It may also point out which one or how many.

Types of Adjective

There are eight types of adjectives but the main four are here:

1) Adjective of qualityThis shows noun’s quality, inferiority, fault, colour, structure etc..A blue lily, a fast friend, a cleaver girl

2) Proper AdjectiveThose adjective which make by proper noun called proper adjectives.The Mauryan Empire; A Chinese pilgrim; The Indian soldiers; the Buddhist religion.

EXAMPLES:

• That bear is black.

• The ship was an English vessel. (what kind)

• This factory is mine. (which one)

• Many people enjoy the annual dinner. (how many, which one)

3) Adjective of QuantityThe adjective which shows quantity of goodSome sugar; much weight; more food; enough water; sufficient labour; no sense.

4) Adjective of number

The word which shows goods numberTen temples; for cow; fourth row; single desk etc..

Types of Adjective

The Adverb(Modifying Word)

An Adverb is a word that modifies every part of speech except a Noun, pronoun and interjection.

Example: Maansii is very sincere.

Types of Adverb

There are three type of adverbs:

1)Simple Adverb

2)Relative Adverb

3)Interrogative Adverb

Simple Adverb

• Simple adverb shows: Time, place, number or frequency, manner, reason, degree and affirmation or negation.

It own has 7 types. 5 important adverbs are here:

1) Adverbs of manner which show how. (Example 1)Remember: all the adverbs which makes by adjectives and have –ly in the end are ADVERBS OF MANNER.

2)Adverbs of time, which show when. (Example 2)After, agr, early, late, now, then, soon, today, recently, shortly, immediately, afterwards etc.

3)Adverbs of place which show where. (Example 3)Here, there, in, out, up, down, which, without, above,

below, inside, near, away anywhere, backward etc.

4) Adverbs of Frequency or number which show how often. (Example 4)Once, twice, thrice, always, never, seldom, often, frequently, secondly, thirdly, again.

5) Adverbs of Degree which show how much. (Example 5)Very, much, more, too, quite, little, rather, partly, fully, wholly, so, any, enough, pretty, as, almost.

Simple Adverb

Cont.

AdverbCont.

• Relative AdverbRelative adverbs joints two sentences.

– This is the place where Gandhiji was shot dead.– He knows the way how a car is driven.– This is the reason why she was late.

• Interrogative Adverbs– Why are you so sad?– How are you feeling these days?

They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.

AdverbCont.

The Verb(Saying Word)

A Verb is a word used to say something about some person, place or thing.

Example: Sugar tastes sweet.

The Preposition(Governing Word)

A Preposition is a word which is used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.

Example : I hit the dog with

the stick.

Types of Preposition

There are three types of Prepositions

1) Simple PrepositionsIn, on, at, to, from, with, by etc...

2) Compound prepositionsAbout, across, among, between, beside, before etc..

3) Phrase prepositionsAccording to, in spite of, on account of, in front of, in order

to, for the sake of, by means of, with reference to, in addition to, due to etc..

The Conjunction(Connecting Word)

A Conjunction is a word which is used to join two words, clauses or sentences.

Example: Raman is tall and handsome.

Type Of Conjunctions

There are Two types of conjuction

1) Co-ordinating conjunction

2) Subordinating conjunction

Co-ordinating conjunction

(i) Cumulative conjunctionsand, also, both…and, as well as, now, too, no less than.

(ii) Alternative Conjunctionseither………or, neither………nor, else, or, otherwise

(iii) Adversative conjunctionsbut, yet, still, only, however, nevertheless, while, whereas

(iv) Illative conjunctions(in this one sentence is the result of the second sentence)for, therefore, so, then, so then

Subordinating conjunction

This conjunction is subordinates the principle clause. (besides this whole sentence doesn’t have any meaning) This shows:

– Time– Place– Cause– Purpose– Result– Condition– Manner– Comparison– Contrast

Using a Comma

• Before every joining word, a comma (,) must be used

Example: “I like soup, and I like sandwiches.”

• You also must check that a and/or can be used by taking out the , and/, or and replacing it with a period.

The Interjection(Exclamatory Word)

An Interjection is a word which expresses some

sudden feelings or emotions.

Example: Hurrah! I have stood first.

MODALS

Modal Verbs

All the auxiliary verbs that express the mode of action denoted by the main verbs are called modals.

Characteristics of Modals

1. This shows action, ability, power, permission, request, possibility, willingness.

2. This always use with the main verb. It can not use alone.

3. It doesn't effected by number of subject, gender and person.

4. It doest have any forms

5. It is not used in tenses

Main Modals

• Can

• Could

• May

• Might

• Must

• Ought to

• Shall

• Should

• Will

• Would

Present & past combinationsBase form of

modalCombined with present tense

Combined with past tense

Can Can Could

Will Will Would

May May Might

Shall Shall Should

Must Must Had to

Can

They can control

their own budgets.

We can’t fix it.

Can I smoke here?

Can you help me?

Ability / Possibility

Inability / Impossibility

Asking for permission

Request

CAN is used to indicate the possession of an ABILITY.

Different ways to express ability

• Can • Be able to• Be capable of (ING)• Have the ability to• Know how to

May

May I have another cup of coffee?

Asking for permission

CAN / MAY are also used to give PERMISSION.

May

China may become a

major economic power. Future possibility

CAN / MAY are used to indicate a present or future POSSIBILITY

Could

Could I borrow your dictionary?

Could you say it again more slowly?

We could try to fix it ourselves.

I think we could have another Gulf War.

He gave up his old job so he could work for us.

Asking for permission.

Request

Suggestion

Future possibility

Ability in the past

Might Possible Action In The Future

• We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.

• They might give us a 10% discount.

Present possibility

Future possibility

Must

• We must say good-bye now.

• They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.

Necessity /

Obligation

Prohibition

MUST is often used to indicate OBLIGATION.

Ought to To give someone advice

• We ought to employ a professional writer.

Saying what’s

right or correct

Shall

• Shall I help you with your luggage?

• Shall we say 2.30 then?

• Shall I do that or will you?

Offer

Suggestion

Asking what to do

Should

• We should sort out this problem at once.

Saying what’s right or

correct

SHOULD is often used to indicate what is regarded as PROBABLE or reasonably EXPECTED

Should

• I think we should check everything again.

• Profits should increase next year.

Recommending

action

Uncertain

prediction

Will

• I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.

• I'll do that for you if you like.

• I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday.

• Profits will increase next year.

Instant decisions

Offer

Promise

Certain prediction

Would

• Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?

• Would you pass the salt please?

• "Would three o'clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine."

• Would you like to play golf this Friday?

• "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."

Asking for permission

Request

Making arrangements

Invitation

Preferences

Other use of “Would”

If ‘HAVE’ is added to ‘would’ it becomes ‘would have’ The meaning of ‘would have’ is past imaginary action.

‘WOULD BE’ is used in FUTURE for WORK TO BE DONE. If ‘be’ is added to ‘would’, It becomes ‘would be’i.e. action to be done in future.

Used to

it is use to express an action that repeated regularly in the past.

When I was a child, my father used to read me a story at night before bedtime.

I used to live in California.

He used to be married.

Be supposed to

• The game is supposed to begin at 10:00.• I am supposed to go to the meeting.• The children are supposed to behave.*These sentences express expectations.

• Jack was supposed to call me last

night. I wonder why he didn’t.

*In the past it expresses unfulfilled expectations.

ASSIGNMENTS

• These sentences are wrong. Correct the mistakes.

• He can playing tennis very well.• We must to hurry or we’ll be late.• At the meeting tomorrow he may mentioned the

problem.• He’s been here for hours. He must been tired.• She should knows the answer.

PREPOSITION

ACROSS

BETWEEN

OVER

OUT

INTO FROM

AMONG

THROUGHUNTIL

DURING

A preposition is a connecting word that shows the

relation of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a

sentence. Avoid ending a sentence with a preposition

unless necessary to prevent an awkward sentence

construction. However, avoid stacking prepositional

phrases on top of one another.

•Location (on, under, in)

•Timing (before, after, during)

•Direction (from, toward, to)

Prepositions

aboard along behindbut

(except)

from off past until

about amid below by in on since up

above among beneath down inside onto through upon

across around beside during into out to with

after at between except near outside toward within

against before beyond for of over under without

Here is a list of the most common prepositions:

Use of INPrepositions of Place

• In(For an enclosed space)In before:

- A country- A state- A province- A city- A room number- The neighborhood- In the house, in the

kitchen, in the living room.

Example: Paarul is in Kitchen.

• In- Months- Years- Centuries- Long periods- Seasons- In a minute; in a few

days; in two weeks- Decade- Age

Example:

Baby is born in the month of

December.

Use of INPrepositions of Time

Use of ON

• On(For a surface)

Before:- A street- A road- On the before a floor- On the table- On the wall

• On- Special days- Days of the week- Dates

Example: On Christmas

• At(For a point)Before:- A building number- The store- At work- At home- At school- At the forum- At the theater- At the back of the class

• At- A Precise time- The weekend- Night- Noon- Festive periods- Midnight

Use of AT

• To– Going from one place to

another place.– Comparison– Before indirect object

Use of TO

Prepositions Example

The mouse is on the table.

Two things: mouse + table

Relationship: one is on the other

The mouse is under the table.

Two things: mouse + table

Relationship: one is under the other

The pizza in the oven is mine.

The girl by the door is my sister.

The runners raced around the track.

Prepositions Example

The cookies are in the oven.

I sat with my mom.

I chose a book from the library.

Prepositions Example

Now it is your turn!Write a sentence to describe where the girls are

standing.Remember to use a prepositional phrase!

THE END!!!THE END!!!

GREAT JOB!!!GREAT JOB!!!