comparative anatomy respiratory system note set 10 chapter 11
Post on 18-Dec-2015
224 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomy
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
Note Set 10Note Set 10
Chapter 11 Chapter 11
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
Gas exchange systemGas exchange system Oxygen and carbon dioxideOxygen and carbon dioxide
Fish- internal gills or lungsFish- internal gills or lungs Some amphibians- permanent Some amphibians- permanent
external gills (perennibranchiate)external gills (perennibranchiate) Others possess lungsOthers possess lungs
Accessory respiration Accessory respiration organsorgans Amphibian skinAmphibian skin
Figure 12.1: Adaptations for cutaneous respiration (hairy frog).
Fish Respiratory SystemFish Respiratory System
Gills associated with walls of Gills associated with walls of pharyngeal archespharyngeal arches
Internal gillsInternal gills Operculum- flap of skin covering gillsOperculum- flap of skin covering gills Spiracle- reduced 1Spiracle- reduced 1stst pharyngeal pharyngeal
arch openingarch opening NonfunctionalNonfunctional Not in higher fishNot in higher fish
Figure 12.2: Gills of shark and teleost.
Swim Bladder & LungsSwim Bladder & Lungs
Every vertebrate has lung Every vertebrate has lung diverticulumdiverticulum Pneumatic sacPneumatic sac
Which came first?Which came first? PhysoclistousPhysoclistous
Esophagus not connected to swim Esophagus not connected to swim
bladderbladder PhysostomousPhysostomous
Trachea to lungs or pneumatic sacTrachea to lungs or pneumatic sacFigure 12.3: Swim bladders and urodele lungs.
Lung diverticulum came firstLung diverticulum came first Then pneumatic duct in teleostsThen pneumatic duct in teleosts Swim bladder was possibly a secondary Swim bladder was possibly a secondary
modification of lungmodification of lung
Primitive Fish Have Primitive Fish Have Primitive LungPrimitive Lung
Figure 12.4: Evolution of lungs and swim bladders.
Swim BladderSwim Bladder
Red glands (gas glands)- network of Red glands (gas glands)- network of small arteriessmall arteries Provide oxygen to swim bladderProvide oxygen to swim bladder
Figure 12.6: Rete mirabile in fish, red indicates high oxygen concentration.
Figure 12.5: Swim bladder (red) of fish.
Swim Bladder Swim Bladder (cont.)(cont.)
Weberian ossiclesWeberian ossicles Swim bladder may act as sound Swim bladder may act as sound
chamberchamber
Figure 12.7: Weberian apparatus for transmitting swim bladder vibrations to ear.
Figure 12.8: Weberian ossicles.
Tetrapod LungsTetrapod Lungs Diaphragmatic muscles pull the liver posteriorly Diaphragmatic muscles pull the liver posteriorly
via an attachment to the posthepatic septum in via an attachment to the posthepatic septum in crocodilianscrocodilians
Most turtles also use diaphragmatic muscles to Most turtles also use diaphragmatic muscles to alter volume of cavity within the shell.alter volume of cavity within the shell.
Figure 12.9: Lower respiratory tract of bird.
Avian LungsAvian Lungs
Birds- modified lungs and ductsBirds- modified lungs and ducts Air sacs associated with lungsAir sacs associated with lungs Increase respiratory capacity for flightIncrease respiratory capacity for flight
TracheaTrachea
Passageway to lungsPassageway to lungs Larynx- voice box at Larynx- voice box at
headhead Laryngeal cartilagesLaryngeal cartilages Sound produced- vocal sacSound produced- vocal sac
Snake hissing- expulsion Snake hissing- expulsion of air from lungsof air from lungs
Figure 12.10: Human trachea and larynx (see book figure 13.13b).
TracheaTrachea
Birds- Syrinx instead of Birds- Syrinx instead of larynxlarynx Lower end of tracheaLower end of trachea Not homologous to larynxNot homologous to larynx Incapable of producing soundIncapable of producing sound
Mammals- man has larynxMammals- man has larynx Different cartilagesDifferent cartilages Epiglottis over glottis to Epiglottis over glottis to
larynxlarynx Diaphragm Diaphragm
Figure 12.11: Asymmetrical bronchotracheal syrinx of duck (book figure 13.16).
Accessory Respiratory Accessory Respiratory OrgansOrgans
Yolk sacYolk sac In embryo In embryo
SkinSkin Many fish and amphibiansMany fish and amphibians Ex: African Clawed frog (Ex: African Clawed frog (XenopusXenopus)- chin )- chin
barbelsbarbels Rectum & CloacaRectum & Cloaca
Highly vascularized in some fishHighly vascularized in some fish Ex: Aquatic turtlesEx: Aquatic turtles
Literature CitedLiterature CitedFigure Figure 12.1 & .1 & 12.4: Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, .4: Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy,
Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure Figure 12.2, .2, 12.3, .3, 12.7, .7, 12.9 & 12.11: Kent, George C. and Robert K. .9 & 12.11: Kent, George C. and Robert K.
Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Hill, 2001.
Figure Figure 12.5: .5: http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryWZ.hthttp://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryWZ.html#Wml#W
Figure Figure 12.6: .6: http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryC.htmlhttp://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryC.html
Figure Figure 12.8: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp .8: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp Figure Figure 12.10: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp.10: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp
top related