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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Competing and cooperating with AI
Pantelis P. Analytis
April 25, 2018
1 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
1 Human behavior in Chess
2 Competing with AI
3 Cooperative machines?
4 The Turing test
5 Moral machines?
6 Assignment 3
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The case of chess
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Human behavior in chess
The first stage was the ’orientation phase’, in which thesubject assessed the situation and determined a verygeneral idea of what to do next.
The second stage, the ’exploration phase’ was manifestedby looking at some branches of the game tree.
The third stage, or ’investigation phase’ resulted in thesubject choosing a probable best move.
Finally, in the fourth stage, the ’proof phase’, saw thesubject confirming with him/herself that the results of theinvestigation were valid.
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Human behavior in chess
Masters search through about the same number ofpossibilities as weaker players-perhaps even fewer, almostcertainly not more-but they are very good at coming upwith the ’right’ moves for further consideration, whereasweaker players spend considerable time analyzing theconsequences of bad moves.
De Groot found an intriguing difference between mastersand weaker players in his short-term memory experiments.Masters showed a remarkable ability to reconstruct a chessposition almost perfectly after viewing it for only 5 sec.
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Pattern recognition in chess experts (Chase andSimon, 1978)
6 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Pattern recognition in chess experts (Chase andSimon, 1978)
7 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Artificial intelligence timeline
8 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Search strategies
39 19.000 possible boards.
326.000 possible games since sequence matters.
9 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Search strategies
10 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Samuel’s checkers player
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Bernstein’s chess player
12 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Tesauro’s TD-gammon
13 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
14 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
IBM’s Watson
15 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Human winners in Jeopardy
16 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Watson’s progress
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Evidence accumulation in humans
18 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Performance In Atari games
19 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Performance In Atari games
20 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
AlphaGo
21 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
AlphaGo
22 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
AlphaGo
23 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Texas holdem and Libratus
24 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The graph coloring problem
25 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The graph coloring problem (Kearns et al. 2006)
26 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The graph coloring problem (Kearns et al. 2006)
27 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
With a little help from the bots (Shirado andChristakis, 2017)
28 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
With a little help from the bots (Shirado andChristakis, 2017)
29 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Cooperation with machines, (Crandall et al. 2017)
30 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Cooperation with machines (Crandall et al. 2017)
31 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Cooperation with machines (Crandall et al. 2017)
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The Turing test
33 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Elisa: the first chatbot
Developed by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966 to imitate thebehavior of a Rogerian psychotherapist.
34 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Parry: bot with schizophrenia
the only serious and interesting attempt by any programdesigner to win even a severely modified Turing test has beenKenneth Colby. He had genuine psychiatrists interview PARRY.He did not suggest that they might be talking or typing to acomputer; rather he made up some plausible story about whythey were communicating with a real live patient via teletype.Then he took the PARRY transcript, inserted it into a group ofteletype transcripts and gave them to another group ofexperts?more psychiatrists?and said, ’One of these was aconversation with a computer. Can you figure out which one itwas?’ They couldn’t.—in Daniel Dennett
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Captcha and the inverse Turing test
36 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The trolley problem
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The trolley problem: the fat guy
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Variations of the problem
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Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The autonomous car dilemma
40 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The autonomous car dilemma
Study one had 182 participants, while study two 451.
41 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The autonomous car dilemma
Study three had 259 participants, study four 267, studyfive 367 and study six 393.
42 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The position based model
43 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The position based model
44 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
The cascade model
45 / 47
Competingand
cooperatingwith AI
Pantelis P.Analytis
Humanbehavior inChess
Competingwith AI
Cooperativemachines?
The Turingtest
Moralmachines?
Assignment 3
Dynamic Bayesian network model
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