composites for aerospace applications
Post on 13-Nov-2014
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Materials
Lecture Topics• Wood and fabric
• Metals• Metals
• Composites
• Other considerations
ReadingSorry, not covered in book
Early Airplanes• Pre-1930’s most airplanes were
made with wood and fabric - organic
• Wood is strong, easy to work, and plentiful
• Cotton fabric covered airframe and shaped airfoil
Pre WWI & WWI• Wire-Braced Wood
Frames / Fabric Covered
• Wood had to have very straight grain
• Wood can rot
• Properties of wood• Properties of wood pieces varied (no manufacturing control)
Post WWI• Wire Braced Metallic
Space Frame with Fabric CoverFabric Cover
• Steel tubing replaced wood
• Welded joints are critical
• Aluminum wasn’t strong enough
Pre WWI & WWII• Duralumin (invented in Germany - 1909)
started to be used
• More knowledge of materials allowed engineers to create stronger yet non-brittle metals
• Monocoque and stressed skin construction• Monocoque and stressed skin construction
Failure Modes
Yield(ductile)
Fracture(brittle)
buckling
Alloys• Alloys are mixtures of basic metals with
other elements
• Duraluminum = small parts of copper and magnesium added to aluminum
• Steel = varying amounts of carbon in ironiron
Aluminum Alloys
Aircraft Metals• Steel alloys: too heavy now but used
for landing gear
• Aluminum alloys: used for modern aircraft
• Titanium alloys: good for high y g gtemperatures but very $$$
Composite Materials
• A material system composed of two or more distinct constituents that are mechanically combined to possess unique and desired properties
Can you name any?
Examples:
• Natural Wood (fibrocellulosic in lignin)
• Plywood (lignin fibers/ phenolic)
• Fiberglass (glass fiber/ polyester)
• Carbon fiber or Kevlar fiber/ epoxyCarbon fiber or Kevlar fiber/ epoxy
Why Composites ?High strength-to-density ratio
High modulus-to-density ratio
Advantages of Composites
Strength per unit mass
Stiffness per unit mass
Advantages of Composites• Composites last longer – less fatigue
Advantages of Composites• Less Thermal Expansion
Advantages of Composites• Performance improvements (lower weight)
– Lower D.O.C.’s (incl. fuel savings)– More cargo revenue
• Reduced maintenance– Large reduction in fatigue and corrosion
maintenance• Potential manufacturing cost reduction
– Better material usage– Reduced assembly/ part count
• Increased Design freedom– Tailored to a specific application– Complex shapes can be manufactured
Disadvantages of Composites• Difficult to predict strength
• Less knowledge of material forcesLess knowledge of material forces “overbuilding” which negates weight advantage
• Engineers are still learning about fatigue properties of compositesp p p
• Environmental Sensitivity (Temp., UV, Lightning)
• Cost
Composite Materials• Fiber reinforced composite materials
consist of fibers & matrixM t i ( l ) id l d t f– Matrix (glue) – provides load transfer between fibers, support & protection
– Fiber – provides the strength and stiffness
Aerospace Composite Materials• Fibers:
– Aramid (Kevlar™)– Glass (E, S,…)– Carbon (Graphite)– ….
• Matrix:– Polyester Fiberglassy– Epoxy– ….
Fiberglass
Aramid
Carbon Fiber
Why Thin Fibers?• Smaller diameter has fewer number of internal flaws
• More bonding surface area
• Molecular alignment
• More flexibilitystrength
Composites Applications
Composites in Airplanes• Plywood – WWII
• Polymer matrix compositesy p
– Graphite/Epoxy
– Aramid/Epoxy
– Fiberglass
• Metal matrix composites
• Ceramic matrix composites
The de Haviland Mosquito with Balsa plywood skin (1940)
Aerospace Applications• Military aircraft
Aerospace Applications• General aviation: Complete composite fuselages
Raytheon Premier I Raytheon Horizon
AASI Jetcruzer 500
Visionaire Corp. VA10 (Vantage)
Aerospace Applications• Transports
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Summary• Early materials – “organic”
– Wood– CottonCotton
• Metals – Steel– Aluminum & Titanium alloys
• CompositesFiberglass– Fiberglass
– Carbon– Kevlar,– Plywood
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