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Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels11/04/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Enterprise Architecture for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Maxime BernaertPromoter: Prof. Dr. Geert Poels
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels2
Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Architecture (EA)1: a holistic approach to keep things aligned in a company (IT - business, operations - strategy).
Holistic overview: Optimization of the company as a whole
(essentials are more stable than specific solutions) Strategy --> Operations Understood by all those involved
1Lankhorst M (2009) Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modelling, Communication and Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels3
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels4
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels5
Enterprise Architecture
Some advantages: Common architecture from multiple stakeholders Overview with different viewpoints Testing environment Analysis and optimization Change impact analysis Find best-fitted ERP system
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels6
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises2
European definition• <= 250 employees• Annual turnover <= 50 million euros or total assets <=
43 million euros
2European Commission (2003) Recommendation 2003/361/EC: SME Definition. Official Journal of the European Union 46 (L 124) (6)
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels7
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Important for economy3
• 20.8 million SMEs in Europe (99.8% of all companies)• 19.2 million micro enterprises (<= 10 employees,
turnover <= 2 million euros or total assets <= 2 million euros)
• 70% of European jobs, 58.4% of gross production
3European Commission (2010) Are EU SMEs Recovering from the Crisis? Annual Report on EU Small and Medium Sized Enterprises 2011
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels8
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
EA for SMEs???4,5
Not known in SMEs Not used in SMEs
4De Nil S, Deprost E, Bernaert M, Poels G (2012) Van Strategie tot Procesmodellering in Kleine en Middelgrote Organisaties: Een Exploratief Onderzoek. University of Ghent, Ghent5Devos J (2011) IT Governance for SMEs. University of Ghent, Ghent
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels9
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Problems faced by SMEs Lack of structure and overview in the company6
6O'Gorman C (2001) The Sustainability of Growth in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Int J Entrep Behav Res 7 (2):60-75
0 2 5 10 15
100%
70%50%
33%25%
Survival Rate
Year
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels10
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Problems faced by SMEs ERP adoption (fit with current business)? Communication (processes, strategy)? Concrete job description? Strategy and processes change (alignment?) Asses impact of changes? Different stakeholders? New CEO? Knowledge as a production factor?
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels11
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Solutions provided by EA Easier to find a suitable ERP system Processes and strategy are explicitly modeled Job description can be queried Processes are explicitly linked with strategy Different domains are interrelated Stakeholders are linked with their goals Knowledge of CEO can be made explicit Entrepreneurial knowledge can be shared
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels12
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
EA for SMEs??? Not known in SMEs Not used in SMEs Adoption models
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels13
Adoption Models
Technology Acceptance Model7
Most referred model for information technology adoption
Perceived usefulness: the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance
Perceived ease of use: the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort
7Davis FD (1989) Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Q 13 (3):319-340
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels14
Adoption Models
Technology Acceptance Model
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels15
Adoption Models
Method Evaluation Model8
Model for method evaluation of IS design research TAM and Methodological Pragmatism9:
“Regardless of the potential benefits of IS design methods published, unless they are used in practice, these benefits cannot be realized”
8Moody DL The Method Evaluation Model: A Theoretical Model for Validating Information Systems Design Methods. In: Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Information Systems, Naples, Italy, 20039Rescher N (1977) Methodological Pragmatism: A Systems-Theoretic Approach to the Theory of Knowledge. Basil Blackwell, Oxford
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels16
Adoption Models
Methodological Pragmatism
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels17
Adoption Models
Method Evaluation Model
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels18
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
EA for SMEs??? Increase the perceived usefulness
• Increase actual effectiveness• Advantages for SMEs in practice
Increase the perceived ease of use• Adapt methods to an SME context (in practice)• Complexity10 (= 1/actual efficiency) must be decreased
From actual to perceived efficacy• Test in SMEs: feedback + EA gets better known
10Rogers EM, Shoemaker FF (1971) Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach. The Free Press, New York
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels19
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels20
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Design Science11
11Hevner AR, March ST, Park J, Ram S (2004) Design Science in Information Systems Research. MIS Q 28 (1):75-105
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels21
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Design Science: seven guidelines1. A metamodel and method are created (guideline 1: creation
of an artifact) 2. for SMEs (guideline 2: for a specified problem domain).3. The approach is evaluated in case studies (guideline 3:
thorough evaluation of the artifact).4. No specific EA approach for SMEs exists (guideline 4:
innovative, novelty).5. The metamodel and method have to be formalized
(guideline 5: the artifact must be rigorously defined, formally represented, coherent, and internally consistent).
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels22
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Design Science: seven guidelines6. The case studies are used to refine the metamodel and
develop and refine the method (guideline 6: search process).7. Finally, articles have to be written about the approach, both
in academic journals as in journals for practitioners. Even more important, the approach has to be implemented and tested in practice (guideline 7: communication both to a technical and managerial audience).
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels23
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels24
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels25
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Five criteria for SMEs (derived from characteristics)1. The approach should enable SMEs to time efficiently
work on strategic issues.2. A person with limited IT skills should be able to apply the
approach.3. It should be possible to apply the approach with little
assistance of external experts.4. The approach should enable making descriptions of how
things are done in the company.5. The CEO must be involved in the approach.
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels26
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Five criteria for EA (derived from definition)1. Control: “Controlling the complexity of the enterprise.”2. Holistic Overview: “EA has to capture the essentials of
the enterprise (more stable).”3. Objectives: “Translation from corporate strategy to daily
operations.”4. Suitable for its target audience (here: SMEs):
“Understood by all those involved.” 5. Enterprise: “Optimization of the company as a whole
instead of doing local optimization within individual domains.”
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels27
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels28
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels29
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Five criteria for EA (derived from definition)1. Control: “Controlling the complexity of the enterprise.”2. Holistic Overview: “EA has to capture the essentials of
the enterprise (more stable).”3. Objectives: “Translation from corporate strategy to daily
operations.”4. Suitable for its target audience (here: SMEs):
“Understood by all those involved.” 5. Enterprise: “Optimization of the company as a whole
instead of doing local optimization within individual domains.”
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels30
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Five criteria for EA (derived from definition)1. Control: “Controlling the complexity of the enterprise.”2. Holistic Overview: “EA has to capture the essentials of
the enterprise (more stable).”3. Objectives: “Translation from corporate strategy to daily
operations.”4. Suitable for its target audience (here: SMEs):
“Understood by all those involved.” (Simple)5. Enterprise: “Optimization of the company as a whole
instead of doing local optimization within individual domains.”
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels31
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Existing EA techniques
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels32
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
CHOOSE metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels33
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels34
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels35
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels36
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels37
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Research stepsSmall and medium sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Criteria
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Validation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels38
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels39
Past Work
Integrating the semantics of events, processes and tasks across requirements engineering layersBernaert M, Poels G, PhD Day FEB UGent 2010, May 28th, Ghent
A Consolidated Enterprise Reference Model - Integrating McCarthy's and Hruby's Resource-Event-Agent Reference ModelsLaurier W., Bernaert M., Poels G. 2010. ICEIS (3), pp. 159-164
Integrating the semantics of events, processes and tasks across requirements engineering layersBernaert M, Poels G, 2010. Proceedings of the Doctoral Consortium of the 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE'10), Hammamet, Tunisia, 2010, pp. 11-19.
The Quest for Know-How, Know-Why, Know-What and Know-Who: Using KAOS for Enterprise ModellingBernaert M, Poels G, PhD Day FEB UGent 2011, May 24th, Ghent
Het Realiseren van een Globaal Procesoverzicht bij Gedecentraliseerde ProcesarchitecturenVancaeneghem T., Bernaert M., Poels G., 2011, Thesis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels40
Past Work
The quest for know-how, know-why, know-what and know-who: using KAOS for enterprise modelingBernaert M, Poels G, 2011. 6th International Workshop on Business/IT Alignment and Interoperability (BUSITAL), London, UK, 2011. In: LECTURE NOTES IN BUSINESS INFORMATION PROCESSING 83: 29-40.
The Quest for Know-How, Know-Why, Know-What and Know-Who: Using KAOS for Enterprise ModellingBernaert M, Poels G, 2011, Proceedings of the 6th SIKS Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, pp. 15 - 16, Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (EIS2011) (Delft (The Netherlands)).
De zoektocht naar Know-How, Know-Why, Know-What en Know-Who: architectuur voor kleinere bedrijven in vier dimensiesBernaert M, 2011, Informatie, November nummer, 34-41.
Enterprise architecture for small and medium sized enterprisesBernaert M, Poels G, PhD Day FEB UGent 2012, May 25th, Ghent
Keuzes Maken binnen Processen: Het Vermijden van een Russische Roulette voor de OrganisatiesHeyse M., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2012), Thesis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels41
Past Work
Van Strategie tot Procesmodellering in Kleine en Middelgrote Organisaties: Een Exploratief OnderzoekDe Nil S., Deprost E., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2012), Thesis
Submitted Enterprise Architecture for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Bernaert M, Poels G, 2012, Submitted for Information Systems and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs): State of art of IS research in SMEs
In progress Mapping the CHOOSE metamodel on ArchiMate
Roose D., Vansteenlandt J., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2012), Thesis Softwareondersteuning voor een business architectuur in Access en Java
Ingelbeen D., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis Business architecture modelling in CHOOSE: an internationalized application for Android
tabletsMaes J., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels42
Past Work
Next generation media: a user-friendly Android tablet application for business architecture modellingDumeez J., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis
Business architectuur modellering in CHOOSE: een gebruiksvriendelijke applicatie aangepast aan de user interface van de iPadVerhulst P., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis
Business architectuur modellering in KMO’s: case study onderzoek ter verfijning en validatie van de CHOOSE-methodeCallaert M., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis
Business architectuur modellering in CHOOSE: een gebruiksvriendelijke applicatie voor de iPhonePuylaert O., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis
Softwareondersteuning voor een business architectuur in EclipseZutterman S., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis
Next generation media: a user-friendly iPad application for business architecture modellingOtte M., Bernaert M., Poels G. (2013), Thesis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels43
Future Work
More case studies (started) Effective in examining application in real-world scenarios,
particularly in emerging research domains12
Formalize metamodel (ConceptBase & OCL) (planned)
Develop method (started) Finish tool support (half way) Link with ArchiMate (planned)
12Yin RK (2003) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, vol 5. Applied Social Research Methods Series. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, USA
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert and Geert Poels44
Questions
Maxime Bernaert
Maxime.Bernaert@UGent.be
FEB08, Tweekerkenstraat 2
9000 Ghent, Belgium
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