connectivity in action/form. a model for evaluating spatial impacts of wireless communication

Connectivity in action/form:

A model for evaluating spatial impacts of wireless communication

Agency/Agents of Urbanity ColloquiumSelena Savic, selena.savic@epfl.ch IST/EPFL

Marko Tirnanic, Free Will, 2012

Marko Tirnanic, Free Will, 2012

wireless signals

wireless network infrastructure

wireless network infrastructure

wireless network infrastructure

architecturality

architecturality architecture action performativity{

architecturality architecture, wireless communication agency{ {

agency?

agency :

conceptual currency across different (sub)disciplines a conceptual currency across different sub-disciplines

agency :

a capacity of a system to regulate its relationshipwith the environment a conceptual currency across different sub-disciplines

wireless signals | agents of connectivitywireless signals

wireless signals | form given to wirelessness through action

representationalismsocial constructivism performative turn

speech act, Austinperformance studies, SchechnerSTS, Latour

>

performativity of architecture

performative != performance

event

environment

non-human agents

architecture

architecture ~ event

form follows performance

experience space

postpolitical infrastructures > spatial products

architecturality of architecture

architecturality of architecture

performativity

architecture

agency of architecture

agency of architecture

architecturality architecture

agency performativity architecturality → → → wireless communication signals ?

wireless communication signals

attune

Boeing Uses 20K Pounds of Potatoes to Test Aircraft Wireless Signals

mapping wireless signals

conjunctive envelope

infrastructure space

Connect or Notactive structure for the active form

Connect or Not: interaction diagram

Connect or Notat the interface of wireless communication, people and space

Agency/Agents of Urbanity ColloquiumSelena Savic, selena.savic@epfl.ch IST/EPFL

Thank you.

Selena Savicselena.savic@epfl.ch @jazoza

Connectivity in action/form:

A model for evaluating spatial impacts of wireless communication

Agency/Agents of Urbanity ColloquiumSelena Savic, selena.savic@epfl.ch IST/EPFL

In this talk, we will meander through several transdisciplinary paradigms needed to build a conceptual framework for evaluation of wireless communication's impact on space

Marko Tirnanic, Free Will, 2012

I will try to explain how wireless communication signals partake in production of the space of connectivity that is - or not - available to people and devices.

Marko Tirnanic, Free Will, 2012

This is a form. And an action. This is a representation of a 'binary' space, made by the view of video surveillance cameras.

Connectivity propagates through space in a similar way. ////////////////We will look into another experiment with wirelessness and form at the end of this presentation.

wireless signals

This is a standard representation of wireless signals at a given place and time – and it is not very spatial.

wireless network infrastructure

This is a more distributed representation of wireless network infrastructure - built from scattered devices, base stations, repeaters, access points and ‘a bouillon of waves’ that connect them

wireless network infrastructure

wireless network infrastructure has a prominent place in our interaction with the environment and with each other

wireless network infrastructure

nevertheless, it is rarely studied in its full complexity, including all actants that are involved

Ideal propagation models cannot fully account for their propagation. It is actually really hard to accurately represent wireless signals.

thus we recognize the difficulty to read its impact on space and people - caused mainly by the lack of bridges between knowledge about wireless infrastructures, knowledge of urban form and architecture and knowledge about (human) experience

architecturality

in order to bridge some of these gaps, I introduce the term architecturality :a property common to all architecture but exceeding the limits of built artefacts and urban spaces.

architecturality architecture action performativity{

Architecturality is examined through the notion of performativity (Barad, 2003; Smitheram, 2011) and form-giving-action (Easterling, 2012) as a potential for affecting the experience of space in a significant way

architecturality architecture, wireless communication agency{ {

architecturality of wireless communication infrastructure should result from the fact that wireless signals, like architecture, have agency.

agency?

can we say that wireless signals have agency?

agency :

conceptual currency across different (sub)disciplines a conceptual currency across different sub-disciplines

often used in contemporary research discourse as conceptual currency across different (sub)disciplines

agency :

a capacity of a system to regulate its relationshipwith the environment a conceptual currency across different sub-disciplines

My understanding of agency relies on a combination of cognitive and philosophical perspectives For this study, we will describe it as a capacity of a system to actively regulate its relationship within the environment.

I look at wireless communication signals as agents of connectivity. Their purpose is not to simply transmit ‘a’ message but to exist as radiation, covering as much surface as possible with as much signal strength.

wireless signals | agents of connectivitywireless signals

Connectivity is inevitably linked to a spatial configuration, connecting one point with another.

wireless signals | form given to wirelessness through action

On the other hand, connectivity has its own materiality, which is realized through its continuous performance on and of space and people. We will try to account for these inter/intra-relations/actions and examine the form given to wirelessness through action.

In this respect, we adopt a post-humanist perspective and the notion of non-human agency discussed in flat-ontological philosophy (De Landa, Bryant) as well as post-structuralist accounts of agency and performativity (Barad, Smitheram) //////////////////////Posthumanism is an intellectual effort to dismantle the common anthropocentric world viewFlat ontology is made of entities differing in spatio-temporal scale but not in ontological status.

representationalismsocial constructivism performative turn

speech act, Austinperformance studies, SchechnerSTS, Latour

>

In humanities, performative turn was a reaction to the limitations imposed by a representational world view in social constructivism, which was the dominant intellectual trend throughout 1960s. John Austin’s influential theory of Speech Act (1962) inspired performance studies in performing arts and theatre (Schechner, 2003) rooting also in the discourse of natural and economic sciences and science technology studies (STS) throughout 1990s and 2000s.

performativity of architecture

The performative paradigm has entered architectural discourse from different grounds in relatively recent years. Inspired by de Certeau’s notion of ‘tactic’, artists and architects took it to their practice to find a way of interpreting spatial practices architecturally and socially. We can trace the origins of these ideas to Lefebvre's notion of space as a product of some form of social interaction (Lefebvre, 1991)or to Situationist International, to whom performance was instrumental in challenging city structures.

performative != performance

Performative is opposite of representational but it is also different from performance – not a mere adjective;“performative” denotes a potential for action, focusing on experience. ////////////////// Following on Judith Buttler's distinction of performance which presumes some-body performing; and performativity which is made through discourse - or event, we explore the performative paradigm in architectural discourse

event

environment

non-human agents

architecture

it is unfolding in in three distinct directions - (1) architecture performed by bodies (carving, void)(2) complex interaction with the environment (Grobman & Neuman; Hensel, Kolarevic & Malkawi, ) which can be measured, simulated and used as a design parameter(3) performativity of non-human actors, architecture included. created by experience or algorithms

architecture ~ event

So firstly, architecture as event in the work of Koolhaas and Tschumi, meant that performance and event invert the additive process of design into a process of ‘carving’ (Tschumi, 1983) - architecture is thus a product of the event,

form follows performance

Another prominent interpretation of performativity in the architectural context is what Kolarevic described as ‘form follows performance’ logic. Performance is understood as something that can be simulated and assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by digital technologies (Kolarevic & Malkawi, 2005). This “reduces” performance to a design principle, and we would like to keep it in a more general perspective

experience space

according to post-structuralist theorists spatial performativity is “a way to understand how power relations structure, and are embodied and performed, in relation to architecture.” they talk about experience-space, which is a composite of its performance and performativity.

postpolitical infrastructures > spatial products

Finally, in Easterling’s writing about performativity of infrastructure space, it is information itself which organises buildings. It is the undeclared political and economic algorithms of incentivised urbanism that generate 'spatial products' from repeatable formulas. For her, this action is form.

architecturality of architecture

it is not a nonsense to discuss architecturality of architecture, no less than it is to talk about smell of the air.

architecturality of architecture

performativity

architecturality is in a direct link with performativity of architecture.Performativity is understood in its broadest sense, as action residing in objects, structures, infrastructures. the suffix -ity conveys the notion of a state, condition, or mode of existence

architecture

what is architecture able to perform?

agency of architecture

taking one classical example, this is architecture that raised so much debate about design responsibility, directly blamed for facilitating criminal behaviour (Newman, 1972)

agency of architecture

notorious for problems of concentrated crime, poverty and racial segregation, twenty years after its completion, all 33 Pruitt Igoe buildings were detonated.

architecturality architecture

we have already seen how buildings can RENDER EXPERIENCE.A wall is not just a passive entity in space - it actively stands in the way, it visually and functionally organises space. Otherwise, why would Serra’s Tilted Arc provoke such a strong reaction to be finally removed by a court order? ///////// As Easterling insists, activity is inherent not only in things that move (cars) but also in urban organisations and spaces in general, residing in the relationship of its various parts (Easterling, 2012).

architecturality of some architectures is more architectural. These houses for example, are rather neutral, they are not putting forward their aesthetic or organisation principle, they act partially as a shelter, partially as an expression of their inhabitants. This is not architecture we learn about in school.

On the other hand, we have recognizable, signature architecture whose influence on both its use and its surrounding is much higher; here we have everything from political propaganda, such as citizens walking on the rooftop

or watching the parliament in seat ….

eclectic, delirious experiments

to hard core (declared) functionalism which is engineering lifestyles together with concrete supports and the rhythm of openings...

Architecturality of architecture can be measured as the extent to which it is able to actively shape the flow of activities, objects and people.

agency performativity architecturality → → → wireless communication signals ?

How can thoughts on agency, performativity and architecturality help us construct a model for evaluating spatial impacts of wireless communication?

wireless communication signals

attune

as in phenomenological inquiries in general - object, units, phenomena, actants are all already there, but we need to attune our senses to them in order to be able to grasp them intellectually.

Boeing Uses 20K Pounds of Potatoes to Test Aircraft Wireless Signals

For example, if we attune ourselves to signal interference, we will see that active form of wireless signals gets absorbed by buildings, human bodies Here we have a manifestation of this interference. Trying to develop a more reliable method for deploying wireless connectivity during flight, BOEING runs tests using potatoes in place of humans, because they work well at replicating the normal interactions between wireless signals and a living, human bodyhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2413533,00.asp

mapping wireless signals

Attuned to signal availability, numerous research projects engaged with mapping signal availability and propagation to space (here an example from a research conducted at IST, 2007 synchronizing spatial information in a crossover of space syntax and spatial information visualization)

conjunctive envelope

This is an attempt at visualisation of the ‘conjunctive envelope’ formed out of wireless chipsets, radio frequency signals, algorithmic processes, space, time…. is “a spatial-temporal fold that configures and concentrates” inter-actions or exchanges. in empiricist terms, it alters the way ‘the world hangs together’ (James 1912)

infrastructure space

Easterling advocates recognition and design of active forms. Active form is the expression of activity and not its representation, as is usually the case with architectural (master)pieces. Active form established what an organisation will be doing.Infrastructure space is not only a substructure of built spaces but a structure itself.

Connect or Notactive structure for the active form

What could be the form of wireless communication signals' action? How might we approach the design of this active form? A series of experiments under the common name “Connect or Not” were devised to enable this interaction.

Connect or Not: interaction diagram

Connect or Not questions current wireless signals space occupancy in a playful way. The structure reacts to both people's action and network action. People's action here is limited to the use of networks and space – changing positions and generating network traffic. Space and people act as interference in network signals propagation, the latter trying to cover as much surface as possible with as much signal strength. The structure acts at the interface of these actions. The reaction of the structure is spatial – it is a materialisation of actions in the change of its form.

Connect or Not uses an Android application under the same name which acted as a network traffic counter.

Besides this, the system offers different position tracking techniques based on Bluetooth beacons and Wi-Fi access points, /////// introducing spatial relevance into the reaction of the system.

Coming back to the idea of conjunctive envelope (Mackenzie, 2010), Connect or Not was imagined as an open form. Aesthetically, the form is at the same time referring to a waveform (a standard representation of waves, or wireless signals) and to an architectural archetype – an arcade.

One of the main questions was whether the visitors change their behaviour to achieve a particular impact on the installation (i.e. try to generate more or less traffic)? Also do the visitors make the connection between their actions (i.e. watching an online video) and the reaction of the installation;

The reality is that they don't, or not for long.

Connect or Not in use fosters awareness of wireless infrastructure through tangible interaction with wireless network signals.

Besides some obvious obstacles of having to install an Android app, Conncet Or Not provided a great good opportunity for observation of people's behaviour when they are given the tools to interact with WiFi.

Connect or Notat the interface of wireless communication, people and space

Connect or Not is not a solution to a problem, not even an attempt at a solution.

Connect or not sometimes really works as a torture machine!

It is a systematic exploration of interaction with wireless signals questioning the resulting experience of space.

Agency/Agents of Urbanity ColloquiumSelena Savic, selena.savic@epfl.ch IST/EPFL

Thank you.

Selena Savicselena.savic@epfl.ch @jazoza