context-dependent memory in two natural environments: on land and underwater
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Context-Dependent Memory in Two Natural Environments: On Land and UnderwaterGodden & Baddeley (1975), Experiment 1
Week x, Presentation xZach HambrickMonth, Day, 2011
Context-Dependent MemoryThe idea that what is learned in a given environment is best recalled in that environment.
HypothesisPerformance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment.
Learning Environment
Reca
ll Pe
rfor
man
ce
A B
Recall EnvironmentA
B
Predicted Results…
HypothesisPerformance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment.
Learning Environment
Reca
ll Pe
rfor
man
ce
A B
Recall EnvironmentA
B* *
Predicted Results…
HypothesisPerformance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment.
Learning Environment
Reca
ll Pe
rfor
man
ce
A B
Recall EnvironmentA
B
* *
Predicted Results…
BackgroundPrevious Studies Inconsistent findings Low ecological validity
Ecological validity – the degree to which results are applicable to the real-world, and are not limited to artificial conditions of lab.
Major GoalInvestigate context-dependent memory in two natural environments…
Major GoalInvestigate context-dependent memory in two natural environments…
On Land and Under Water
Experiment 1Subjects N = 18 Diving club members
Open-water site near Oban, Scotland (the study location)
Experiment 1DesignIndependent Variables - Learning (Dry vs. Wet) - Recall (Dry vs. Wet)Dependent Variable - Number words recalled
Learning EnvironmentDry Wet
Reca
ll En
viro
nmen
tD
ryW
etCompletely within-subjects design— 2 (Learning: Dry vs. Wet) x 2 (Recall: Dry vs. Wet)
Experiment 1Apparatus Communication sets Word lists (36 words each) Lists audio-recorded
UmbrellaAlligatorDiamondBananaSofaHeaven
2 sec
4 sec
2 sec
Experiment 1Procedure
(1) Breathing pattern instructions
(2) Word List (1st Presentation)
(3) 10-sec pause for unconstrained breathing
(5) Word List (2nd Presentation)
(6) 15 digits to copy, 2 digits/sec
(7) “Ascend to the shore station.”
(8) 4-min delay
(9) Free recall (2-min)
(4) Breathing pattern instructions
One condition per session, at least 24 hr between sessions
Experiment 1Review of HypothesisPerformance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment.
Learning Environment
Reca
ll Pe
rfor
man
ce
A B
Recall EnvironmentA
B
Predicted Results…
Experiment 1ResultsNo main effects, but a significant interaction between recall environment and learning environment.
Learning Environment
No.
Wor
ds
Corr
ect
Dry Wet
Recall EnvironmentDry
Wet12
0246810
1416
12
0246810
1416
Actual Results…
Experiment 1ResultsNo main effects, but a significant interaction between recall environment and learning environment.
Learning Environment
No.
Wor
ds
Corr
ect
Dry Wet
Recall EnvironmentDry
Wet12
0246810
1416
12
0246810
1416
Actual Results…
Experiment 1
Learning Environment
No.
Wor
ds
Corr
ect
Dry Wet
Recall EnvironmentDry
Wet12
0246810
1416
12
0246810
1416
Actual Results…
ResultsPerformance when learning and recall took place in the same environment was better than when learning and recall took place in a different environment.
Experiment 1ConclusionResults are “clearly in line with the context-dependent memory hypothesis” (p. 328)
Experiment 1ConclusionDespite limited control over experimental conditions, e.g., different testing times, one subject nearly getting run over by an “amphibious DUKW”!
Experiment 1ConclusionDespite limited control over experimental conditions, e.g., different testing times, one subject nearly getting run over by an “amphibious DUKW”!
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