controlling pests and feeding plants: innovative solutions ......indoor vs outdoor. temp. &...
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Controlling Pests and Feeding Plants: Innovative Solutions for Soil and Plant Health
Speakers: Casey Connell, Contender GardensPeter Baas, GrowcentiaDaniel Peck, BioWorks
Moderator: Amy Andrle, L’Eagle Services
Sponsored by:
CASEY CONNELL, OWNER
Biological Controls, the Future of Cannabis
Organic sprays = no research = schedule 1
Different approach than organic certifications– Pesticide free = Spray free– Automizers and pressure (14 ft) decimate your beneficial population– Sachet’s (Gemini’s) (water resistant) can get wet = problems. Even foliar feeding.– Strain selection plays most important role: pathogen resistant strains
Pesticide testing coming – every state is different; states without required pesticide testIf medicine = best medicine you can give a patient: safe accessExtraction & compounded pesticides = more harm than goodVery effective when done properlyMore complicated than you think. Easier then you can imagine!Attention to detail; right up a growers alley
Things to Consider: Bug selection
Indoor vs outdoor
Temp. & Humidity
Seasons & unique circumstancesEnvironment
Timing – 4 weeks left? Foreign matter, testing, bile and negative bacteria?
Pest pressure – Which? How bad? Where is it coming from?
Release rates
Generalist? Specified? Selection due to problem
Photo Period
Logistics
Identify the severity of your infestation – this is where most get it wrongLearn how to implement release ratesEffective to use 3 predator mites @ once Considering factors: indoor/outdoor, temp, humidity, plant size, spacing, pest pressure, insect life cycle, feeding rates, birth rates, photo periodRelease rates vary per bug & unique conditionsUnique conditions ie: russet mites, larger plants, pathogen problems (fungicide sprays)Which pests work well together: californicus, skwirskiiEX) more than 5 spider mites = heavy = mechanical controls
ISI: Infestation Severity Index
Diapause 12/12 & biological selectionGetting ahead of the game in Veg Resin on flowers cause migration issuesIncrease release ratesTransition room – build up populations, knock back spray Assessment time before moving forwardStrategy in floweringFallacis and higher tempsNight time releasingPepsi (sugar water) for migration purposes
Photo Period, Flower & Veg
Never have a problem
Scouting: importance
Cleanliness
Ordering insects: Timing, Europe & Canada
Preventatives are the Name of the Game
I a m a va i l a b l e f o r c o n su l t a t i on , e d u ca t i on a n d p r e sen ta t i on s
CASEY CONNELLCONTENDERGARDENS@GMAIL.COM
BIOPESTICIDES AND THEIRMODES OF ACTION
Daniel Peck, PhDBiological Program Manager, Entomology(800) 877-9443 | dpeck@bioworksinc.com
100 Rawson Rd, Suite 205Victor, NY 14456
2018 Cannabis Sustainability Symposium, Denver, CO, 26 October 2018
Biological Control Products
BioPesticidesBiochemicals
Semio-
chem
Plant Extra
cts
Minerals PGRs
Organic
Acids
MicrobialsBacte
riaFung
iProtoz
oaViru
s
Yeasts
Others
Macroorganisms
Insects
Mites
Nema-
todes
Microbials
•Bacteria; Fungi; Virus; Protozoan; Yeasts•Bacteria, followed by Fungi make up the largest groups commercially (>90%)•Microbials are the largest market of biopesticides at US$1.3 Bn.•Biggest challenges for microbials are formulation related: 1) Shelf-life; 2) Stability; 3) Performance enhancement
Biochemicals
•Plant Extracts; Minerals & Others; PGRs; Semiochemicals; Organic Acids•Plant Extracts make up the largest segment in this group•Semiochemicals (pheromones) has the largest actual number of products •Largest challenge for Plant Extracts is manufacturing and consistent quality in the active ingredient(s)
Macroorganisms
•Insects; Mites; Nematodes•Insects followed by mites makeup the largest groups•Unique in that the live organism in the form of eggs, larvae, pupae or adult is used.•Most important challenge for Macros is logistics—shipping live organisms that have to have special care to survive•Normally not classified as a Biopesticide—only as Biological Control Products
Biological Products
Biofertilizers
•Microbials used to enhance plant nutrient uptake from soil•Nitrogen fixing bacteria make up largest group•Others include mobilizers of specific nutrients (zinc, sulfur) and mycorrhizal fungi•Biofertilizers regulated under country/state fertilizer regulations
Biostimulants
•Seaweed Extracts make up the largest segment in this group•Microbials, primarily bacteria, often used as seed or soil treatment to aid in nutrient assimilation •Organic acids are humic and fulvic acids used as soil amendments, formed by the microbial degradation of plant matter.•Definition and regulation of biostimulants is still under development in most parts of the world
BioStimulants
Microbials
Amino Acids
K Mobilizers Others
MicrobialsPlant
Extracts
Organic Acids
Biofertilizers
Abiotic Stress Mgmt
SeaweedExtracts
BioPesticides
•Biopesticides are derived from natural materials, such as plants, bacteria and certain minerals. Biopesticides target specific pests and are inherently less toxic than synthetic pesticides.
N Fixin
g
P2O5 Solubilizing
Source: DunhamTrimmer LLC
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticidesderived from such things as animals, plants,bacteria and certain minerals
According to the U.S. EPABiopesticides include:• Naturally occurring substances that control pests
(biochemical pesticides)• Micro-organisms that control pests (microbial pesticides)• Pesticidal substances produced by plants containing
added genetic material (plant-incorporated protectants)Biopesticides are regulated by the EPA, along with conventional synthetic pesticides
• Reduced risk to workers, environment and non-targets
– Usually less toxic– Often effective in small quantities and
decompose quickly – More narrow spectrum of activity
• Improved management of residues for food use
• Complex modes of action reduce development of pesticide resistance
• Quicker to market at lower cost– 3 years and $5 million to develop – (vs 10 years and $200 million for
conventionals)
Benefits of theBiopesticides
Fungicidal Trichoderma strains
BioFungicides
Potassium bicarbonate Bacillus subtilis Trichoderma spp.
15
Background
1. Bacillus spp. 2. Streptomyces spp.3. Example:
- CEASE- Bacillus subtilis QST 713- Spores and metabolites- Targets root and foliar
diseases
Biofungicides:Bacterial-Based Products
Bacillus subtiliswww.hexonlaboratories.com
16
CEASE Modes of Action
1. Spores create a physical barrier - Block access to plant surface- Prevent pathogen germination
Biofungicides:Bacterial-Based Products
17
CEASE Modes of Action
1. Spores create a physical barrier - Block access to plant surface- Prevent pathogen germination
2. Spores produce antifungal metabolites (lipopeptides) - Destroy cell wall integrity- Make walls porous, allowing small
molecules to get in and out- Kill pathogen cells
Biofungicides:Bacterial-Based Products
10/31/2018 18
Background
1. Trichoderma spp.2. Ulocladium oudemansii3. Example:
- RootShield Plus- Trichoderma harzianum T-22- Trichoderma virens G-41- Targets root diseases
Biofungicides:Fungal-Based Products
Trichoderma harzianum
10/31/2018 19
RootShield Plus Modes of Action
1. Competitive exclusion- Growth around the root system- Outcompetes pathogens for space
and food
Biofungicides:Fungal-Based Products
10/31/2018 20
RootShield Plus Modes of Action
1. Competitive exclusion- Growth around the root system- Outcompetes pathogens for space
and food2. Mycoparasitism
- Seeks out and eats other fungi
Biofungicides:Fungal-Based Products
RootShield attacking a hyphal strand of Rhizoctonia using enzymes to degrade the cell
wall of the pathogen
10/31/2018 21
RootShield Plus Modes of Action
1. Competitive exclusion- Growth around the root system- Outcompetes pathogens for space
and food2. Mycoparasitism
- Seeks out and eats other fungi3. Metabolite production
- Produces metabolites that inhibit microbe growth
Biofungicides:Fungal-Based Products
Zone of inhibition
10/31/2018 22
Background
1. Sodium and potassium bicarbonates
2. Alternatives to sulfur fungicides3. Example:
- MilStop- Potassium bicarbonate- Targets foliar bacterial and fungal
diseases
Alternaria leaf blight
Biofungicides:Mineral-Based Products
10/31/2018 23
MilStop Modes of Action
1. Increases pH on leaf surface- Detrimental to fungal spores
2. Increases osmotic potential- Desiccates fungal spores and
vegetative bacterial spores3. Inhibits mycelial growth
- Destabilizes and destroys cell membranes of fungal mycelia and bacterial colonies
SEM of MilStop Treated and Untreated Powdery Mildew Spores
Biofungicides:Mineral-Based Products
10/31/2018 24
Antibiosis: Produces a chemical compound of some type (antibiotic or toxin) that acts against the pathogen
Predation or Parasitism: Directly attacks the pathogenExclusion: Produces a defensive barrierNutrient Competition: More effective than the pathogen at
gathering critical nutrients or spaceEnvironment Modification: Changes the leaf surface making it
inhospitable for the pathogen Induction of Host Plant Resistance: Triggers a defensive response in the host
plant that limits the ability of the pathogen to invade the plant
Biofungicides:Modes of Action
BioInsecticides
Azadirachtin Mineral Oil Beauveria bassiana
Background
1. Living spores of entomopathogenic fungi
2. From four fungal genera- Beauveria- Isaria- Metarhizium- Paecilomyces
3. Example- BotaniGard/Mycotrol- Beauveria bassiana GHA- Targets a wide range of
greenhouse and outdoor pests
Bioinsecticides:Fungal-Based Products
Beauveria
Metarhizium
BotaniGard Mode of Action
1. Spore attachment to cuticle2. Germination in response to
chemical cues3. Penetration via mechanical
pressure and enzymes4. Release of beauvericin, a toxin
to weaken immune system5. Release of oosporein, an
antibiotic to help outcompete gut bacteria
6. Proliferation inside the host 7. Exfiltration with external
sporulation
Bioinsecticides:Fungal-Based Products
BotaniGard Mode of Action
1. Spore attachment to cuticle2. Germination in response to
chemical cues3. Penetration via mechanical
pressure and enzymes4. Release of beauvericin, a toxin
to weaken immune system5. Release of oosporein, an
antibiotic to help outcompete gut bacteria
6. Proliferation inside the host 7. Exfiltration with external
sporulation
Bioinsecticides:Fungal-Based Products
Spor
ulat
ing
Inf
ecte
d
Hea
lthy
Sporulation is not a measure of efficacy!
Background
1. Azadirachtin is an extract of seeds from the neem tree- Family of complex secondary
compounds (limonoid terpenes)- Is not the same as Neem Oil
2. Example- Molt-X- Largely targets immature insects
Bioinsecticides:Azadirachtin-Based Products
Molt-X Modes of Action
1. In immatures:- Interferes with a key molting
hormone (ecdysone)- Prevents progression from one
developmental stage to the next2. In adults:
- Deters feeding and oviposition- Can act as a repellent
3. Reduces physical and physiological fitness- Greater susceptibility to other
insecticides and biocontrol agents
Bioinsecticides:Azadirachtin-Based Products
Background
1. Horticultural oils include vegetable as well as mineral oil products
2. Most effective against smaller and softer-bodied insects
3. Example:- Suffoil-X- Highly refined mineral oil- Mechanically pre-emulsified- Insecticide, miticide, fungicide
Bioinsecticides:Mineral Oil-Based Products
Suffoil-X Modes of Action
1. Clogs the spiracles of insects2. Inhibits oxygen uptake in eggs3. Deters oviposition and feeding in
some insects
Bioinsecticides:Mineral Oil-Based Products
Spiracle
Suffoil-X Modes of Action
1. Clogs the spiracles of insects2. Inhibits oxygen uptake in eggs3. Deters oviposition and feeding in
some insects4. Pre-emulsification improves
coverage and reduces phytotoxicity risk
Bioinsecticides:Mineral Oil-Based Products
EvaporationRespiration
Transpiration
Suffoil-X
Other
OtherSuffoil-X
Pathogen: Select fungal strains can penetrate the exoskeleton, proliferate in the body and kill the insect
Insect Growth Regulator: Specific plant extracts disrupt the growth and development of insects
Suffocant: Oils smother and suffocate by clogging external openings (spiracles) that insects and mites need for oxygen
Repellency: Biochemical or physical changes to the plant surface that mask cues or discourage behavior associated with feeding, egg laying or alighting
Parasitism: Nematodes enter the body through natural openings and release bacteria that allow them to colonize and reproduce
Toxin: Certain bacteria (e.g., Bt) make products that are toxic to insects when ingested
Bioinsecticides:Modes of Action
1. Consumer demand / better price for crops in market
2. Safety concerns for workers, consumers, & environment
3. Low Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) and Pre-Harvest Intervals (PHI)
4. Complex modes of action prevent or delay development of resistance to synthetic pesticides
5. Wider selection of alternatives for organic growers
6. Better compatibility with beneficial arthropods
Why Growers Start and Continue to Use Bioinsecticides
BIOPESTICIDES AND THEIRMODES OF ACTION
Daniel Peck, PhDBiological Program Manager, Entomology(800) 877-9443 | dpeck@bioworksinc.com
100 Rawson Rd, Suite 205Victor, NY 14456
2018 Cannabis Sustainability Symposium, Denver, CO, 26 October 2018
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Plant nutrition and biostimulants
Peter Baas, Growcentia Inc.
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Plant Nutrient Uptake
Why are different nutrient needed?
Macronutrients: N, P, K
Micronutrients: Needed in small quantities (co-factors) to allow molecules such as proteins to be functional and stable
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How do we know what is limiting plant growth
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Liebig’s Law of the Minimum: “yield is proportional to the amount of the most limiting nutrient, whichever nutrient it may be”
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How do plant take up nutrients
Roots and specifically through their fine roots
Most of the uptake happens in the few millimeter area around the fine roots called the “rhizosphere”
Using their root and specifically their fine roots
The millimeters around the fine roots in called the “rhizosphere”
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Nutrient Use Efficiency Gap in Agriculture
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Only ~50% of nitrogen and ~30% of phosphorus taken up by crop
P
Plant Uptake
Run-off/Erosion/Leaching
N
Volatilization
Amended from figure by Amy Shober, University of Delaware
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Microbes are abundant and everywhere!
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Plant can manipulate
rhizosphere pH to maximize
uptake
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NH4+
NH4+
K+K+
K+ Ca2+
H+H+
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NH4+
NH4+
K+K+
K+ Ca2+
H+
H+
Microbes can help plants
enhance uptake!
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H+
H+Plant evolved in a microbial world
Strong symbiotic relationships were formed over the last 700 million years
Siderophores
PO43+
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What the heck is a biostimulant anyway?
“Any substance(s) produced by living organisms and microorganism(s) applied to plants that can enhance performance”
“A plant biostimulant is any substance or microorganism applied to plants with the aim to enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or crop quality traits, regardless of its nutrients content”
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Consortia vs single species
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Microbial Synergy Across Ecosystem Levels
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Increased Yield in High-Value Crops!
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> 10:1 ROI to producers
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Plant and microbes work together intricately
Biostimulant products can increase yield and reduce pollution
Functionally selected microbial consortia are more robust than single strains
Contact:Peter Baaspeter@growcentia.com706-380-4492
Take Home
www.growcentia.comwww.mammothmicrobes.com
Questions?
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