copy of mecomm 05 wx

Multiengine CommercialMultiengine Commercial

Faster For Sure

Printed Weather Reports

• Radar Summary Chart

• Constant Pressure Analysis Chart

• Composite Moisture Stability Chart

• Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart

• Significant Weather Prognostic Charts

• Convective Outlook Chart

• Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Products

• Radar Summary Chart

• Constant Pressure Analysis Chart

• Composite Moisture Stability Chart

• Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart

• Significant Weather Prognostic Charts

• Convective Outlook Chart

• Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Products

Basic Weather Theory

The Atmosphere

10-2 Layers of the atmosphere10-2 Layers of the atmosphere

One square inch of atmosphere

weights approximately 14.7 pounds

Aneroid barometer

10-6 Station pressure is converted to, and reported in. sea level pressure

SunJUNE DECEMBER

NorthernAutumn

SouthernSpring

NorthernSummer

SouthernWinter

NorthernSpring

SouthernAutumn

SouthernSummer

NorthernWinter

JUNE DECEMBER

23.5°

NORTHERN SUMMER

SOUTHERN WINTER

Same amount of heat energy spread over a much smaller area than:

HeatEnergyformthe Sun

HighPressure

LowPressure

P1 P2Distance

Magnitude of the Pressure Gradient

P1 - P2Distance

10-8 Circulation pattern in a static environment

10-9 Three-cell circulation pattern due to the earths rotation

High Polar Cell

FerrelCell

HadleyCell

Coriolis Force

Northeast Trade Winds

Prevailing Westerlies

Polar Easterlies

10-10 Circulation pattern about areas of low pressure

10-10 Circulation pattern about areas of high pressure

10-11 Wind near high-pressure system

10-19 Isobars reveal the pressure gradient of an area of high-or-low pressure areas

HighPressure

LowPressure

P1 P2Distance

Magnitude of the Pressure Gradient

P1 - P2Distance

Friction Effects

Friction

Effects

N2,000 A

Local Wind

The name tells where the breeze is coming from!

Sea Breeze

Land Breeze

Valley Breeze

Mountain Breeze

Katabatic WindWarm Down Slope Winds

-30 CHigh

Katabatic WindCold Down Slope Winds

Weather Patterns

Atmospheric StabilityAtmospheric Stability

Lapse Rate

2° C per 1,000 feet is Average

Lapse Rate

1” Hg

Evaporation

Heat Absorbed

Evapora

Sublimation

Sublimatio

10-20 Relative Humidity

Moisture

SaturationSaturation

Dewpoint is the temperature that you have to lower the atmosphere down to

for it to become 100% saturated

Calculate the base of cloud.

Clouds

Humidity and Condensation Nuclei are main ingredients.Humidity and Condensation Nuclei are main ingredients.

Clouds are divided into four basic groups, or FAMILIES

do to their height range

LOW CLOUDS

MIDDLE CLOUDS

HIGH CLOUDS

CLOUDS WITH VERTICAL DEVELOPENT

Basic Cloud Types

Types of Fog

Ground Fog

Radiation Fog

Advection Fog

Upslope Fog

Ground Fog

Radiation Fog

Advection Fog

Upslope Fog

Advection Fog

Basic Cloud Types

Weather Patterns

Air Mass Source Regions

Fronts

THE BOUNDARY LAYER BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF AIR MASSES

1-=25 Chart Symbols for Surface Fronts

Frontal Discontinuities

WIND CHANGE

TEMPERATURE CHANGE

PRESSURE CHANGE

Fronts10-27 Cold Front

COLD FRONTS

PRIOR TO THE PASSAGE

•Cirriform or towering cumulus clouds

•Cumulonimbus clouds are possible

•Rain showers, Haze (due to rapid development of clouds)

•Wind from SSW

•High dewpoint

•Falling barometric pressure

COLD FRONTS

AS THE COLD FRONT PASSES

•Towering cumulus clouds

•Cumulonimbus clouds

•Heavy rain showers, lighting, thunder, hail

•Tornadoes (more severe cold fronts)

•Poor visibility

•Winds variable and gusty

•Temperature and dewpoint drop rapidly

•Barometric pressure bottoms out, then begins gradual increase

COLD FRONTS

AFTER FRONTAL PASSAGE

•Towering cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds began to dissipate to cumulus clouds

•Good visibility

•Winds WNW

•Temperatures remain cooler

•Barometric pressure continues to rise

Fronts10-27 Cold Front

Warm Front

WARM FRONT

•Cirriform or stratiform clouds

•Fog (along the frontal boundary)

•(summer months) cumulonimbus clouds

•Light to moderate precipitation (rain, sleet, snow, drizzle)

•Poor visibility

•Wind from SSE

•Increasing dewpoint

•Barometric pressure falling until front passes

WARM FRONT

AS THE FRONT PASSES

•Statiform clouds

•Drizzle

•Visibility is generally poor but improves with variable winds

•Temperature rises steadily

•Dewpoint remains steady

•Pressure levels off

WARM FRONT

•Stratocumulus clouds

•Rain showers

•Visibility improves, but hazy conditions

•Wind from SSW

•Temperatures and dewpoint rises and than levels off

•Slight rise in barometric pressure, followed by decrease

Warm Front

Stationary Front

When the opposing forces of two airmasses are relatively balanced

The weather in a stationary front is usually a mixture of that found in both warm and cold fronts

Occluded Front

OCCLUDED FRONT

•Cirriform or stratiform clouds

•Light to heavy precipitation

•Poor visibility

•Dewpoint steady

•Barometric pressure falling

OCCLUDED FRONT

AS THE FRONT PASSES

•Nimbostratus, cumulonimbus clouds

•Towering cumulus possible

•Light to heavy precipitation

•Poor visibility

•Winds variable

•Barometric pressure leveling off

OCCLUDED FRONT

•Nimbostratus, altostratus clouds

•Precipitation decreasing and clearing

•Visibility improving

Occluded Front

Weather Hazards

Thunderstorms

Airmass Thunderstorms

Severe Thunderstorms

Frontal Thunderstorms

Single Cell

Super Cell

Multi Cell

Squall Line

What do T-storms need

10-23 Life Cycle

ThunderstormsTurbulence

Lightning

Tornadoes

Cumulonimbus Mamma

*Don't know where they landed - didn't say!

This is what can happen if "can do" takes over in common sense and flying through thunderstorms.

2 Navy T-38's land here* last night IFE, They flew through a hail

storm. The pilots today thought that their

maintenanceguys were going to wave a magic

wand and let them fly home.

2 Navy T-38's land here* last night IFE, They flew through a hail

storm. The pilots today thought that their

maintenanceguys were going to wave a magic

wand and let them fly home.

Is moist air, for the same temperature, less dense than dry air?

Moist Air Vs Dry AirMoist Air Vs Dry Air

YES NOMoist air, for the same temperature, is 62% less

dense than dry air.

78% Nitrogen 4 to 1 = 5 molecules

20% Oxygen replaced by H2O

Atomic Weight

Hydrogen - 1 H2 = 2

Oxygen - 16 O2 = 32

Nitrogen - 14 N2 = 28

DRY AIR

O2 = 32 X 1 = 32 32 + 112 = 144

N2 = 28 X 4 = 112

MOIST AIR

H2 = 2

O = 16 16 + 2 = 18 X 5 = 90

DRY = 144

MOIST = 90

90 / 144 = 62%

10-15 Turbulence

10-16 Mountain Wave

MOUNTAIN WAVE

Line of rotor

LENTICULAR CLOUDS

Wind Shear

Inversion

Close to the surface in strong windsClose to the surface in strong winds

10-17 Microburst

Microburst a

Microburst b

Microburst c

Microburst d

Microburst e

Microburst f **

Restrictions to Visibility

Volcanic Ash

1. You can’t see traffic.

2. You can’t find references.

3. Your eyes focus too close.

4. It is harder to avoid clouds.

5. It is easier to get lost.

6. Your stress level rises.

7. You can’t see the horizon.

8. They simply make VFR difficult.

High Altitude Weather

• Jetstream– A narrow band of high speed winds that

reaches its greatest speed near the tropopause

– Typical speeds range from 60 - 240 knots• Polar jet

– Exists year-round– higher, weaker, and farther north during the Summer

• Subtropical jet– Strongest in Winter– Nonexistent in summer

• Clear Air Turbulence: CAT• Usually encountered above 15,000’• However can take place at any altitude• Can be present in non-convective clouds (not

necessarily “clear air”)

– CAT may be caused by interaction of layers of air with differing speeds

– It often develops in or near the jet stream– Cues

• “wave-like” cloud formation• Sudden variation in wind speeds

Forecasting Process

JEPP 7-2JEPP 7-2

7 Days7 Days

NowNow

Forecastin

Printed Reports And Forecasts

“METAR”

• METAR– Observed 45

minutes after the hour and transmitted 50 minutes after the hour

• METAR– Observed 45

minutes after the hour and transmitted 50 minutes after the hour

• SPECI– A non-routine

aviation weather report taken when any of the SPECI criteria have been observed

• SPECI– A non-routine

aviation weather report taken when any of the SPECI criteria have been observed

“METAR”

The METAR uses ICAO (international civil aviation organization four-letter station

identifiers that follow the type of report. IN the continuous US, the three-letter identifier is

prefixed with K.

“METAR”

• AUTO = identifies the report as an automated weather report with no human intervention

•If AUTO is shown in the body of the report, AO1 or AO2 will be encoded in the remarks section of the report to indicate the type of precipitation sensor used at the station

• AO1 = station does not have a precipitation discriminator

• AO2 = station has a precip discriminator

•The absence of AUTO indicates that the report was made manually or the automated report had human augmentation/backup

“METAR”

“G”: denotes gusts

“KT”: denotes the use of knots for wind speed

“V”: denotes when wind direction is variable by 60 degrees or more

“VRB”: denotes when wind direction is variable and wind speed less then 6 knots

“PK WND”: denoted when facility have a wind recorder and a peak wind exists

“WSHFT”: denoted in the remarks section when a windshift occurs. A windshift is indicated by a change in wind direction of 45 degrees or more in less than 15 minutes with sustained winds of 10 knots or more.

“FROPA”: denotes that the wind shift was due to a frontal passage

“METAR”

• EXAMPLE:– 33018KT– 09014G35KT– 340105KT– 08012G25KT 040V120– VRB04KT

“METAR”

•If tower or surface visibility is less than 4 SM, the lesser of the 2 will be reported in the body of the report; the greater will be reported in the Remarks element

•Automated reporting stations will show visibility less than ¼ SM as M1/4SM and visibility 10 or greater as 10SM

“METAR”

• EXAMPLE:– 1/2SM– 7SM– 10SM

“METAR”

• RVR is shown in a METAR if the airport has equipment and whenever the prevailing visibility is 1SM or less and the RVR value is 6000 feet or less

“METAR”

• EXAMPLE:– R31/2600FT– R15R/4000FT

“METAR”

• Qualifiers• Qualifiers• Weather

Phenomena• Weather

Phenomena

“METAR”

• EXAMPLE:– SN BLSN FG– +SN FG– -RA– MIFG– +TSRA– -TSRA– BR

“METAR”

**SKC will be reported at manual stations. The abbreviation CLR shall be used at automated stations

when no clouds are detected below 12,000’**

Defined as the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena aloft reported as BROKEN or

OVERCAST

“METAR”

AC-00-45E 2-1

Cloud bases are reported in hundreds of feet above ground level (AGL)

Ceiling - lowest broken or overcast layer aloft or vertical visibility into an obscuration

• Sky condition reported in the following format– Amount

• Sky cover contractions – Height

• Cloud bases reported with 3 digits in 100’s of feet AGL• Clouds above 12,000’ cannot be detected by automated

reporting systems• At reporting stations in the mountains, if the cloud layer is below

the station level, the height of the layer will be shown as ///– Type

• If towering cumulus clouds, TCU, or cumulonimbus clouds, CB, are present, they are reported after the height that represents their base

Additional Sky Condition remarks

• Indefinite ceiling– The height into an indefinite ceiling is preceded

with VV followed by 3 digits indicating the vertical visibility in 100’s of feet above the ground (VV002)

• Partial Obscuration – The amount of obscuration is reported in the body

of the METAR when the sky is partially obscured by a surface-based phenomenon by indicating the amount of the obscuration as FEW, SCT, or BKN followed with 3 zeros (FG FEW000)

• Whenever the ceiling is below 3,000’ and is variable, the remark CIG will be shown in the Remarks element followed with the lowest and highest ceiling heights separated with a “V”, CIG 005V010

“METAR”

• EXAMPLE:– OVC004– SCT080– BKN008– VV002– SKC– CLR– SCT008 BKN090 SCT100 OVC250

“METAR”

Celsius

100 32 21 16 15 0 -40

212 90 70 61 59 32 -40

Fahrenheit

Dewpoint is the temperature at which air reaches a state where it can hold no more water. When the dewpoint is reached, the air contains 100% of the moisture it can hold at that temperature, and it is said to be saturated.

“METAR”

• When the pressure is rising or falling rapidly at the time of observation, Remarks element will show PRESRR or PRESFR

“METAR”

Sea Level Pressure (SLP)

Some Stations also include sea-level pressure which is different from altimeter. It is shown in the Remarks

element as SLP being followed by the sea-level pressure in hectopascals, a unit of measurement equivalent to the

millibar

“METAR”

• SLP– Example: SLP982 = 998.2– Example: SLP093 = 1009.3

“METAR”

T01500139

0 if temperature 0°C or higher

1 if temperature below 0°C

015.0 013.9

METAR KMKL 021250Z 33018KT 290V360 1/2SM R31/2600FT +SN BLSN FG VV008 01/M03 A2991 RMK RAE42SNB42 SLP045 T00111032

T00111032 T001.11032 T00111032 T00.1103.2

T001.1---- 103.2

KBDL 011451Z 04003KT 10SM BKN070 OVC130 11/09 A3017 RMK A02 SLP217 60000 T01060089

– What is the altimeter setting?– What is the pressure in hectopascals/millibars?– What is the wind?– What type of automated weather system does this

metar have?– What is the lowest ceiling?– On what date was this metar given?

METAR METAR

METAR KSFO 031453Z VRB02KT 7SM MIFG SKC 15/14 A3012 RMK SLP993 6//// T01500139 56012

METAR KLAX 101549Z AUTO 22010G16KT 1/4SM R18/1200FT BR

SCT005 OVC010 19/16 A2989 RMK SLP130 AO2

METAR KJFK 040555Z AUTO 09014G35KT 1/4SM +SN FG VV002 01/01 A2975 RMK AO2 TWR VIS 1/2 RAE08SNB08

METAR METAR

METAR KTPA 122150Z 08020G38KT 1/2SM R36L/2400FT

+TSRA SCT008 OVC012CB 20/18 A2995 RMK TSB24RAB24

METAR KLAX 101549Z 22010G16KT 1/4SM R18/1200FT

SCT005 OVC010 FG 35/35 A2989 RMK SLP130

METAR KJFK 040555Z AUTO 15035G50KT 15SM

BKN035TCU 43/35 A3004 RMK PRESFR

• METAR KSPS 301656Z 06014KT 020V090 3SM -TSRA FEW040 BKN060CB 12/12 A2982 RMK OCNL LTGICCG NE TSB17 TS E MOV NE PRESRR SLP093

“SD” Radar Weather ReportsJep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6

KNPA 1935 LN 10 TRWX 86/40 164/60 12W C2430

MT 440 AT 159/65

TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO

Location and time UTCLocation and time UTC

Echo pattern (LN LINE) (AREA) (CELL)Echo pattern (LN LINE) (AREA) (CELL)

Coverage, in tenthsCoverage, in tenths

Type and intensity of weatherType and intensity of weather

SYMBOL INTENSITY(-) Light

(none) Moderate

(+) Heavy

(++) Very Heavy

X Intense

XX Extreme

SYMBOL MEANINGR Rain

RW Rain shower

S Snow

SW Snow shower

T Thunderstorm

SYMBOL INTENSITY(-) Light

(none) Moderate

(+) Heavy

(++) Very Heavy

X Intense

XX Extreme

SYMBOL MEANINGR Rain

RW Rain shower

S Snow

SW Snow shower

T Thunderstorm

TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO

Azimuth,referenced to true north, and range, in NM from the radar site. 86degrees/40 NM

Dimension of echo pattern (20NM wide)Dimension of echo pattern (20NM wide)

Cell movement (240 degrees at 25 Kts)Cell movement (240 degrees at 25 Kts)

Max tops and location (57,000 159 degrees 65NMMax tops and location (57,000 159 degrees 65NM

TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W

C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO

TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W

C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO

40 NM40 NM

60 NM60 NM

20 NM wide

86 degrees86 degrees

Max top57,000MSL

8/108/10

GRB 1135 AREA 4TRW+ 9/100 130/75 50W C2425 MT 310 AT 45/47 AUTOGRB 1135 AREA 4TRW+ 9/100 130/75 50W C2425 MT 310 AT 45/47 AUTO

ICT 1935 LN 9TRWX 275/80 210/90 20W C2430 MTS 440 AT 260/48 AUTOICT 1935 LN 9TRWX 275/80 210/90 20W C2430 MTS 440 AT 260/48 AUTO

GGW 1135 AREA 3S- 90/120 150/80 34W MT100 AT 130/49GGW 1135 AREA 3S- 90/120 150/80 34W MT100 AT 130/49

11-4 PIREP

PIREPS

UA/OV FWA 075025/TM 1600/FL 100/TPC206/SK SCT070- TOPUNKN/WX FV05SM HZ/TAM04/WV 24040KT /TB LGT 055-075/RM IN CLR

/OV = Over

/TM = Time

/FL = Altitude

/TP = Type

/SK = Sky Cover

/WX = Weather

/TA = Temperature

/WV = Wind Speed

/TB = Turbulence

/IC = Icing

/RM = Remarks

AC 00-45E 3-1AC 00-45E 3-1

UUA/OV ABQ090045/TM 1430/FL 130/TP BE30/TB SEV /RM BROKE ALL THE BOTTLES IN THE BAR

UA/OV KMRB-KPIT/TM 1600/FL 100/TPBE55/SK BKN024-TOP032/BKN-OVC043-TOPUNKN /TA M12/IC LGT-MOD RIME 055-080

UA/OV KOKC-KTUL/TM 1800/FL 120/TPBE90/SKBKN018- TOP055/OVC072-TOP089/CLR ABV/TA M7/WV 08021/TB LGT 055-075/IC LGT-MOD RIME 072-089

Printed Reports And Forecasts

Aviation Terminal Forecast

5-statute-mile radius / 24-hour period / 4-times a day 5-statute-mile radius / 24-hour period / 4-times a day

AC 00-45E 4-1AC 00-45E 4-1TEMPOTEMPO

PROB30/40PROB30/40

BECMGBECMG

KPIR 111140Z 111212 13012KT P6SM BKN100 WS020/35035KT TEMPO 1214 5SM BR

FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250

FM0000 14012KT P6SM BKN080 OVC150 PROB40 0004 3SM TSRA BKN030CB

FM0400 14008KT P6SM SCT040 OVC080 TEMPO 0408 3SM TSRA OVC030CB BECMG 0810 32007KT=

FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250

VALID PERIOD OF THE FORCASTVALID PERIOD OF THE FORCAST

PREVAILING VISIBILITY (greater than 6 SM)PREVAILING VISIBILITY (greater than 6 SM)

Wind shear AGLWind shear AGL

TemporaryTemporary

12:00→14:0012:00→14:00

FROM 15:00FROM 15:00

FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250

40% PROBABILITY 00:00 → 04:00

BECOMING 08:00 → 10:00BECOMING

08:00 → 10:00

KMEM 121720Z 121818 20012KT 5SM HZ BKN030 BECMG 2022 1SM

TSRA OVC008CB

FM2200 33012G20KT P6SM BKN015 OVC025 PROB40 2202 3SM SHRA

FM0200 35012KT OVC008 PROB40 0205 2SM -RASN BECMG 0608 02008KT BKN012 BECMG 1012 00000KT 3SM BR SKC TEMPO 1214 1/2SM FG

FM1600 VRB06KT P6SM SKC=

051130Z 151212 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR

FM1600 18010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020 PRB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM SCT040=

KMEM 121720Z 121818 20012KT 5SM HZ BKN030 BECMG 2022 1SM

TSRA OVC008CB

FM2200 33012G20KT P6SM BKN015 OVC025 PROB40 2202 3SM SHRA

FM0200 35012KT OVC008 PROB40 0205 2SM -RASN BECMG 0608 02008KT BKN012 BECMG 1012 00000KT 3SM BR SKC TEMPO 1214 1/2SM FG

FM1600 VRB06KT P6SM SKC=

051130Z 151212 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR

FM1600 18010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020 PRB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM SCT040=

Amended TAF

11-6 “FA” Aviation Area Forecast

AC 00-45E 4-17AC 00-45E 4-17

“FA”

1 . Heading Information

2 . Precautions

3 . Synopsis

4 . VFR Clouds and Weather

4 PARTS

Heading And Precaution Sections

SLCC FA 141045

SYNOPSIS AND CLDS/WX

SYNOPSIS VALID UNTIL 150500

CLDS/WX VALID UNTIL 142300 . . . OUTLK VALID 142300-150500

ID MT NV UT WY CO AZ NM

SEE AIRMET SIERRA FOR IFR CONDS AND MTN OBSCN.

TSTMS IMPLY PSBL SVR OR GTR TURBC SVR ICG LLWS

AND IFR CONDS.

NON MSL HGTS ARE DENOTED BY AGL OR CIG.

Synopsis Section

SYNOPSIS . . . HIGH PRES OVER NERN

MT CONTG EWD GRDLY. LOW PRES

OVR AZ NM AND WRN TX RMNG

GENLY STNRY. ALF . . . TROF EXTDS

FROM WRN MT INTO SRN AZ RMNG

STNRY.

VFR Clouds And Weather Section

FROM YXH TO SHR TO 30SE BZN TO 60SE PIH TO LKT TO

YXC TO YXH.

70-90 SCT-BKN 120-150. WDLY SCT RW-. TOPS SHWRS 180.

OTLK . . . VFR

RMNDR AREA . . . 100-120. ISOLD RW- MNLY ERN PTNS AREA.

OTLK . . . VFR

UT NV NM AZ

80 SCT-BKN 150-200. WDLY SCT RW-/TRW-. CB TOPS 450.

OTLK . . . VFR

11-7 “FD” Winds and Temperatures AloftAC 00-45E 4-35AC 00-45E 4-35

73-50 = 230 deg. from

19+100 = 119 knots

60 = neg. 60 deg. C

99009900

9900FWAFWA 6299-20

Wind light and variableWind light

and variable

62 – 50 = 120°99 + 100 = 199 ≤Temperature (-20)

AIRMETS (WA) AC 00-45E 4-23

MODERATE Icing or Turbulence

Sustained Winds Over 30 Knots

Less than 1,000 ft. Ceiling or 3 miles

Extensive Mountain Obscuration

S = IFR Conditions

T = Turbulence

Z = Icing

LIGHT A

IRCRAFT

LIGHT A

IRCRAFT

SIGMETS (WS)

SEVERE Icing

Extreme Turbulence, Duststorms, Sandstorms, Volcanic Eruptions

N through Y (Except S, T, and Z)

Convective SIGMETs (WST)

Severe or Greater Turbulence

Severe Icing

Low Level Wind Shear

ALWAYS

IMPLIEDALWAYS

IMPLIED

Tornadoes

Lines of Thunderstorms

Wide Areas of, or Embedded Thunderstorms

Greater Than 3/4 inch Hail or 50 Knots Wind

Eastern

Central

Western

E = Eastern

C = Central

W = Western

Graphic Weather Products

AC 00-45E 5-1AC 00-45E 5-1

AC 00-45E

11-9 WX CHART SYMBOLS

219AC 00-45E 6-1 AC 00-45E 6-1

AC 00-45E 5-10AC 00-45E 5-10

AC 00-45E 5-9AC 00-45E 5-9

AC 00-45E

AC 0045E 6-1AC 0045E 6-1

AC 00-45E 6-1AC 00-45E 6-1

AC 00-45E 5-9AC 00-45E 5-9

AC 00-45E 6-3AC 00-45E 6-3

Visibility reduced by smokeVisibility reduced by smoke Visibility reduced by hazeVisibility reduced by haze

Widespread dust in suspension in

the air, NOT raised by the

wind at time of observation

Widespread dust in suspension in

the air, NOT raised by the

wind at time of observation

Dust or sand raised by wind at

time of observation

Dust or sand raised by wind at

time of observation

Well developed dust devil(s)

within past hour

Well developed dust devil(s)

within past hour

Dust storm or sand storm within

sight of or at station during

past hour

Dust storm or sand storm within

sight of or at station during

past hour

Patches of shallow fog at station, NOT

deeper than 6 feet on land

Patches of shallow fog at station, NOT

Light fogLight fog More or less continuous shallow fog at station, NOT

More or less continuous shallow fog at station, NOT

Lightning visible, no thunder heardLightning visible, no thunder heard

Thunder heard, but no precipitation at the

station

Thunder heard, but no precipitation at the

station

Intermittent drizzle(NOT freezing),slight at

time of observation

Intermittent drizzle(NOT freezing),slight at

time of observation continuous drizzle

(NOT freezing),thick at time of observation

continuous drizzle(NOT freezing),thick at

time of observation

slight freezing drizzle slight freezing drizzle

Moderate or thick freezing drizzle

Intermittent rain(NOT freezing),slight at

time of observation

Intermittent rain(NOT freezing),slight at

time of observation

Moderate or thick freezing rain

Continuous fall of snowflakes, heavy attime of observation

Moderate or heavy shower(s) of rain andsnow mixed

AC 00-45E 5-9AC 00-45E 5-9

AC 00-45E 7-1AC 00-45E 7-1

Radar Summary

AC-00-45E 7-1AC-00-45E 7-1

Line or area movementis no longer indicated

Change of intensity is no longer indicated

Assume that all precipitation onthis chart is reaching the surfaceAssume that all precipitation onthis chart is reaching the surface

Graphic Weather ChartsSatellite

Low-Level Significant Weather Prognostic

AC 00-45E 11-1AC 00-45E 11-1

AC 00-45E11-3 & 11-4AC 00-45E11-3 & 11-4

11-13 SIGNIFICANT WEATHER PROGNOSTIC CHART

11-14 36-48 PROGNOSTIC CHART

Sources of Weather Information

AC 00-45E 1-10AC 00-45E 1-10

1-800-WX-BRIEF1-800-992-7433

Preflight Weather Briefing

Type of flight (VFR or IFR)

Aircraft identification

Aircraft type

Departure point

Proposed time of departure

Flight altitude

Route of flight

Destination

Estimated time en route (ETE)

Weather Briefings

Outlook JEPP 7-46 AC 00-45E 1-11

Standard JEPP 7-45 AC 00-45E 1-11

Abbreviated JEPP 7-46 AC 00-45E 1-11

Outlook

An “outlook” briefing will be provided when the proposed departure is 6 hours or more from the time of the briefing. Briefing will be limited to applicable forecast data needed for proposed flight.

(FSS/AFSS) Briefings

StandardAdverse ConditionsVFR Flight Not RecommendedSynopsisCurrent ConditionsEnroute ForecastDestination ForecastWinds and Temperatures AloftNotamsATC DelaysOther Information

Only what you ask for

Not a total brief

(FSS/AFSS) Briefings

An “abbreviated” briefing will be provided at the user’s request:

1. To supplement mass disseminated date

2. To update a previous briefing

3. To request that the briefing be limited to specific information

AC 00-45E 1-5AC 00-45E 1-5

Telephone

Information

Briefing

Service

Telephone

Information

Briefing

Service

Direct

Access

Terminal

Service

Direct

Access

Terminal

Service

Preflight Weather Sources

Telephone

Computer

Television

Telephone

Computer

Television

In-Flight Weather Sources

“Flight Watch”“Flight Watch”122.0122.0

TWEB Transcribed Weather Broadcast

AC 00-45E 1-3AC 00-45E 1-3

HIWAS Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service

HAC 00-45E 1-6AC 00-45E 1-6

AIRMETS

SIGMETS

Convective SIGMETS

Urgent PIREPS

AC 00-45E 1-7AC 00-45E 1-7

AWOS And ASOS

Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS)

Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS)

JEPP 7-52JEPP 7-52

copy of mecomm 05 wx

dewpoint barometric

high pressure low pressure

station pressure

clouds humidity

areas of low pressure

low pressure areas

cooler barometric pressure

barometric pressure

Documents

1 cold wx refresher.pdf

wx team - farnellthe entire wx team offers full wx tool...

wx presentation

wx - agent crate

marine applications wx series wx ultrasonic weatherstation

page 535-551 23.pdf · 543 . micro hooks, sharp instruments...

wx series 6p

complementary use of airborne wx radar & datalink graphical...

fairsail wx configuration guide - sage...

tipos-> gui (interfaz gráfico de usuario) · wx wx wx wx...

ari 91-05 copy

partsbook kansai wx series.pdf

wx-8 & wx-12 · congratulations on the purchase of your wx...

backcountry wx presentation

wx risk assessment guide

wx radar - proper use

kansai wx series

wx rogue comm

kansai wx instruction manual

wx-1590 manual