copyright © 2009 pearson education, inc., publishing as benjamin cummings protein synthesis ...

Protein Synthesis

Gene—DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein

Protein Synthesis

RNA is needed for protein synthesis

Protein Synthesis

Transfer RNA (tRNA) .

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) .

Messenger RNA (mRNA) .

Protein Synthesis

Transfer RNA (tRNA)--Transfers amino acids to ribosome for building the protein

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)--Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

Messenger RNA (mRNA)--Carries instructions for building protein from nucleus to ribosome

You will need to know…

The functions of:

mRNA tRNA rRNA

Transcription and Translation

Transcription

Translation

Transcription

Translation

GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT DNA

Transcription

TranslationAUG CCU UAU AAA …

GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT DNA

Transcription

Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA

Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons

Translation

Transcription

Translation (leaves nucleus)AUG CCU UAU AAA …

GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT

AUG CCU UAU AAA …

Transcription

Translation (leaves nucleus)AUG CCU UAU AAA …

GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT

AUG CCU UAU AAA …

Met- Pro- Tyr - Lys …

Amino acid chain—will become a protein

Transcription

Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA

Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons

Translation

Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Path of information:

DNARNAProtein

Transcription: in nucleus

Translation: at a ribosome

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16

Nucleus(site of transcription)

mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template

mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins

Synthetaseenzyme

Amino acids

Cytoplasm(site of translation)

Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme

Growing polypeptide chain

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

As the ribosomemoves along themRNA, a new aminoacid is added tothe growing proteinchain

Released tRNAreenters thecytoplasmicpool, ready tobe rechargedwith a newamino acid

Direction of ribosomeadvance; ribosome movesthe mRNA strand alongsequentially as each codonis read

Small ribosomalsubunit

Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated

tRNA “head” bearinganticodon

Large ribosomal subunit

Peptide bond

Incoming tRNArecognizes acomplementarymRNA codon callingfor its amino acid bybinding via itsanticodon to thecodon

AlaPhe

GU UU C UCC AA G CCA U

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16, step 1

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

1) mRNA is formed

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16, step 2

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

U G CCA U

2) mRNA leaves nucleus, joins ribosome

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16, step 3

Synthetaseenzyme

Amino acids

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

U G CCA U

3) tRNA linked to amino acid

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16, step 4

Synthetaseenzyme

Amino acids

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

U G CCA U

4) tRNA carries amino acid to ribosome

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16, step 5

Synthetaseenzyme

Amino acids

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

Peptide bond

AlaPhe

G C UC A G CCA U

5) Ribosome connects amino acid to chain

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16, step 6

Synthetaseenzyme

Amino acids

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

Released tRNAreenters thecytoplasmicpool, ready tobe rechargedwith a newamino acid

Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated

Peptide bond

AlaPhe

GU UU C UCC AA G CCA U

Aptitude Check

Can you:

Describe the structure and function of the cell parts?

Distinguish between types of transport?

Identify the stages of mitosis?

Describe the functions of 3 types of RNA?

Describe the processes of translation and transcription?

Body Tissues

Tissues--Groups of cells with similar structure and function

Body Tissues

Tissues--Groups of cells with similar structure and function

Four primary types

Epithelial tissue (epithelium)

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissues

Locations

Body coverings, linings, glands

Functions

Protection

Absorption

Filtration

Secretion

Epithelium Characteristics

Cells fit closely together and often form sheets

The apical surface is the free surface

The lower surface rests on a basement membrane

Avascular (no blood supply)

Regenerate easily

Epithelium Characteristics

Figure 3.17a

Classification of Epithelia

Number of cell layers

Simple—one layer

Stratified—more than one layer

Figure 3.17a

Classification of Epithelia

Shape of cells

Squamous (flat)

Cuboidal

Columnar

Figure 3.17b

Simple Epithelia

Simple squamous

Forms membranes lining body cavities, lungs and capillaries

Single layer flat cells

The thinnest epithelium–

promotes diffusion

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18a

Simple Epithelia

Simple cuboidal

Common in glands and their ducts

Forms walls of kidney tubules

Covers the ovaries

Single layer cubic cellsThicker--promotes

secretion

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18b

Simple Epithelia

Simple columnar

Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells

Lines digestive tract

Single layer tall cellsBest epithelium for mucus production

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18c

Simple Epithelia

Pseudostratified columnar

Often looks like a double layer of cells

Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract

May function in absorption or secretion

Not really more than one layer

tall cellsCilia move

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18d

Stratified Epithelia

Stratified squamous

Cells at the apical surface are flattened

Found as a protective covering where friction is common (skin, mouth and esophagus)

Layers flat cells

Oldest, driest, deadest cells are on the surface

Figure 3.18e

Stratified cuboidal

Stratified columnar

(can be mixed)

(Two) Layers Cubic cells

Layers Tall cells

Transitional epithelium

Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching

Lines organs of the urinary system

“Changing”

Figure 3.18f

Glandular Epithelium

Gland--cells responsible for secreting a product

Two types:

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

Glandular Epithelium

Gland--cells responsible for secreting a product

Two types:

Endocrine gland

Ductless: secretions diffuse into blood vessels

Secretions are hormones

Exocrine gland

Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

Include sweat and oil glands

copyright © 2009 pearson education, inc., publishing as benjamin cummings protein synthesis ...

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