corn production & corn pests in brunei darussalam
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CORN PRODUCTION
& CORN PESTS OF
BRUNEI
DARUSSALAM
Crop Protection Unit
Entomology Lab
Brunei Agricultural Research Centre
Department of Agriculture
Brunei Darussalam.
Sweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei Darussalam
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Sweet corn is one of the most important cash crops in Brunei Darussalam. It ranks 1st in arable crops in term of quantity as well as market values as well. Statistic issued by Brunei Agriculture Department shows that total consumptions was about 450 mt in 2006.
Sweet corn in Brunei Darussalam is mainly for human consumption. Besides fresh, steaming and grilled, sweet corn is also marketed as chilled, kernel and mixed vegetables.
With rapidly increasing demand, as a result of significant increase in popularity of delicious taste modern sweet corn variety supported by government incentives on agricultural inputs as well as infrastructure development and attractive farm gate price, there has been an increase in numbers of farmers growing this crop.
As our Government endeavors through the Department of Agriculture Department to meet these requirements, every initiative has been taken to support the corn planting program. These include providing subsidies of quality hybrid seed and other agricultural inputs as well as advisory services on crop technology, pest and disease management.
The yellow flint sweet corn is commercially grown in Brunei Darussalam. Sweet corn farmers grow up to four crops a year. Brunei-Muara District has the highest production of sweet corn. Cropping season is all year round where sweet corn commands higher price at harvest time.
In recent years the production of sweet corn is increasing because of expansion of the areas planted. Thus import is reduced gradually. It is envisaged that, Brunei Darussalam will attaining self sufficiency in the near future.
LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN
370,455
($532,609)
145,694
($303,402)
97,096
(B$171,582)
Sweet CornSweet Corn
( kg )( kg )
4239
($12,270)
34,493
(B$131,191)
17,323
(B$56,758)Young CornYoung Corn
( kg )( kg )
200620062005200520042004
Table 1
IMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORN
315373370
Grain Corn
(Animal feed)
( mt )
126,081
(B$107,798)
248,535
(B$185,724)
379,378
(B$340,532)Sweet Corn
( kg )
75,565
(B$223,341)
74,212
(B$210,361)
116,181
(B$279,648)Young Corn
( kg )
200620062005200520042004
Table 2
Area Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet Corn
283 %
51 %
% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase
( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )
48.72006
19.22005
12.72004
Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)YearYearYearYearYearYearYearYear
Table 3
C 56 Malaysia
New Jean
1357 Bright Jean
Honey Jean .No : 2 & 3
Known Your
Seed
Taiwan
Sweet Jean ( yellow/white )
VarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesCOUNTRY
Table 4 POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET
CORNCORNCORNCORNCORNCORNCORNCORN
Pest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control Methods
Effective use of pesticides and good quality seed as well as good farm management are recommended for pest and disease prevention and control.
Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development
Phases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet Corn
1. Sowing to germinating.
2. Vegetative to flowering stages.
3. Tasseling and cob setting.
4. Harvesting.
White GrubsWhite GrubsWhite Grubs
Army WormArmy WormArmy Worm
Cut WormCut WormCut Worm
Leaf HooperLeaf HooperLeaf Hooper
ThripsThripsThrips
Thrips Parvispinus
Phlaeothripidae. Hoplothrips
Thrips Palmi
Insect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation Phase
√Monoctenocera brachiella Hamps
√√√Heliothis armigera
√√√Ostrinia furnacalis
Ostrinia salentialis snell
√√Dactylispa balyi
√Atherigona sp.
√√Agrotis sp.
44332211
Sweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development Phase
Table 5
LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON ZeaZeaZeaZeaZeaZeaZeaZea maysmaysmaysmaysmaysmaysmaysmays
IN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Leafstripe; the most commonest disease in the crop.
Only requires control where crops are grown in
succession for seed multiplication.
Cochliobulus heterostrophus
(conidial Drechslera maydis)
On necrotic leaves.Cochliobolus geniculatus
(Curvularia state)
Found on blighted leaves.Cladosporium oxysporum
Leaf blight, first recorded on maize imported illegally
from Japan.Cercospora fusimaculans
On blighted leaves.Botryodiplodia theobromae
Found on dead seeds.Aspergillus flavus
Common leaf speckle.Apiospora camptospora
(Pteroconium state)
Occasional strong growth gives the appearance of a
sooty mould on leaves.Alternaria longissima
Minute leaf spot and leaf necrosis.Acremonium sp.
RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen
Table 6
Occasional top stalk rot causing collapse of
plants.
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Fusarium moniliforme)
Although common on rice in brunei this is the
only record of the fungus on maize in the state
and also from the same material from Japan.
Corticium sasaki
Associated with leaf stripes.Curvularia eragrostidis
Has caused serious blight of young seedlings
under waterlooged conditions.Curvularia leonensis
On dead leaves.Curvularia pallescens
On necrotic leaves.Curvularia sp.
Associated with leaf spots.Didymosphaeria sp.
Associated with cob rots.Fusarium equiseti
On dead leaves.Fusarium semitectum
Found in rotten stems.Fusarium oxysporum
RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen
Minor leaf spot.Septoria zeicola
Occasional leaf spot, usually at the leaf tips.Leptosphaeria michotii
Occasional collar rot.Macrophomina phaseolina
On rotten cobs.Nigrospora oryzae
On rotten cobs.Nigrospora sphaerica
Common on blighted leaves.Pestalotiopsis versicolor
Minor leaf spotting.Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae
Minor leaf spot.Phoma sorghina
Occasional outbreaks of seedling rot under wet
conditions.Pythium vexans
Rust, quite common but has never been damaging,
usually coming in when the crop is nearing
maturity.
Puccinia polysora
RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen
Only recorded once.Setosphaeria turcica (Drechslera state)
Occasional stalk rot causing collapse of plants,
losses can be 10%-15%.Thanatephorus cucumeris
On rotting seeds.Trichoderma sp.
Common smut, found once on two plants in
1978.Ustilago maydis
Found on necrotic leaves along with other
fungi.Xylaria sp.
In wet weather losses of 15-20% occur
through bacterial stalk rot. Removal and
burning of infected material plus copper
spraying is ameliorative.
Erwinia carotovora
Rarely seen.Maize streak virus
RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen
COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR
SWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORN
III
II
III
II
III
II
Pycethroid
Organophosphate
Pyrethroid
Organopphosphates
Organopphosphates
Carbamate
3) Insecticides
Cypermethrin
Fenthion
Lamda-Cyhalothrin
Lebaycid
Malathion
Carbaryl
IV
IV
IV
IV
Benzimidazole
Phthalimide
Dithiocarbamate
Thiocarbamate
2) Fungicides
Benomyl
Captan
Maneb
Mancozeb
II
IV
IV
III
Phenoxy
Organophosate
1) Herbicides
2, 4-D Amine
Glyfosinate
Glyphosate
Glypfosinate Ammonium
WHO Hazard LevelWHO Hazard LevelChemical FamilyChemical FamilyActive IngredientsActive Ingredients
Table 7
LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON
SWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORN
Infestation may occur at plant
emergence. Spray to the soil at base
of the plant if losses causing concern.
Mole cricket
(Gryllotalpa africana)
Spray when aphids are present in
large number usually 3 to 4 weeks
after transplanting.
Aphids
(Rhopalosiphum maidis)
Spray from plant emergence up to 4
leaf stage where the pests is likely to
be a problem.
Dipterous Borer
(Silba sp.,
Anterigona sp.)
Spray from 6 to 7 leaf stage when first
instar larva are found on terminal
shoot.
Stem & Cob Borer
(Ostrinia furnacalis)
Sweet CornSweet Corn
REMARKSREMARKSINSECTSINSECTSCROPSCROPS
Table 8
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