cosmic rays under the knee
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Cosmic Rays under the KneeCosmic Rays under the Knee
Piergiorgio Picozza INFN & University of Rome “ Tor Vergata”
21st European Cosmic Ray Symposium Košice, Slovakia
9 - 12 September 2008
High Z[ENTICE, ECCO]
Isotopic
composition [ACE]
Solar Modulation
AntimatterDark Matter
[BESS, PAMELA, AMS]
Elemental Composition
[CREAM, ATIC, TRACER, NUCLEON,CALET, ACCESS?, INCA?,
Extreme Energy CR[AUGER, EUSO, TUS/KLYPVE, OWL??]
An OverviewAn Overview
Elemental Composition
Antimatter and Dark Matter research
Solar modulation
ACCESS ACE AMS-02 ATIC BESS CALET CREAM HEAO HIMAX INCA
JACEE NUCLEON PAMELA PPB-BETS PROTON sat. RUNJOB SOKOL TIGER TRACER
Elemental CompositionElemental CompositionDirect ExperimentsDirect Experiments
What Kind of Data?What Kind of Data?
C.R. energy spectra
C.R. relative abundances
Secondary/primary C.R. fluxes ratios
ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1 ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1
proton
ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1 ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1
He
ATIC 2ATIC 2
ATIC 2 Average MassATIC 2 Average Mass
astro-ph/0612377
CREAM 1-2 CREAM 1-2
Energy SpectraTRACER 2003
Astrophysical Journal 678, 262 (2008)
Fit > 20 GeV / amu
Γ = 2.65 ± 0.05
Spectral Indices vs ChargeTRACER 2003
No evidence for any Z dependence in the spectral indices.
Points to common origin for all species.
TRACER 2003 Comparison with Air-showers
TRACER – single element (O, Fe) Airshowers : CNO group, Fe Group
Some comparisonsSome comparisons
Wefel credit
CREAM 2 CREAM 2
TIGERTIGER Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder
Secondaries / primaries Secondaries / primaries i.e. Boron/ Carbon to constrain propagation parametersi.e. Boron/ Carbon to constrain propagation parameters
D. Maurin, F. Donato R. Taillet and P.Salati ApJ, 555, 585, 2001 [astro-ph/0101231]
F. Donato et.al, ApJ, 563, 172, 2001 [astro-ph/0103150]
AstrophysicAstrophysicB/CB/C
constraintsconstraints
Nuclear Nuclear cross cross
sections!!sections!!
B/C Ratio Antiproton flux
Diffusion Halo ModelDiffusion Halo Model
CREAM CREAM
δδ = = 0.33 top0.33 top 0.6 med.0.6 med. 0.7 bot.0.7 bot.
astro-ph/0808.1718
ATIC ATIC
B/C selected experimentsB/C selected experiments
CREAM 2 CREAM 2 astro-ph/0808.1718 ATIC
Elemental CompositionElemental Composition
Direct measurements well determine C.R. elemental composition under the knee.
As a result important hints to acceleration processes and propagation of cosmic rays through the ISM are obtained.
New data on secondary to primary (B/C) ratio in cosmic rays fluxes are providing unique tools to characterize the diffusion properties of ISM.
AMSPAMELA AMS PAMELA AMS in Spacein Space
AcceleratorsAccelerators
The Big Bang origin of the Universe requires matter and antimatter
to be equally abundant at the very hot beginning
Search for the existence of anti Universe Search for th
e origin of th
e Universe
Search for the existence of Antimatter in the Search for the existence of Antimatter in the UniverseUniverse
4% 23% 73%
(GLAST AMS-02)
Signal (supersymmetry)…
… and background
Antimatter and Dark Matter Research
- BESS (93, 95, 97, 98, BESS (93, 95, 97, 98,
2000)2000)
- IMAX (1992)IMAX (1992)
- Heat (94, 95, 2000)Heat (94, 95, 2000)
- BESS LDF (2004)BESS LDF (2004)
- ATIC (2001, 2003, 2005)ATIC (2001, 2003, 2005)
- PPB-BETS (2004)PPB-BETS (2004)
- AMS-01 (98) AMS-01 (98)
Wizard Collaboration
- - MASS – 1,2 (89,91)MASS – 1,2 (89,91)
--TrampSI (93)TrampSI (93)
-CAPRICE (94, 97, 98)CAPRICE (94, 97, 98)
AntimatterAntimatter
“We must regard it rather an accident that the Earth and presumably the whole Solar System contains a preponderance of negative electrons and positive protons. It is quite possible that for some of the stars it is the other way about” P. Dirac, Nobel lecture (1933)
Secondary production Bergström et al. ApJ 526 (1999) 215
Secondary production (upper and lower limits)Simon et al. ApJ 499 (1998) 250.
from χχ annihilation (Primary production m(c) = 964 GeV)
Ullio : astro-ph/9904086
P
astro-ph/0805.1754
Antiproton-Proton RatioAntiproton-Proton Ratio
Positron - Electron ratioPositron - Electron ratio
Positrons with HEAT Positrons with HEAT
PAMELAPAMELAPPayload for ayload for AAntimatter ntimatter MMatter atter EExploration and xploration and
LLight Nucleiight Nuclei AAstrophysicsstrophysics
LaunchLaunch15/06/0615/06/06
16 Gigabytes trasmitted 16 Gigabytes trasmitted daily to Grounddaily to Ground
NTsOMZ MoscowNTsOMZ Moscow
PAMELA
Positron/electron ratioPositron/electron ratio
PPB-BETSPPB-BETS [astro-
ph/0809.0760]
01/2004Antartica
The Next FutureThe Next Future
Goal of The Project
NUCLNUCLEEONON
Direct cosmic ray (CR)
measurements in wide energy
and charge range
in the near-Earth space
Protons
Fe
C-target
<S> ~ E0.8
Estimate Eprimary by S = i2 Ni
PseudorapiditiesPseudorapidities : : i = - ln tg
(i/2)
- Converter e+e-
Kinematics Lightweight Energy Kinematics Lightweight Energy Method Method The idea is to measure the spatial density of secondary
particles with a silicon tracker and use kinematics (pseudorapidities of secondary products) to infer the Lorentz
factor of the primary particle.
NUCLEON NUCLEON The charge measuring system: 4 silicon detectors layers. Tracker and energy system: a carbon block as a target, 6
identical layers of micro-strip silicon detectors, 2 identical tungsten layers as a gamma-converter.
Taiwan
CSISTNCUAcademia SinicaNSPO
KoreaIHEP
HelsinkiTurku
Aarhus
Ciemat-Madrid
LIP-Lisbon
MITYaleJohns HopkinsMarylandFlorida
A&MMexico
BolognaMilanoPerugiaPisaRomaSiena
AnnecyGrenobleMontpellier
IEE, IHEP
Jiao Tong UniversitySoutheast University
ESANIKHEF
NLR, Amsterdam
ETH-ZurichGeneva Univ.
Kurchatov Inst.Inst. of Theor. & Experimental Physics
Moscow State Univercity
Achen I & IIIKarlsruheMunich
Bucharest
AMS-02 on ISSAMS-02 on ISSIn Orbit 2010In Orbit 2010
TRD
RICH
VacuumCase
Tracker
MA
GN
ET
He V
essel
The Completed AMS Detector on ISSTransition Radiation
Detector (TRD)
Silicon Tracker
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL)
Magnet
Ring Image Cerenkov Counter (RICH)
Time of Flight Detector (TOF)
Size: 3m x 3m x 3mWeight: 7 tons
Combining searches in different channels could give (much) higher sensitiviy to SUSY DM signals
antiprotons
positrons
gamma raysanti deuterons
Unique Feature
Of AMS
Solar ModulationSolar Modulation
BESS Coll. 30th ICRC 2007
astro-ph/0805.1754
BESS Coll. 30th ICRC 2007
Positron/electron ratioPositron/electron ratio
Clem at al. 30th ICRC 2007
Pamela Pamela
Charge sign dependence of cosmic ray Charge sign dependence of cosmic ray modulation.modulation.
Two systematic deviations from reflection symmetry of the Two systematic deviations from reflection symmetry of the interplanetary magnetic field:interplanetary magnetic field:
1) The Parker field has opposite magnetic polarity above and 1) The Parker field has opposite magnetic polarity above and below the equator, but the spiral field lines themselves are below the equator, but the spiral field lines themselves are mirror images of each other. This antisymmetry produces mirror images of each other. This antisymmetry produces drift velocity fields that for positive particles converge on the drift velocity fields that for positive particles converge on the heliospheric equator in the Aheliospheric equator in the A++ state or diverge from it in A state or diverge from it in A- -
state.state. Negatively charged particles behave in the opposite manner Negatively charged particles behave in the opposite manner
and the drift patterns interchange when the solar polarity and the drift patterns interchange when the solar polarity diverge.diverge.
2) Systematic ordering of turbulent helicity can cause 2) Systematic ordering of turbulent helicity can cause diffusion coefficients to depend directly on charge sign and diffusion coefficients to depend directly on charge sign and polarity state. polarity state. Bieber, J.W., et al. Phys. Rev. Letters, 84, 674, Bieber, J.W., et al. Phys. Rev. Letters, 84, 674, 1999. 1999.
THANKS !THANKS !
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