creating, using and justifying the auditor's toolkit

Creating, Using and Justifying the Auditor's

Toolkit

• Welcome• General announcements

Creating, Using and Justifying the Auditor's

Toolkit

ISACA PresentationApril 2003Ed Capizzi

Schedule etc.

• Breakfast• Intro, admin & Methodology• Outside – In tools• Unix• Lunch• Windows• Hands on

Administrivia

• Location information• Pagers and cell phones• Fire escapes• Food• Start stop times• Location of restrooms• General room rules and mood

Assumptions

• Auditors have all the front end time & field work time they need

• Auditors have large budgets for tools and

training

• Auditors always get full cooperation of and

unlimited access to audit areas

• No one minds being audited

• You are already experts on everything

Real World Assumptions• You have to become an expert at

everything FAST (or at least brush up!)

• You need something you can apply now• You probably run a WinTel based machine• You probably don't have admin / root level

access (of your own) to the systems you audit

• You have to be part tech, part teacher, part politician

• Even “free, industry best practices” require

some selling

Real World Assumptions• This is one way to do things, not THE

way• Linux (for this presentation) is RedHat• Solaris (for this presentation) is 2.6• HP (for this presentation) is 11.x

Our Approach

• Learn to fish• Basics, basics, basics • Keep it simple• Inside out, Outside in• Creative use of “indigenous resources”

(utilities included in the existing OS)• Audits (& auditors) must be

“environmentally friendly and low impact”

Our Approach

1. Subsystem(s) involved

2. Best practice examples/settings

3. Ramifications of settings or principles

4. How to sell to administrators and management

5. Which tool to use to accomplish which task

15 Main Areas1) Account Policies 9) Remote Access

2) Auditing 10) Scheduled Tasks

3) Device Drivers 11) System Info

4) Drives 12) Services

5) Event Log 13) Shares

6) Printer Permissions 14) Trusted Relationships

7) Processes 15) Users & Groups

8) Registry

Account Policies

What are the tools?– admintool (gui-Solaris)

• /etc/default/passwd (sun)• /etc/passwd

– sam (gui-HP)

/etc/passwd

– userconf or redhat-config-users (gui Red Hat Linux)• /etc/passwd (linux)

What can they tell us?

Account Policies

What can they tell us*:

o login name

o encrypted password

o numerical user ID

o numerical group ID

o reserved gecos ID

o initial working directory

o program to use as shell

BUT WE WANT MORE!

Account Policies

To get more, the system has to be using: shadow passwords (Solaris / Linux)

/etc/shadow

or

“trusted system” (HP)

/tcb/files/auth/

More on this later, stay tuned...

Account Policies

Where are the files? (review)

Standard systems

/etc/default/passwd (Sun)

/etc/passwd (HP & Linux)

Shadowed or trusted systems

/etc/default/passwd (Sun)

/etc/passwd (Sun & Linux)

/tcb/files/auth/ (HP)

SAM

Sam

Sam

Linuxconf

Linuxconf

Auditing

• user logon / logoff• system restart, start up,

shutdown• object access

Auditing

Linux– /etc/syslog.conf

– /var/log/messages

Sun– /etc/syslog.conf

– /var/adm/message

HPUX– /etc/syslog.conf

– /var/adm/syslog/syslog.log

Auditing

Linux & HP

dmesg -boot diagnostics & messages

Sunprtdiag

Cool tool alert!!!

Rosetta Stone for Unix!

Rosetta Stone for Unix

Auditing

lastb

Auditing

• last

Auditing

• dmesg

Auditing• HPUX “Trusted System”

– passwords moved from /etc/passwd

– All users must have a password

– Check /etc/rc.config.d/auditing &

/sbin/rc2.d/S760auditing./etc/rc.config.

d/auditing for auditing control

parameters.

– /tcb/files/ttys

• uid of user log into terminal, logins

& unsuccessful logins.

AuditingA.K.A Setting up syslog!

Syslog.conf

• Simple text file with format ofdaemon.loglevel <Tab> log target mail.* /var/log/daemon.log

-rw------- 1 root root 702093 Mar 17 17:56 /var/log/messages

Owned by root (rw) – 'log' group (r) (if needed)– 'other' group not permissions

# Log all kernel messages to the console.

# Logging much else clutters up the screen.

#kern.* /dev/console

Syslog.conf (con't)

# Log anything (except mail) of level info or higher.

# Don't log private authentication messages!

*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none /var/log/messages

# The authpriv file has restricted access.

authpriv.* /var/log/secure

# Log all the mail messages in one place.

mail.* /var/log/maillog

# Save mail and news errors of level err and higher in a

# special file.

uucp,news.crit /var/log/spooler

# Save boot messages also to boot.log

local7.* /var/log/boot.log

Syslog logging Levels

• emerg System is unusable• alert Action must be taken NOW• crit Critical conditions• err Error conditions• warning Warning conditions• notice Normal but significant• info FYI• debug More than you want to know

(Programmers only)

Syslog targets

• /path/to/file Message appended to the given file

• @loghost Sent to syslog server on 'loghost' server

• * Message written to all loged in users

• user1,user2 Message written to user1 & user2

• /dev/console Message written to named ttys

• | /path/to/name_pipeMessage written to named pipe

Device Drivers• How the system handles hard drives, keyboards or

any other peripheral attached to the system

• located in /dev

–Character Device• communicate in echoed characters

–Block Devices• communicate in 512 or 1024 blocks of

data

• Faster access

Devices

• The device type is indicated by the first character in the permission block. i.e.crw--w--w- 1 root root 4, 1 Jul 19 13:26 tty1

crw--w--w- 1 root root 4, 2 Jul 19 13:26 tty2

Major device number – identifies the device driver number

Minor device number – identifies the device number

Devices

• device permissions are important!• /dev/kmem = kernel memory• /dev/hda1 =hard disk

– access to this may allow dump of disk files bypassing /etc/passwd

• use groups and sudo

Drives• mount – to show what is mounted• df- k, df -h to see free space • etc/fstab (/etc/vfstab - Solaris) to see

file system mount point descriptions

description of /dev/dsk -vs- /dev/rdsk

Local-vs-remote

• mount• /etc/fstab• /etc/dfs/dfstab

share lists all current shares (Sun)exportfs -v lists all current shares (HP & Linux)nfsstat NFS performance statistics (HP & Sun)

Event Log

• Syslog (and /etc/syslog.conf) /var/log/messages Linux/var/adm/messages HP & Suntail and / or grep Ask if Swatch or logcheck may be running

Printer Permission

• /etc/hosts.lpd = hosts that can print – You can also put in /etc/hosts.equiv but

that opens them to use rservices too!– lpadmin (solaris) lsR -al /etc/lp

Linux– cat /etc/printcap.local

• shows all local printers• printtool (gui)

– Hpux – lpadmin• /etc/lp/*• /var/adm/lp*

Processes

• Before we begin..

Policy

Best Practices

Goals of Security

init Processinit is always process #1

(all other things that happen before this are actually

part of the kernel or kernel process)

The “system father task” that propagates all

child processes needed for operation.

Configuration file: /etc/inittab•

/etc/inittab

• Defines the default run level– id:5:initdefault:

– strt:3:initdefault:• Executes and process entries that have sysinit in the action field (so

that any special initialisation takes place before the users log in).

• Defines processes for specific run levels

– rebt:6:wait:/etc/init.d/announce restart

identifier:runlevel processed at:the action:the process

Runlevels• 0 – Shutdown or halt the system• 1 – Single user (administrative) mode• 2 – Basic Multi user mode (all daemons, no NFS)• 3 – Multi User Mode (all daemons and NFS)• 4 - Reserved• 5 – Reboot the system (passing through runlevel 0)• S or s – single user mode all file systems mounted

and accessible• 6 Shut down the machine /reboot

Run Levels con'tHow do I display the current runlevel?• HP & Solaris

– # who -r

• run-level 3 Feb 28 10:55 3 0 S• current run level date and time of run level change current

run level number of times at this run level since last reboot

previous run level

• Linux– # /sbin/runlevel

• N 5 or 3 5 (none before and now 5 or 3 before and 5 now)

rc scriptsRun Control Scripts exist for each run

level

Scripts start and/or stop all processes needed to put

system into appropriate Run Level

S start, K kill (stop)

• processed sequentially 0-99

Solaris rc scriptsRun Control Scripts exist for each run level

• /sbin/rc– directory for each script

• /sbin/rc3 -> /etc/rc3.d/

– S15nfs.server

Linux rc scriptsRun Control Scripts exist for each run level

• /etc/rc.d/rc.local

• /etc/rc.d/rc#– directory for each script

• /etc/rc.d/rc3

– K20nfs

rc scriptsRun Control Scripts exist for each run

level

HP rc scriptsRun Control Scripts exist for each run level

• /sbin/rc#.d– directory for each script

• /sbin/rc3.d/

K20nfs

Processes• ps -aef• ps -aux• inet.d

/etc/inetd.conf• how to start, & stop

/etc/init.d/name start or stop, restart

• /proc directory cd /proc/proc#; ls

Processes• ps -aef

Processes• ps -aux

Processes• inet.d

/etc/inetd.conf

Processes (TOP)

Processes• /etc/services

–read by inet.dnetstat 15/tcp

qotd 17/tcp quote

msp 18/tcp # message send protocol

msp 18/udp # message send protocol

chargen 19/tcp ttytst source

chargen 19/udp ttytst source

ftp-data 20/tcp

ftp 21/tcp

fsp 21/udp fspd

ssh 22/tcp # SSH Remote Login Protocol

ssh 22/udp # SSH Remote Login Protocol

telnet 23/tcp

Registry Bind, SMNP, HTTP

• Bind• Snmp• HTTP

Registry Bind, SMNP, HTTP

• Bind– nslookup change to that server ls -d domain name

– /etc/named.conf

Registry Bind, SMNP, HTTP

• Bind– C:\>nslookup

– Default Server: hm01.mycompany.com

– Address: 10.199.128.10

– > server 10.199.128.10

– Default Server: hm01.mycompany.com

– Address: 10.10.128.10

– > ls -d mycompany.com

– [hm01.mycompany.com]

– *** Can't list domain mycompany.com: Query refused

Registry Bind, SMNP, HTTP

• Bind– /etc/named.conf

cat /etc/named.conf |grep –i –A 10 ‘allow’

allow-transfer {

127.0.0.1; // localhost

10.0.0.2; // secondary DNS server for my zone

};

};

ICAT Metabase

ICAT Metabase

ICAT Metabase

SMNP• Smnp FILES• /usr/sbin/snmpd• /usr/sbin/snmpdm• /usr/sbin/mib2agt• /usr/sbin/hp_unixagt• /usr/sbin/trapdestagt• /etc/SnmpAgent.d/snmpd.conf• /var/adm/snmpd.log• /opt/OV/snmp_mibs/• /sbin/SnmpAgtStart.d/

SMNPsnmpwalk 10.10.2.1 publicsystem.sysDescr.0 = HP-UX Alice B.11.00 E 9000/889

system.sysObjectID.0 = OID: enterprises.11.2.3.2.3

system.sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (1062137248) 122 days, 22:22:52.48

system.sysContact.0 =

system.sysName.0 = tinker

system.sysLocation.0 =

system.sysServices.0 = 72

system.sysORLastChange.0 = Timeticks: (0) 0:00:00.00

interfaces.ifNumber.0 = 3

at.atTable.atEntry.atIfIndex.1.1.170.199.6.1 = 1

at.atTable.atEntry.atIfIndex.1.1.170.199.6.5 = 1

at.atTable.atEntry.atIfIndex.1.1.170.199.6.9 = 1

at.atTable.atEntry.atIfIndex.1.1.170.199.6.30 = 1

at.atTable.atEntry.atIfIndex.1.1.170.199.6.43 = 1

Registry Bind, SMNP, HTTP

# telnet 10.10.2.1 80

Trying...

Connected to 10.10.2.1.

Escape character is '^]'.

GET / HTTP/1.0

GET / HTTP/1.1HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2003 21:24:56 GMT

Server: HP Apache-based Web Server/1.3.26 (Unix)

Last-Modified: Thu, 20 Mar 2003 19:57:37 GMT

ETag: "ae3-116e-3e7a1d31"

Accept-Ranges: bytes

Registry Bind, SMNP, HTTP

Content-Length: 4462

Connection: close

Content-Type: text/html

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Startup Page for HP Apache-based Web Server on HP-UX</TITLE>

<style type="text/css">

<!--

BODY {

font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif;

}

H1 {

font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif;

font-size:24pt;

}

-->

</style>

Remote Access• Rservices• telnet• ssh• /var/log/secure

– cat and grep for in.telnet, rlogin, etc– find /var/log/ -name secure* -exec cat {} \; >/tmp/sec.log.atxt

• rpcinfo -p– prints information if rpc is running

Scheduled Tasks

• Cron– Crontab -l1 2 3 4 5

21 14 * * 2 /path/to/whatever/bin/sh/etc/2run

1 2 3 4MINUTE(0-59) HOUR(0-23) DAYOFMONTH(1-31) MONTHOFYEAR(1-12)

5DAYOFWEEK(0-6) Note 0 = Sun

2 = Tue

4 = Thr

6 = Sat

System Info

• dmesg• prtconf -v (Solaris) • ioscan (HP)

System Infodmesg

Variable size pages used to map 1000 graf pages at f7000000

NOTICE: nfs3_link(): File system was registered at index 3.

NOTICE: autofs_link(): File system was registered at index 6.

NOTICE: cachefs_link(): File system was registered at index 7.

8 ccio

8/4 c720

8/4.2 tgt

8/4.2.0 stape

8/4.7.0 sctl

8/4.15.0 sdisk

8/8 c720

8/8.7 tgt

8/8.7.0 sctl

8/16 bus_adapter

System Infoioscan

Services• /etc/services• /etc/inetd

–super daemon1. checks the incoming port,

2. consults /etc/services to get the service name,

3. reads its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf to determine what program to start to handle the incoming connection

Services• /etc/services<official service name> <port number/protocol name> <aliases>

ftp-data 20/tcp # File Transfer Protocol (Data)

ftp 21/tcp # File Transfer Protocol (Control)

telnet 23/tcp # Virtual Terminal Protocol

smtp 25/tcp # Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

time 37/tcp timeserver # Time

time 37/udp timeserver #

rlp 39/udp resource # Resource Location Protocol

whois 43/tcp nicname # Who Is

Services● /etc/inetd.conf

# A line in the configuration file has the following fields separated by tabs and/or spaces:

# service name as in /etc/services

# socket type either "stream" or "dgram"

# protocol as in /etc/protocols

# wait/nowait only applies to datagram sockets, stream

# sockets should specify nowait

# user name of user as whom the server should run

# server program absolute pathname for the server inetd will

# execute

# server program args. arguments server program uses as they normally

# are starting with argv[0] which is the name of

# the server.

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/lbin/ftpd ftpd -l (Causes each FTP session to be logged in the syslog file.)

telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/lbin/telnetd telnetd

Shares

• nis (Network Information Service)

Formerly YP (Yellow Pages)

• nfs (Network File System)

NFS Server

• Daemonsmountd, nfsd, statd, nfslogd

• Files/etc/dfs/dfstab list of all local filesystems automatically shared

/etc/dfs/rmtab table of nfs file systems mounted by clients

/etc/dfs/nfslog.confdefines path, filenames & logging options

• Commandsshare, unshare, dfshares, dfmounts (all show share in use information)

NFS Security

• In general● Only run NFS as needed, apply latest patches ● Careful use of /etc/exports (or /etc/dfs/dfstab for

SUN) ● Read-only if possible ● No suid if possible ● Fully qualified hostnames

NFS Client• Daemons (look for them)

statd, lockd

• Files (review)

/etc/vfstab/etc/mnttab/etc/dfs/fstypes

• Commandsdfsharesdfsmounts

NIS

• If you do NOT use NIS or NIS+, make your system a HP-UX trusted system for easier system security

NIS

Daemon Function

ypserv Server process

ypwhich Lists name of the NIS server (client)

ypcat -x Displays the contents of an NIS map (client)

NISWhat's exported

# ypwhichypwhich the NIS domain name hasn't been set on this machine

# exportfs -v (HP shows all exported)

nothing exported

NIS

# ypwhich

NIS

# exportfs -v

NIS

# ypcat -x or ypwhich -x

Use "passwd" for map "passwd.byname"

Use "group" for map "group.byname"

Use "networks" for map "networks.byaddr"

Use "hosts" for map "hosts.byaddr"

Use "protocols" for map "protocols.bynumber"

Use "services" for map "services.byname"

Use "aliases" for map "mail.aliases"

Use "ethers" for map "ethers.byname"

NIS• HP cat /var/yp/secureservers -defines trusted NIS servers

255.255.255.255 192.1.1.1 -only one server

255.255.0.0 128.1.0.0 -any server from the 128.1

subnet

• HP cat /var/yp/securenets -defines trusted NIS clients

255.255.255.255 192.1.1.2 -only one client

255.255.0.0 128.1.0.0 -any client from the 128.1 subnet

Trusts• /etc/hosts.equiv

– non-root access request:

if host exists -> /etc/passwd

if account exists -> you're in! (no password challenge)

• .rhosts– Root accesss request

.rhosts checked if host exists -> you're in! no jacket required!

• /etc/ftpusersif they're in here, they are restricted

root, uucp, adm, lp, smtp, bin, nobody etc all good candidates!

TrustsTCP Wrappers only

TCP Wrappers inserts itself into the middle of the relationship and acts as the server until the client/host is authenticated

• /etc/hosts.deny (ALL:ALL)Hosts that will be denied access

• /etc/hosts.allow (only trusted hosts!)

Hosts that will be permitted access

Trusts• /usr/adm/sulog

– see who has been switching users

• /var/log/messages– see who has been switching user

• find / -nouser -print -o -nogroup -print

• find / -user root -perm -004000 -print• find / -xdev -perm -004000 -exec ls -l {} \;• find / -name .rhosts -exec cat {}\; >audit.rh• find / -name .netrc

Users & Groups• /etc/passwd

rights on the file• if I can change my UID to 0, I'm root

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 683 Jan 29 07:19 /etc/passwd

contents of the fileusername:passwd:uid:gid:comments:directory:shellroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:

• Shadow passwords or trusted system in use?

Shadow Passwords• Solaris, Linux

–/etc/shadow• HPUX

–/tcb/files/auth

Shadow Passwordsusername:password:Date of last changeDate of last change (# days since 01/01/1970):

minimum days between changes:

maximum # days between changes:

# days warning in advance of change:

# days after required change before disabled:

account expire date :reserved and empty

root:$1$RY7BRRo9$vbJX3mu0ESeUAhlfYYupk1: 12081:0:99999:7:-1:134539236

bin:**:11926:0:99999:7:::

daemon:*:11926:0:99999:7:::

adm::11926:0:99999:7:::

Users & Groups

• /etc/groupsrights on the file• if I can change my GID to 0, I've got root

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 455 Jan 29 07:19 /etc/group

contents of the filegroup_name:password:group_id:listroot:x:0:root

bin:x:1:root,bin,daemon

daemon:x:2:root,bin,daemon

sys:x:3:root,bin,adm

adm:x:4:root,adm,daemon

tty:x:5:

Putting it all together

• Script to run commands and dump output to /tmp

• tar all of the output files and transfer via network to your laptop

• use Cygwin to evaluate the output files!

Putting it all together

• Grep• Telnet• Cat• Find

Putting it all together

last >/tmp/last.atxtroot tty1 Sun Mar 16 12:22 still logged in

reboot system boot 2.2.14-5.0 Sun Mar 16 12:21 (05:51)

root tty1 Sat Mar 15 14:20 - down (07:12)

root pts/1 :0 Sat Mar 15 14:14 - 14:14 (00:00)

root pts/1 :0 Sat Mar 15 13:07 - 13:07 (00:00)

root pts/0 :0 Sat Mar 15 12:27 - 14:14 (01:46)

root tty1 Sat Mar 15 12:01 - 14:19 (02:18)

reboot system boot 2.2.14-5.0 Sat Mar 15 11:58 (09:34)

root tty1 Thu Mar 13 06:32 - down (08:10)

root tty1 Thu Mar 13 06:29 - 06:32 (00:02)

reboot system boot 2.2.14-5.0 Thu Mar 13 06:24 (08:19)

root tty1 Tue Mar 11 07:11 - down (02:17)

reboot system boot 2.2.14-5.0 Tue Mar 11 07:10 (02:18)

root tty1 Sun Mar 9 18:12 - down (00:49)

reboot system boot 2.2.14-5.0 Sun Mar 9 18:09 (00:51)

Putting it all together

• grep -a -i -f grep.txt target.txt -a = process the target file as text –i=ignore case –f=use input file grep.txt=name of input file target.txt= file being “grepped”

Cygwin note:

If you are using Cygwin, you can create the input file in a Windows editor (i.e. Notepad) but before using it to grep you must convert it to a unix file by using the ‘dos2unix’ command (dos2unix filename).

i.e. dos2unix grep.txt will convert the dos text file grep.txt to unix text. The differences between the two are not great, but they are large enough to prevent grep from understanding the input file if you don’t convert it first!

Putting it all togethertalk

name

finger

uucp

mouse

tftp

shell

login

exec

comsat

systat

netstat

admind

Putting it all together

$ grep -a -i -f grep.txt target.txt

systat 11/tcp users # Active Users

whois 43/tcp nicname # Who Is

tftp 69/udp # Trivial File Transfer Protocol

finger 79/tcp # Finger

hostnames 101/tcp hostname # NIC Host Name Server

uucp-path 117/tcp # UUCP Path Service

netbios_ns 137/tcp # NetBIOS Name Service

exec 512/tcp # remote execution, passwd required

login 513/tcp # remote login

shell 514/tcp cmd # remote command, no passwd used

talk 517/udp # conversation

ntalk 518/udp # new talk, conversation

Putting it all togethergrep -o 'JM[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]' leg_share.txt

grep -o 'JM[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]' leg_share.txt |sort -u

grep -o 'JM[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]' leg_share.txt |sort -u >sorted.txt; grep -A1 -f sorted.txt april_users.txt

Putting it all togethertar –cvf audit.tar /tmp/*atxt

Putting it all together• The following slides are a list of commands I use to audit Unix systems.• This list is not “all encompassing”, well organized, 100% accurate, or 100%

complete. • Use at your own risk, no warranty expressed or implied. Void where prohibited.• This list can be a place to start your own research.• The goal is to place the output of these simple commands into the /tmp directory, tar

them up and then transfer them back to the auditor’s workstation for analysis.

Good luck and enjoy!

Putting it all together"the usual suspects" “the usual reasons”

ls /etc/sam/custom/login-name.cf #config file that sets user’s rights for sam

bdf >/tmp/bdf.atxt show mounts

cat /etc/passwd |sort >/tmp/passwd.atxt users and passwd info

cat /etc/group |sort >/tmp/groups.atxt group list and members

cat /etc/shadow |sort >/tmp/shadow.atxt users and passwd info

cat /etc/services >/tmp/services.atxt list content of services file

cat /etc/aliases >/tmp/aliases.atxt system mail aliases

cat /etc/default/useradd >/tmp/useradd.atxt show useradd template params

cat /etc/dfs/dfstab >/tmp/dfstab.atxt list mount points

cat /etc/fstab >/tmp/fstab.atxt list mount points

cat /etc/exports >tmp/exports.atxt look for nfs (errors can be a good thing!)

cat /etc/ftpd/ftpusers |sort >/tmp/ftpusers.atxt restricted ftp users

cat /etc/ftpusers |sort >/tmp/ftpusers.atxt restricted ftp users

cat /etc/host.equiv >/tmp/host.equiv.atxt show priveleged hosts

cat /etc/hosts >/tmp/hosts.atxt show hosts resolve

cat /etc/inetd.conf >/tmp/ined.conf.atxt show the configuration file for inetd

cat /etc/xinetd.d/inetd.conf >/tmp/ined.conf.atxt show the configuration file for inetd

cat /etc/inittab >/tmp/inittab.atxt show initialization tab

cat /etc/nsswitch.conf >/tmp/nsswitch.atxt display name resolution order

cat /etc/pam >/tmp/pam.atxt Pluggable Authentication Modules

cat /etc/pam.conf >/tmp/pamconf.atxt Display Pam Settings

cat /etc/PATH >/tmp/path.atxt display path

echo $PATH >/tmp/path.atxt display path

cat /etc/profile >/tmp/profile.atxt show profiles

cat /etc/rc.config >/tmp/rcconfig.atxt show rc config

* omit everything to the right of “>” for output to screen

Putting it all together"the usual suspects" “the usual reasons”

cat /etc/rhosts >/tmp/rhosts.atxt show hosts able to connect remote

cat /etc/rpc >/tmp/rpc.atxt RPC program number database

cat /etc/shadow >/tmp/shadow.atxt shadow password

cat /etc/uucp/Devices >/tmp/uucp_devices.atxt look for uucp devices

cat /etc/uucp/Dialers >/tmp/uucp_dialers.atxt check for modems

cat /usr/lib/uucp/Devices >/tmp/uucp_devices.atxt list of uucp devices

cat /usr/lib/uucp/Dialers >/tmp/uucp_dialers.atxt check for modem phone numbers

cat /usr/lib/uucp/Systems >/tmp/uucp_systems.atxt list of uucp systems

crontab -l >/tmp/crons.atxt list contents of the crontab

df -h >/tmp/df.atxt disk space

df -k >/tmp/dfk.atxt show disk space

# df -k >/tmp/x.atxt show disk space

env >/tmp/env.atxt display environment

exportfs >/tmp/exportfs.atxt list currently exported files and directories

last >/tmp/last.atxt last logins

lastb >/tmp/last.bad.atxt last bad logins

ls /etc/rc/rc.3 >/tmp/rc3.atxt Show what is turned on/off for this runlevel

ls /etc/rc/rc.5 >/tmp/rc5.atxt Show what is turned on/off for this runlevel

ls -l /etc/exports >/tmp/exports.atxt show permissions on /etc/exports

ls -l -R /tcb/files/auth >/tmp/hp_trusted.atxt show trusted systems “shadow file”

ls -l -R >/tmp/filesys.atxt rights on the (ugh) filesystem

mount >/tmp/mountpts.atxt show drive mount points

* omit everything to the right of “>” for output to screen

Putting it all together"the usual suspects" “the usual reasons”

cat /etc/rc.config.d/netconf >/tmp/netconf.atxt config values for core networking subsystems

cat /etc/rc.config.d/netconf /etc/rc.config.d/auditing >> >/tmp/rc_configd.atxt #gets the rest

cat /etc/resolv.conf >/tmp/resolvconf.atxt # defines the domain the system belongs to and the name server the client will use.

cat /etc/uucp/Systems >/tmp/uucp_systems.atxt “Unix-to-Unix copy”. Lists and describes remote systems accessible

to a local system using the Basic Networking Utilities "

cat /var/adm/inetd.sec >/tmp/inetd_sec.atxt "# The lines in the file contain a service name permission field

and the Internet addresses or names of the hosts and/or networksallowed to use that service in the local machine.

cat for /etc/securetty >/tmp/.atxt "file with contents “console” if exists then root can only login from console all others must remote

login as themselves and then su."

find / \( -perm -0200 -o -perm -0400 \) -ls >/tmp/uid.atxt look for setuid or guid

find / -name .profile - >/tmp/x.atxt show profile file (get cshell and korn shell too!)

find / -name .rhost -exec cat {} \; >rhosts.txt >/tmp/rhosts.atxt rhost search

find / -perm -2000 -exec ls -al {} \; >/tmp/2000.atxt find permissions on files

find / -perm -4000 -exec ls -al {} \; >/tmp/4000.atxt find permissions on files

find /etc/rc.config.d/*conf* -exec cat {} \; >rc.configd.txt >/tmp/rc.config.atxt displays the config files from /rc.config.d/

find etc/rc.config.d/*config* -exec cat {} \; > config.txt >/tmp/hp_rc.config.d.atxt #list contents of the config files

find etc/rc.config.d/audit* -exec cat {} \; > config.txt >/tmp/hp_rc.audit.atxt list contents of the auditing cofig

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

ypwhich Lists name of the NIS server and nickname translation table

ypcat -x Displays the contents of an NIS map.

exportfs -v >/tmp/exportfs.atxt Print each directory or file name as it is exported or unexported

share >/tmp/share.atxt Print each directory or file name as it is exported or unexported

cat /etc/hosts.allow Lists machines that the host will accept a connection coming in

from (IP address)

cat /etc/hosts.deny Lists machines that the host will NOT accept a connection coming in

from (IP address)

find / -name snmpd.conf -exec grep -l public {} \; find snmpd config files where default password of public may exit

* omit everything to the right of “>” for output to screen

Putting it all together"the usual suspects" “the usual reasons”

netstat -a >/tmp/netstata.atxt all sockets

netstat -in >/tmp/netstatin.atxt show interface info

netstat -rv >/tmp/netstatrv.atxt route table

nfs configs >/tmp/x.atxt Solaris package manager

Pkginfo >/tmp/pkginfo.atxt solaris look for installed packages

ps -aef >/tmp/psaef.atxt show those processes

ps -aux >/tmp/psaux.atxt more processes

rpm -qa >installed.pkgs.txt >/tmp/rpms.atxt Linux display installed pkgs

showmount -e >/tmp/ex_mntpts.atxt show exported mount points

swlist -l fileset >/tmp/hp_pkgs.atxt hp look for installed pkgs

tail -300 /sr/adm/sulog >/tmp/sulog.atxt last 300 lines of su log

uname -a >/tmp/uname.atxt id the system

rpcinfo >/tmp/x.atxt Show rpc services running (portmapper dump) on

cat /etc/printcap.local This file used to specify custom edited printers

ioscan list hardware config

umask display current umask settings

* omit everything to the right of “>” for output to screen

Some useful URLs:

ICAT Metabase and Secunia http://icat.nist.gov/icat.cfm and www.secunia.com

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures http://cve.mitre.org/

Rosetta Stone for Unix http://bhami.com/rosetta.html

RPC port info http://www.iss.net/security_center/advice/Exploits/Ports/RPC/default.htm