creating wealth in the great recession
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Creating wealth in the great recession:
Alec Hogg
The Investment Focus is brought to you by Discovery and Moneyweb.
Andrew Carnegie’s Playbook
“Navigating theGreat Recession”“Navigating the
Great Recession”
Where we are
USA (GDP $14 330 bn)USA (GDP $14 330 bn)
GDP: -6.1% (4Q: -6.3%)
Govt. debt is 110% of GDP
USA (GDP $14 330 bn)USA (GDP $14 330 bn)
GDP: -6.1% (4Q: -6.3%)
Govt. debt is 110% of GDP
Japan (GDP $4 840bn)Japan (GDP $4 840bn)
GDP: -15.2% (4Q : -14.4%)
Govt. debt is 225% of GDP
Japan (GDP $4 840bn)Japan (GDP $4 840bn)
GDP: -15.2% (4Q : -14.4%)
Govt. debt is 225% of GDP
China (GDP $4 220bn)China (GDP $4 220bn)
GDP: +6.1% (4Q: +6.8%)
Govt. debt is 23% of GDP
China (GDP $4 220bn)China (GDP $4 220bn)
GDP: +6.1% (4Q: +6.8%)
Govt. debt is 23% of GDP
S Africa (GDP $300bn)S Africa (GDP $300bn)
GDP: -6.4% (4Q: -1.8%)
Govt. debt is 27% of GDP
S Africa (GDP $300bn)S Africa (GDP $300bn)
GDP: -6.4% (4Q: -1.8%)
Govt. debt is 27% of GDP
The Great Recession: how we got here
Excessive leverage• “The most important lesson is the world needs a whole lot less
leverage”
Gross immorality• Consumer credit give to people who couldn’t handle it
• Derivatives traders preyed on their customers
Stupidity• People inside institutions themselves; regulators didn’t listen
“Horribly failed” by accounting profession• The people who created the principles should be removed
Two wise men:Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger
Some of their 35 000 AGM attendees
Warren Buffett, media star
Quotable
““The watchword throughout the The watchword throughout the country became the creed I saw on country became the creed I saw on
restaurant walls when I was young: restaurant walls when I was young:
‘‘In God We Trust; all others pay cash.’”In God We Trust; all others pay cash.’”
Warren Buffett,March 2009
Consequences of the financial crash
Deep economic recession which “it’s going to last a very long time”
Probably lead to increased regulation for financial services
China, not US taxpayer is picking up the tab
Lower US Dollar as politicians lower the value of ballooning debt
Buffett: Buffett: “You can bet on inflation.”“You can bet on inflation.”
Quotable
““The best protection against inflation The best protection against inflation is your own earning power. The second is your own earning power. The second best protection is owning a wonderful best protection is owning a wonderful business that does not need injections business that does not need injections of capital. With these guidelines, I’d of capital. With these guidelines, I’d
say invest in yourself.”say invest in yourself.”
Warren Buffett,May 2009
Bobbin Boy to Billionaire…
Shrewd stock investor and entrepreneur
Founded Carnegie Steel and became US Steel
Gave away 90% of his fortune• Buffett too
25 November 1835 to
11 August 1919
The richest people of all time
1 John D Rockefeller Standard Oil $318.3bn
2 Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Steel $298.3bn
3 Nicholas II Tsar of Russia $253.5bn
4 William Vanderbilt VDBilt Railroads $231.6bn
5 Asaf Jah VII Nizam of Hyderabad $210.8bn
6 Andrew Mellon Mellon Bank $188.8bn
7 Henry Ford Ford Motor Company $188.1bn
8 Marcus Licinius Crassus Emperor of Rome $169.8bn
9 Basil II Byzantine Emperor $169.4bn
10 Cornelius Vanderbilt VDBilt Railroads $167.2bn
OTHERS:
15 Elizabeth I Queen of England $142.9bn
17 Sam Walton Walmart $128.0bn
22 Cleopatra Queen of Egypt $95.8bn
57 Bill Gates Microsoft $40.0bn
86 Warren Buffett Berkshire Hathaway $26.0bn
The Andrew Carnegie Playbook
““Berkshire Hathaway is now following the Berkshire Hathaway is now following the Andrew Carnegie Playbook.”Andrew Carnegie Playbook.”
Charlie Munger,May 2009
Only buy when others are panicked;
Invest to build your business during times of crisis.
Some advice from Warren Buffett
““Stay within your circle of competence Stay within your circle of competence – understand whether the competitive – understand whether the competitive advantages are durable or not. And advantages are durable or not. And really understand that the market is really understand that the market is
there to serve you.”there to serve you.”
Warren Buffett
And when it comes to investing…
““If you have an IQ of 150, to be a good If you have an IQ of 150, to be a good investor, best you trade 30 points to investor, best you trade 30 points to
someone else. But you DO need to have someone else. But you DO need to have emotional stability, inner peace, the emotional stability, inner peace, the
ability to think for yourself. If you have ability to think for yourself. If you have that quality, you will do very well at it.”that quality, you will do very well at it.”
Warren Buffett,May 2009
And while we’re on the subject of IQ…
““If you think your IQ is 160 and it’s If you think your IQ is 160 and it’s 150, you’re a disaster. Much better is 150, you’re a disaster. Much better is
someone with an IQ of 130 who someone with an IQ of 130 who operates within himself.”operates within himself.”
Charlie Munger,May 2009
Annus Horribilis X 2, or 3?
Market disruption in 2007 and 2008• Crisis borne of modern finance • Old-fashioned economic crisis
2009: Poor economic fundamentals support outlook for stock market weakness
Recovery in developing countries not seen until 2010
Yet developing countries have lent economic stability• Domestic demand from sustained development• Stringent regulatory regimes• Government investment
Slave to the USA? Decoupling holds
~ 60% of the rise in world GDP between 2000 - 2008 happened in developing countries• 2000: developing countries = 37% of global GDP• 2008: developing countries = 45% of global GDP
Economic and business cycles between 2000-2008• Economic cycles of America and Europe converged• Business cycles of India and China converged
Proving that• Developing countries grow or shrink autonomously, not just
under the influence of the rich countries
Study by IMF, University of Virginia, Cornell University, quoted in The Economist, 20 June 2009, page 58
Developing Countries drive global growth
Between 2000-2008, developing countries generated 60% of global GDP growth
Source: IMF, The Economist
A little perspective: 2007-9 v. 1998-9
Every 10 years or so, global economies & markets plunge
SA not doing so badly compared to AEC impact• Better information• Localised problem• DC regulatory controls• SA saw significant gains post-crisis
Precedents exist for understanding current conditions
No doubt it will be a rough recovery, but recover it will
Forecast
Forecast
Forecast
GDP from one major crisis to another
W L V Z S Alphabet soup of recovery profiles
Source: Bloomberg
Onto the Next …
Good things do end, to start again• China and India are expected to drive recovery• USA to follow; EUR likely later
Domestic demand is key to recovery • Governments of developing countries are pouring money into it
Rising exports to China, India will not wholly compensate for drop in exports to USA, EU
South Africa is mostly driven by domestic demand• Only ~30% of GDP comes from exports• Relatively protected
The Good
Global market sentiment is positive – ‘worst is over’• Markets run on: fundamentals & what everyone hopes will happen• Sometimes the two agree
Investment stimulus in USA, China• Positive impact on sentiment• Results yet to be seen but expected to be good• Funding the stimuli means higher taxes
South Africa• Unit Trust investment in Equity is ~20% now
The Bad
Slower contraction; Japanese-style stagflation is possible• Will we see a repeat of Japan and ZIRP?• Yes: effective rates are negative, like Japan; unemployment rising • No: more flexible and immediate responses to turmoil
2009 global stock market rally likely to fizzle short-term• Rising oil prices put the brakes on growth• Outlook for higher taxes reduces consumer spending
South Africa • Begins its old-fashioned economic recession• Strong rand is double-edged sword• Unit Trust investment in Money Market is ~37% now
Volatility is still higher than in 2007
Source: Bloomberg
What do we do now?
Longer term returns – All asset classes
Economic Group 2 years 3 years 5 years 10 years
All Share -9.0% 4.2% 20.3% 15.4%Resources -11.4% 0.6% 21.3% 20.9%Financials -13.2% 0.1% 15.1% 9.3%Industrials -4.5% 10.7% 21.7% 13.2%
Property Unit Trusts -1.1% 11.5% 20.4% 22.8%
All Bond 7.7% 7.7% 9.3% 13.2%
Headline CPI (last available figures)
9.4% 8.6% 6.4% 6.7%
Source: Investec
Commodities: value on weak US$?
Source: Investec
Commodities (US$)
Commodity June ‘09 3 months 6 months 12 months YTD
Precious Metals Gold Spot (US$/oz) -5.34% 0.8% 5.3% 0.2% 5.3%Palladium PM-fix (US$/oz) 5.51% 15.8% 36.1% -46.7% 36.1%Platinum Spot (US$/oz) -1.26% 4.3% 27.0% -43.1% 27.0%Silver Spot (US$/oz) -13.54% 4.9% 19.7% -21.9% 19.7%
Industrial Metals
Copper Cash LME (US$/ton) 6.95% 26.6% 76.0% -41.8% 76.0%Nickel Cash LME (US$/ton) 16.27% 70.2% 48.1% -26.1% 48.1%Steel Hot-rolled Coil price FOB (US$/ton) China Ex
-5.00% -3.1% -9.5% -53.9% -9.5%
Vanadium Spot Price 98% CIF ($/lb v205)
0.00% -17.0% -38.5% -76.1% -38.5%
Zinc Cash LME (US$/ton) 3.05% 19.6% 38.8% -17.1% 38.8%
Energy Brent Crude IPE $/Barrel) 8.63% 50.3% 86.6% -50.3% 86.6%
Stocks: Long-term perspective
Developing Country stock index performance since the last major crisisLocal currency, local index levels
Source: Bloomberg
Stocks: South Africa outperforms
Country/ Region Index June 2009 3 months 6 months 12 months YTD
World MSCI World Free -0.4% 21.0% 6.8% -29.0% 6.8%EM MSCI Emerging markets -1.3% 34.8% 36.2% -27.8% 36.2%Pacific MSCI Pacific 2.1% 25.7% 9.7% -24.3% 9.7%Europe Dow Jones Euro Stoxx 50 -2.69% 25.7% 1.9% -33.8% 1.9%
Developing CountriesBrazil Bovespa -2.8% 47.7% 63.1% -35.8% 63.1%China MSCI China 4.1% 35.8% 37.6% -8.1% 37.6%India MSCI India -2.2% 59.8% 57.4% -5.0% 57.4%Russia MSCI Russia -14.3% 37.8% 45.9% -61.1% 45.9%South Africa MSCI South Africa 1.2% 31.3% 26.1% -11.9% 26.1%
Developed MarketsFrance Cac 40 -4.7% 22.1% 1.8% -34.2% 1.8%Germany Dax 30 -3.6% 24.4% 0.9% -33.3% 0.9%Hong Kong Hang Seng 1.6% 37.7% 30.4% -13.1% 30.4%Japan Nikkei 225 (not TR) 3.5% 25.7% 5.6% -18.8% 5.6%UK FTSE 100 -1.4% 26.0% 12.7% -34.6% 12.7%USA Dow Jones Industrial 30 -0.4% 12.0% -2.0% -23.0% -2.0%
Source: Investec
Bonds: safe & suffer by comparison
Bond and Money Market (local currency returns)
Name June 2009 3 months 6 months 12 months Year-to-dateAll Bond -0.23% 0.3% -4.9% 19.3% -4.9%
GOVI -0.23% 0.3% -4.6% 18.6% -4.6%OTHI -0.24% 0.4% -6.0% 22.1% -6.0%
Bonds 1-3 Years
0.11% 1.4% 3.7% 16.8% 3.7%
Bonds 3-7 Years
-0.28% 0.6% -1.8% 20.7% -1.8%
Bonds 7-12 Years
-0.03% -0.1% -6.0% 19.9% -6.0%
Bonds 12+ Years
-0.52% 0.1% -10.7% 24.1% -10.7%
Barclays BESA Govt Inflation-Linked Bonds
0.10% 3.4% 5.9% 7.7% 5.9%
Source: Investec
Take Warren Buffet’s advice
BUY WHAT YOU KNOW
Global Economic background• China, India to drive economic recovery• Investment momentum into those markets is strong• USA due to recover next year; EU late 2010
Africa is the new Far East – 10-year horizon• Undiscovered in terms of large investor flows• Chinese and Indian investors have forged strong ties• African leaders are tired of being pushed around, are giving as
good as they get
South Africa, largest & most advanced economy, to lead
Africa asserts itself on world stage
Kikwete admonishes IMF/World Bank/UN at WEF (Business Day, frontlineafrica.com, FT)
African Leaders Want Bigger Role in IMF, Push for Aid (Bloomberg)
Africa seeks a voice in global financial management (Africa Renewal)
G20 Summit: Did Africa get what it wanted? (The Independent, UK)
Ethiopian PM and IMF to represent Africa’s voice at G20 summit (afrik.com)
Tsvangirai raised money overseas
Africa asserts itself and the value it represents to the world via resources.
SA poised for leadership.
African growth will be substantial
African economies are termed ‘frontier economies’ by major investment banks
Profit potential over the next 10 years is large, based on fundamentals and what people hope will happen
BUY WHAT YOU KNOW
China/India to lead economic growth – but do you know those companies? What are costs to invest?
SA companies are • Capitalising on domestic demand• Moving into Africa to capitalise on rand, continental progress
Where to from here?
Tough time for savers
Interest rates have fallen• Repo rate down from 12% in November 2008 to 7.5%
(down 37%)• Futures markets forecast further 0.5% to 1.0%
decline• 3 month money market rate currently 7.0% pa• After tax yield 4.2% (lower than inflation)
Global rates significantly lower• US 3 month 0.5% pa• UK 3 month 1.0% pa
Preference shares are down with lower prime rate – but still appealing relative to short term rates
Corporate debt market more attractive but riskier – although spreads have fallen
Equity markets appear to have bottomed – but the outlook for growth and earnings remains uncertain – companies conserving cash, reducing dividends
But downside risk in equities lower than upside
JSE ALSI Indexup 22.5% since March low
Snapshot of South African economy
Economy in recession – first in 2 decades
Heavily dependent on buoyancy of global economy – exports plus imports make up 74% of economic activity
Manufacturing (18% of GDP) and mining (7%) contracting sharply
Consumers (61% of GDP) paying down debt – no appetite to spend although lower interest rates, food prices and petrol helping
Housing market in decline but share market stabilising
Government infrastructure programmes valuable – but with savings rates low, financing dependent on foreign investors
There are some rays of light…
Sensible fiscal and monetary policies have anchored the economy (up to now)
Government debt levels remain low – recently raised $1.5bn at reduced spread
Banks operating normally – prudentially managed
National Credit Act and Forex controls protected economy from worst of the global crisis
Corporates in good shape – satisfactory results under difficult trading conditions
Still opportunity for growth domestically as well as in emerging Africa
Lower rates and easing prices put more money in consumers’ wallets
2010 World Cup and other sporting events providing short-term kickers
JSESector breakdown of top 180 companies
Property2.40%
Industrial12.20%
Financials13.30%
Foreign income31.40%
Resources40.70%
JSEMarket cap of top 10 listed companies
CompanyMarket Capitalisation
Rbn% of Total Market
Capitalisation
British American Tobacco 449 11.5
BHP Billiton 385 9.9
Anglo American 297 7.6
SAB Miller 269 6.9
MTN 219 5.6
Sasol 173 4.5
Standard Bank 138 3.5
Angloplats 127 3.3
Impala Plats 108 2.8
Anglogold 101 2.6
58.2%
Equity markets recovering- green shoots appearing
Signs of stabilisation in world economy – “getting worse more slowly”• China restocking – commodities prices picking up
• US existing and new homes sales steadying - mainly at low end of market
• Credit increasing – spreads tightening
• US banks repaying government rescue money
• Certain business confidence indicators bottoming
Equity markets recent performance suggests most of the bad news has been absorbed
Over past 10 years real return on US stocks -47% versus plus 71% on bonds - no risk taking will end capitalistic system
Hurdle rate – shares should beat bonds/money market
Bears still having their say
Commodity prices expected to fall after China completes restocking – “treat China’s stimulus package with caution”
US treasury yields rising on inflation fears – “can’t have stimulus without inflation”• Rising yields hurting mortgage refinancing• Obstacle to economic recovery• Oil creeping up – adding further doubt to recovery
Views that the US stimulus package, although sizeable, isn’t large enough to sustain growth
Still questions about the drivers of US growth• Global economy down• Consumers still under pressure - rebuilding their
balance sheets and fearing job losses• Corporate recapitalising and cleaning up their
business portfolios
Corporate profits in a decline• Down in last 7 quarters – still falling
Quotes from recent result presentations
“Global economic conditions and consumer demand weakened during the year and there remains little visibility as to the timing of any recovery.”
SAB Miller
“There are currently very few encouraging signs in the global picture. We cannot predict when an overall improvement in trading will come.”
Richemont
“Retail trading conditions are expected to remain challenging in the coming months.”
Nu Clicks
“Reduced economic activity and the likelihood of declining inflation will result in lower turnover growth.”
Spar
“The indebtedness of the consumer remains a concern.”JD Group
“Difficult conditions are expected to remain until at least the second half of 2009.”
Astrapak
“The overall trading environment in the second half is expected to remain difficult.”
Barloworld
“Although interest rates are expected to decline further, Tiger Brands is expected to experience difficult trading conditions for the remainder of the year.”
Tiger Brands
“The company is well aligned with infrastructure, mining and power generation markets and will continue to benefit from anticipated government and parastatal spend on infrastructure spend.”
Steffanutti
Equities
Recent results have given us a glimpse of how companies are operating in the current tumultuous environment Badly hit:
• Platinum, base metal producers (ferrochrome)
• Companies servicing mining and motor industries
• Credit retailers – furniture, white and brown goods, motor vehicles
• Residential housing market – related construction companies
• Gaming industry – top end of the hospitality industry
• Financial services – especially non-retail banks
In the black• Banks
• Life insurers
• Cash retailers – food, clothing, building
• Low end hospitality
• Construction – civils, cement
• Tobacco and liquor
• Cell phones
• Resources - iron ore, coal, gold
• Health, pharmaceuticals
Africa – open for business
Shedding image that only growth industry is crimeNo longer associated with war, famine and tyrants Still poverty stricken but development boomingFinancial markets opening – FDI flows greater than aidDemocracy on the increaseStill relies mainly on commodities – oil, forests, minesGrowth over last four years over 6%; 2009 forecast at 2%China spending billions of dollars helping build infrastructure China trade increasing rapidly
Current 24 favourite stocks
Resources• BHP Billiton, Sasol, Exxaro
Offshore• British American Tobacco, SAB Miller,
Richemont
Africa• MTN, Naspers N, Shoprite, Aspen, Tongaat
Financials• Standard Bank, Metlife, Discovery, JSE
Consumer• Pick and Pay, Mr Price, Truworths, Tiger
Brands, Nampak
Hospitality• City Lodge
Infrastructure• PPC, Basil Read, Raubex
Lessons learned from the current crisis
The US retains its power to command the global economy and create disorder• Humbled and reputation of its iconic institutions
damaged but the nation still leads the worldUS and China will probably lead the turnaround with their huge stimulus packages• Fortifying China’s standing as a major power• India in the wings• Europe slipping away
The credit crisis demonstrates that the dollar remains the leading reserve currency• Despite fears that high debt levels may compromise
dollar’s status• Dollar recently endorsed by Japanese, Russian and
Chinese finance ministersDownturn highlighted the vulnerability of economies heavily reliant on exports – minerals and manufactured good (eg China, Germany, Japan)Heady days of easy credit have passed – risk premiums will riseSelf regulatory risk management techniques proved inadequate – need for greater vigilance in financial markets
Global equity markets
Commodity markets
International interest rates
Situation in the worldanything but normal
Good news
Aggressive government stimulus policies and financial rescue packages beginning to lift confidence
Spreads between government and other more risky bonds declining – inter-bank rates also easing suggesting an increase in money flow
Risk appetite improving – share prices up sharply since March lows – all the bad news appears to be in the market
Situation in the worldanything but normal
Bad newsHouseholders still overextended and feeling
pressure from bust in housing market and stock markets and fear of unemployment – will inhibit spending while they rebuild savings
Huge fiscal deficits could push lenders to demand higher returns to compensate risk
Companies deleveraging – focusing on core businesses – avoiding expansion projects or mergers
Banks may have turned corner but could still face more asset write-downs
Countries will soon need to rebuild their balance sheets – higher taxes
Government involvement in economies could raise spectre of protectionism
Challenges ahead
Remedial actions by authorities have removed risks of a major bank failure
Investment industry faces a huge regulatory overhaul that could lead to tougher controls
Government relationship with banks will probably reduce liquidity levels in financial markets
Capitalistic system at the mercy of government and regulators - hamper entrepreneurial ventures and hinder m&a/private equity funding
Need to rebalance global economy – encourage borrowing countries to export and saving countries to spend -
Rising call for protectionism – urge to keep jobs and capital at home – break globalisation
Risk premium on equities could possibly increase - investors will seek higher return measures
Failed the stress test
Share options• Introduced to reward management • Align the interests of management with the
stakeholders• “Don’t give me options – issue me puts!”
Share buy-backs• Aggressive programmes destroyed wealth • Rethink the benefits of management’s wisdom
Valuation techniques• Analysts metrics over optimistic• Did not succeed in providing support
IFRS• Mark-to-market fed write-downs exacerbated crisis
Scrip lending• Allowed sellers to mark down shares dramatically
fuelling downturn
Risk managers• Sophisticated techniques failed to pick up
weaknesses in pooled products
Thank you
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