creation day 2 lecture
Post on 19-Jul-2015
70 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
A RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN A RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN HEAT, TEMPERATURE, AND THE HEAT, TEMPERATURE, AND THE
MOTION AND POSITION OF MOTION AND POSITION OF MOLECULES.MOLECULES.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
THERMODYNAMICSTHERMODYNAMICS• STUDY OF MACROSCOPIC PROCESSES INVOLVING HEAT, STUDY OF MACROSCOPIC PROCESSES INVOLVING HEAT,
MECHANICAL AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGYMECHANICAL AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY• APPLICATIONS - SYSTEMS WITH ENERGY INPUTS AND APPLICATIONS - SYSTEMS WITH ENERGY INPUTS AND
OUTPUTS: HEAT ENGINES, HEAT PUMPS, OUTPUTS: HEAT ENGINES, HEAT PUMPS, REFRIGERATORS, …REFRIGERATORS, …
• BASED UPON BUT NOT CONCERNED WITH MICROSCOPIC BASED UPON BUT NOT CONCERNED WITH MICROSCOPIC DETAILS DETAILS
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORYKINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
• COLLECTIVE HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE COLLECTIVE HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER AND THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER AND THE SURROUNDING SPACESURROUNDING SPACE
• CURRENT VIEWCURRENT VIEW• MATTER COMPRISED OF MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES - MATTER COMPRISED OF MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES -
ATOMSATOMS• ATOMS COMBINE TO FORM MOLECULES ATOMS COMBINE TO FORM MOLECULES • MANY MACROSCOPIC PHENOMENA CAN BE TRACED MANY MACROSCOPIC PHENOMENA CAN BE TRACED
TO INTERACTIONS ON THIS LEVEL.TO INTERACTIONS ON THIS LEVEL.
MOLECULESMOLECULES
• CHEMICAL ELEMENTS - DEFINED BY EACH CHEMICAL ELEMENTS - DEFINED BY EACH UNIQUE TYPE OF ATOMUNIQUE TYPE OF ATOM
• COMPOUNDS - PURE SUBSTANCES MADE UP OF COMPOUNDS - PURE SUBSTANCES MADE UP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS CHEMICALLY BONDEDTWO OR MORE ATOMS CHEMICALLY BONDED
• MOLECULES MOLECULES • SMALLEST UNIT RETAINING THE PROPERTIES OF A SMALLEST UNIT RETAINING THE PROPERTIES OF A
COMPOUNDCOMPOUND• SHORTHAND HERE: “MOLECULES” CAN STAND FOR SHORTHAND HERE: “MOLECULES” CAN STAND FOR
EITHER ATOMS (MONATOMIC MOLECULES) OR EITHER ATOMS (MONATOMIC MOLECULES) OR MOLECULES MOLECULES
PHASES OF MATTER PHASES OF MATTER SOLIDSOLID
DEFINITE SHAPE DEFINITE SHAPE AND VOLUMEAND VOLUME
RIGID 3-D RIGID 3-D STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
ATOMS/MOLECULES ATOMS/MOLECULES BONDED IN PLACEBONDED IN PLACE
ALLOWED ALLOWED MOTIONS: MOTIONS:
RESTRICTED TO RESTRICTED TO VIBRATION IN PLACE VIBRATION IN PLACE
ONLY ONLY
LIQUIDLIQUIDDEFINITE VOLUME, DEFINITE VOLUME, INDEFINITE SHAPEINDEFINITE SHAPE
ONLY WEAK ONLY WEAK COHESIVE BONDS COHESIVE BONDS
CONSTITUENT CONSTITUENT MOLECULES MOLECULES MOSTLY IN MOSTLY IN CONTACTCONTACT
ALLOWED ALLOWED MOTIONS:MOTIONS:
VIBRATION, VIBRATION, ROTATION, LIMITED ROTATION, LIMITED TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION
GASGASINDEFINITE INDEFINITE VOLUMEVOLUME
AND SHAPEAND SHAPE
MOLECULES MOLECULES MOSTLY NOT IN MOSTLY NOT IN
CONTACT CONTACT
ALLOWED ALLOWED MOTIONS:MOTIONS:
VIBRATION AND VIBRATION AND ROTATION ROTATION (MOLECULES WITH (MOLECULES WITH MORE THAN ONE MORE THAN ONE ATOM)ATOM)TRANSLATION ON TRANSLATION ON RANDOM, MOSTLY RANDOM, MOSTLY FREE PATHS FREE PATHS
TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE
• A MEASURE OF THE INTERNAL A MEASURE OF THE INTERNAL ENERGY OF AN OBJECTENERGY OF AN OBJECT
• THERMOMETERSTHERMOMETERS• USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATUREUSED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE• RELY ON THERMOMETRIC RELY ON THERMOMETRIC
PROPERTIESPROPERTIES• EXAMPLE: BIMETALLIC STRIPS AND EXAMPLE: BIMETALLIC STRIPS AND
THERMOSTATSTHERMOSTATS
HEAT HEAT
• A FORM OF ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN TWO A FORM OF ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN TWO OBJECTSOBJECTS
• EXTERNAL ENERGY - TOTAL POTENTIAL AND EXTERNAL ENERGY - TOTAL POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY OF AN EVERYDAY-SIZED KINETIC ENERGY OF AN EVERYDAY-SIZED OBJECTOBJECT
• INTERNAL ENERGY - TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY OF INTERNAL ENERGY - TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MOLECULES IN THAT OBJECTTHE MOLECULES IN THAT OBJECT
• EXTERNAL CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO EXTERNAL CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO INTERNAL, RESULTING IN A TEMPERATURE INTERNAL, RESULTING IN A TEMPERATURE INCREASE INCREASE
HEAT VERSUS TEMPERATUREHEAT VERSUS TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE• A MEASURE OF HOTNESS OR A MEASURE OF HOTNESS OR
COLDNESS OF AN OBJECTCOLDNESS OF AN OBJECT• BASED ON AVERAGE BASED ON AVERAGE
MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGYMOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY
HEAT HEAT • BASED ON TOTAL INTERNAL BASED ON TOTAL INTERNAL
ENERGY OF MOLECULESENERGY OF MOLECULES• DOUBLING AMOUNT AT SAME DOUBLING AMOUNT AT SAME
TEMPERATURE DOUBLES HEAT TEMPERATURE DOUBLES HEAT
HEATHEAT
• TWO RELATED PROCESSESTWO RELATED PROCESSES• ““HEATING” = INCREASING INTERNAL ENERGYHEATING” = INCREASING INTERNAL ENERGY• ““COOLING” = DECREASING INTERNAL ENERGYCOOLING” = DECREASING INTERNAL ENERGY
• HEATING METHODSHEATING METHODS• TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE: ENERGY ALWAYS TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE: ENERGY ALWAYS
MOVES FROM HIGHER TEMPERATURE REGIONS TO MOVES FROM HIGHER TEMPERATURE REGIONS TO LOWER TEMPERATURE REGIONSLOWER TEMPERATURE REGIONS
• ENERGY-FORM CONVERSION: TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY-FORM CONVERSION: TRANSFER OF HEAT BY DOING WORKBY DOING WORK
HEAT FLOWHEAT FLOW
THREE MECHANISMS FOR HEAT TRANSFER THREE MECHANISMS FOR HEAT TRANSFER DUE TO A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCEDUE TO A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
1.1. CONDUCTIONCONDUCTION2.2. CONVECTIONCONVECTION3.3. RADIATION RADIATION
NATURAL FLOW IS ALWAYS FROM HIGHER NATURAL FLOW IS ALWAYS FROM HIGHER TEMPERATURE REGIONS TO COOLER TEMPERATURE REGIONS TO COOLER ONES ONES
THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS • THE STUDY OF HEAT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP THE STUDY OF HEAT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP
TO MECHANICAL AND OTHER FORMS OF TO MECHANICAL AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGYENERGY
• FIRST LAWFIRST LAW• CONSERVATION OF ENERGYCONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• SECOND LAWSECOND LAW• NO PROCESS CAN SOLELY CONVERT A QUANTITY OF NO PROCESS CAN SOLELY CONVERT A QUANTITY OF
HEAT TO WORK (HEAT ENGINES)HEAT TO WORK (HEAT ENGINES)• HEAT NEVER FLOWS SPONTANEOUSLY FROM A COLD HEAT NEVER FLOWS SPONTANEOUSLY FROM A COLD
OBJECT TO A HOT OBJECT (REFRIGERATORS)OBJECT TO A HOT OBJECT (REFRIGERATORS)• NATURAL PROCESSES TEND TOWARD A GREATER NATURAL PROCESSES TEND TOWARD A GREATER
STATE OF DISORDER (ENTROPY)STATE OF DISORDER (ENTROPY)
SECOND LAW, THIRD SECOND LAW, THIRD STATEMENTSTATEMENT
• REAL PROCESS = REAL PROCESS = IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
• MEASURE OF DISORDER = MEASURE OF DISORDER = ENTROPY ENTROPY
SECOND LAW, IN THESE SECOND LAW, IN THESE TERMS: TERMS:
• THE TOTAL ENTROPY OF THE TOTAL ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE THE UNIVERSE CONTINUALLY INCREASES CONTINUALLY INCREASES
• NATURAL PROCESSES NATURAL PROCESSES DEGRADE COHERENT, USEFUL DEGRADE COHERENT, USEFUL ENERGYENERGY• AVAILABLE ENERGY OF AVAILABLE ENERGY OF
THE UNIVERSE THE UNIVERSE DIMINISHING DIMINISHING
• EVENTUALLY: “HEAT EVENTUALLY: “HEAT DEATH” OF THE UNIVERSE DEATH” OF THE UNIVERSE
• DIRECTION OF NATURAL DIRECTION OF NATURAL PROCESSESPROCESSES• TOWARD MORE DISORDERTOWARD MORE DISORDER• SPILLED MILK WILL NEVER SPILLED MILK WILL NEVER
“UNSPILL” BACK INTO THE “UNSPILL” BACK INTO THE GLASS!GLASS!
DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY CONTRIBUTED TO THE CONTRIBUTED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL OF THE ATOM.THE ATOM.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE ATOMIC STRUCTURE DISCOVEREDDISCOVERED
1.1. ALL MATTER = INDIVISIBLE ALL MATTER = INDIVISIBLE ATOMSATOMS
2.2. AN ELEMENT IS MADE UP OF AN ELEMENT IS MADE UP OF IDENTICAL ATOMS.IDENTICAL ATOMS.
3.3. DIFFERENT ELEMENTS HAVE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS HAVE ATOMS WITH DIFFERENT ATOMS WITH DIFFERENT MASSES.MASSES.
4.4. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ARE MADE OF ATOMS IN ARE MADE OF ATOMS IN SPECIFIC INTEGER RATIOS.SPECIFIC INTEGER RATIOS.
5.5. ATOMS ARE NEITHER ATOMS ARE NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED CREATED NOR DESTROYED IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS.IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
EARLY MODELS OF THE ATOMEARLY MODELS OF THE ATOM• DALTON - ATOMS INDIVISIBLEDALTON - ATOMS INDIVISIBLE
• THOMSON AND MILLIKAN EXPERIMENTSTHOMSON AND MILLIKAN EXPERIMENTS• ELECTRON MASS VERY SMALL, NO MEASURABLE ELECTRON MASS VERY SMALL, NO MEASURABLE
VOLUMEVOLUME• WHAT IS THE NATURE OF AN ATOM’S POSITIVE WHAT IS THE NATURE OF AN ATOM’S POSITIVE
CHARGE?CHARGE?
• THOMSON’S “PLUM PUDDING” MODEL THOMSON’S “PLUM PUDDING” MODEL • ELECTRONS EMBEDDED IN BLOB OF POSITIVELY ELECTRONS EMBEDDED IN BLOB OF POSITIVELY
CHARGED MATTER LIKE “RAISINS IN PLUM PUDDING”CHARGED MATTER LIKE “RAISINS IN PLUM PUDDING”
THE NUCLEAR ATOMTHE NUCLEAR ATOM• ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC NUMBER
• NUMBER OF PROTONS NUMBER OF PROTONS IN NUCLEUSIN NUCLEUS
• ELEMENTS ELEMENTS DISTINGUISHED BY DISTINGUISHED BY ATOMIC NUMBERATOMIC NUMBER
• 113 ELEMENTS 113 ELEMENTS IDENTIFIEDIDENTIFIED
• NUMBER OF PROTONS NUMBER OF PROTONS = NUMBER OF = NUMBER OF ELECTRONS ELECTRONS IN IN NEUTRAL ATO MSNEUTRAL ATO MS
• ISOTOPES ISOTOPES • SAME NUMBER OF SAME NUMBER OF
PROTONS; DIFFERENT PROTONS; DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NEUTRONSNEUTRONS
CLASSICAL “ATOMS”CLASSICAL “ATOMS”PREDICTIONS OF CLASSICAL THEORYPREDICTIONS OF CLASSICAL THEORY
• ELECTRONS ORBIT THE NUCLEUSELECTRONS ORBIT THE NUCLEUS• CURVED PATH = ACCELERATIONCURVED PATH = ACCELERATION• ACCELERATED CHARGES RADIATEACCELERATED CHARGES RADIATE• ELECTRONS LOSE ENERGY AND SPIRAL ELECTRONS LOSE ENERGY AND SPIRAL
INTO NUCLEUSINTO NUCLEUS• ATOMS CANNOT EXIST!ATOMS CANNOT EXIST! EXPERIMENT - ATOMS DO EXISTEXPERIMENT - ATOMS DO EXIST⇒⇒ NEW THEORY NEEDED NEW THEORY NEEDED
BOHR’S THEORYBOHR’S THEORY
THREE RULES:THREE RULES:1.1. ELECTRONS ONLY ELECTRONS ONLY
EXIST IN CERTAIN EXIST IN CERTAIN ALLOWED ORBITSALLOWED ORBITS
2.2. WITHIN AN ORBIT, THE WITHIN AN ORBIT, THE ELECTRON DOES NOT ELECTRON DOES NOT RADIATERADIATE
3.3. RADIATION IS EMITTED RADIATION IS EMITTED OR ABSORBED WHEN OR ABSORBED WHEN CHANGING ORBITSCHANGING ORBITS
WRITING ELECTRON WRITING ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONSCONFIGURATIONS
• ELECTRONS FILL ELECTRONS FILL AVAILABLE ORBITALS IN AVAILABLE ORBITALS IN ORDER OF INCREASING ORDER OF INCREASING ENERGYENERGY
• SHELL CAPACITIESSHELL CAPACITIES• S = 2S = 2• P = 6P = 6• D = 10D = 10• F = 14F = 14
• EXAMPLE: STRONTIUM EXAMPLE: STRONTIUM (38 ELECTRONS) (38 ELECTRONS) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d 104p65s2
PERIODIC CHEMICAL PERIODIC CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
• UNDERSTOOD IN UNDERSTOOD IN TERMS OF ELECTRON TERMS OF ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONCONFIGURATION
• ELECTRONS IN ELECTRONS IN OUTER ORBITS OUTER ORBITS DETERMINE DETERMINE CHEMICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
• SUMMARIZED IN THE SUMMARIZED IN THE PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
• ROWS = PERIODSROWS = PERIODS• COLUMNS = FAMILIES COLUMNS = FAMILIES
OR GROUPSOR GROUPS• ALKALI METALS (IA)ALKALI METALS (IA)• ALKALINE EARTHS (IIA) ALKALINE EARTHS (IIA) • HALOGENS (VIIA)HALOGENS (VIIA)• NOBLE GASES (VIIIA)NOBLE GASES (VIIIA)
• A-GROUP FAMILIES = A-GROUP FAMILIES = MAIN GROUP OR MAIN GROUP OR REPRESENTATIVE REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTSELEMENTS
• B-GROUP = B-GROUP = TRANSITION TRANSITION ELEMENTS OR ELEMENTS OR METALS METALS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Atmosphere of Earth
• THE ATMOSPHERE IS A THE ATMOSPHERE IS A THIN SHELL OF GASES THIN SHELL OF GASES THAT SURROUND THE THAT SURROUND THE SOLID EARTH, SOLID EARTH, CYCLING MATERIALS CYCLING MATERIALS BACK AND FORTH.BACK AND FORTH.
THE ATMOSPHERETHE ATMOSPHEREA RELATIVELY THIN A RELATIVELY THIN SHELL OF GASES SHELL OF GASES
SURROUNDING THE SURROUNDING THE SOLID EARTHSOLID EARTH
DENSITY DECREASES DENSITY DECREASES WITH INCREASING WITH INCREASING
ALTITUDE ALTITUDE 50% WITHIN 5.6 KM OF 50% WITHIN 5.6 KM OF EARTH’S SURFACEEARTH’S SURFACE99% WITHIN 32 KM OF 99% WITHIN 32 KM OF THE SURFACETHE SURFACE
EARTH’S RADIUS = EARTH’S RADIUS = 6,373 KM6,373 KM32/6,373 = 1/20032/6,373 = 1/200
COMPOSITION OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
• MOSTLY NITROGEN (78%), MOSTLY NITROGEN (78%), OXYGEN (21%) AND ARGON OXYGEN (21%) AND ARGON (1%)(1%)• NITROGEN AND OXYGEN NITROGEN AND OXYGEN
CYCLE IN AND OUT OF CYCLE IN AND OUT OF ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
• ARGON: INERT; OF ARGON: INERT; OF RADIOACTIVE ORIGINSRADIOACTIVE ORIGINS
• TRACE COMPONENTSTRACE COMPONENTS• WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE,
NEON, HELIUM, KRYPTON, NEON, HELIUM, KRYPTON, XENON, HYDROGEN, XENON, HYDROGEN, METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE, … METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE, …
• AEROSOLS: DUST, SMOKE, AEROSOLS: DUST, SMOKE, SALT AND OTHER TINY SOLID SALT AND OTHER TINY SOLID OR LIQUID PARTICLES OR LIQUID PARTICLES
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE • HYDROSTATIC VIEWHYDROSTATIC VIEW
• MACROSCOPIC FLUID MACROSCOPIC FLUID APPROACHAPPROACH
• PRESSURE RESULTS PRESSURE RESULTS FROM THE WEIGHT OF FROM THE WEIGHT OF THE ATMOSPHERE THE ATMOSPHERE ABOVE YOUABOVE YOU
• RESULT OF EARTH’S RESULT OF EARTH’S GRAVITATIONAL GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTIONATTRACTION
• PRESSURE INCREASES PRESSURE INCREASES WITH ATMOSPHERIC WITH ATMOSPHERIC DEPTH DEPTH
• MOLECULAR VIEWMOLECULAR VIEW• MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC
APPROACHAPPROACH• PRESSURE DEPENDS PRESSURE DEPENDS
ON THE NUMBER OF ON THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES AND THE MOLECULES AND THE FORCE WITH WHICH FORCE WITH WHICH THEY STRIKE A THEY STRIKE A SURFACESURFACE
• MORE MOLECULES AT MORE MOLECULES AT LOWER ALTITUDES LOWER ALTITUDES PRODUCE HIGHER PRODUCE HIGHER PRESSURE PRESSURE
WARMING THE ATMOSPHERE WARMING THE ATMOSPHERE • HEATED BY INCOMING SOLAR HEATED BY INCOMING SOLAR
RADIATIONRADIATION• DIRECT HEATINGDIRECT HEATING
• 16% ABSORBED BY AIR16% ABSORBED BY AIR• 3% ABSORBED BY CLOUDS3% ABSORBED BY CLOUDS
• INDIRECT HEATINGINDIRECT HEATING• 51% ABSORBED BY 51% ABSORBED BY
SURFACESURFACE• INFRARED REEMITTED BY INFRARED REEMITTED BY
SURFACE AND ABSORBED SURFACE AND ABSORBED BY ATMOSPHEREBY ATMOSPHERE
• INVOLVES WATER AND COINVOLVES WATER AND CO2 2
• GREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE EFFECT• LOSSESLOSSES
• 20% REFLECTED BY CLOUDS20% REFLECTED BY CLOUDS• 6% SCATTERED BY AIR6% SCATTERED BY AIR• 4% REFLECTED BY SURFACE4% REFLECTED BY SURFACE
STRUCTURE OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
• TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE GENERALLY GENERALLY DECREASES WITH DECREASES WITH INCREASING ALTITUDEINCREASING ALTITUDE• HEATING MECHANISMS HEATING MECHANISMS
MORE EFFICIENT AT LOWER MORE EFFICIENT AT LOWER ALTITUDESALTITUDES
• COOLING MECHANISMS COOLING MECHANISMS MORE PRONOUNCED AT MORE PRONOUNCED AT HIGHER ALTITUDESHIGHER ALTITUDES
• O BSERVED LAPSE RATEO BSERVED LAPSE RATE IS IS 6.5ºC PER KM6.5ºC PER KM
• INVERSION: COLDER INVERSION: COLDER TEMPERATURES NEAR TEMPERATURES NEAR SURFACE SURFACE
THE WIND THE WIND
THREE GENERAL MOTIONSTHREE GENERAL MOTIONS
1.1. UPWARD MOVEMENT OVER A REGION OF UPWARD MOVEMENT OVER A REGION OF GREATER HEATINGGREATER HEATING
2.2. SINKING OF AIR OVER A COOLER REGIONSINKING OF AIR OVER A COOLER REGION
3.3. HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT BETWEEN WARMER HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT BETWEEN WARMER AND COOLER REGIONSAND COOLER REGIONS• WIND: THIS HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF AIRWIND: THIS HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF AIR
GLOBAL WIND PATTERNSGLOBAL WIND PATTERNS
• EARTH RECEIVES EARTH RECEIVES MORE DIRECT SOLAR MORE DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION IN THE RADIATION IN THE EQUATORIAL REGIONEQUATORIAL REGION
• INTERTROPICAL INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONECONVERGENCE ZONE
• COOLER AIR COOLER AIR DESCENDS AT HIGHER DESCENDS AT HIGHER LATITUDESLATITUDES
• JET STREAMJET STREAM
WATER AND THE ATMOSPHEREWATER AND THE ATMOSPHERE
THREE PHASES OF WATERTHREE PHASES OF WATER1.1. LIQUID GENERALLY ABOVE 0ºC (98% OF EARTH’S LIQUID GENERALLY ABOVE 0ºC (98% OF EARTH’S
WATER)WATER)
2.2. SOLID BELOW 0ºC IN THE FORM OF ICE, SNOW AND SOLID BELOW 0ºC IN THE FORM OF ICE, SNOW AND HAIL HAIL
3.3. WATER VAPORWATER VAPOR• SMALLEST COMPONENT OF THE THREESMALLEST COMPONENT OF THE THREE• CONTRIBUTES TO GREENHOUSE EFFECTCONTRIBUTES TO GREENHOUSE EFFECT• ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL WEATHERING AND EROSION ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL WEATHERING AND EROSION
AGENTSAGENTS• RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING LIFE ON LAND RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING LIFE ON LAND
EVAPORATION AND EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATIONCONDENSATION
• LIQUID-TO-GAS AND LIQUID-TO-GAS AND GAS-TO-LIQUID PHASE GAS-TO-LIQUID PHASE CHANGES OCCUR AT CHANGES OCCUR AT ANY TEMPERATUREANY TEMPERATURE
• SATURATION SATURATION
HUMIDITY HUMIDITY • ABSOLUTE HUMIDITYABSOLUTE HUMIDITY
• THE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR THE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR IN THE AIR AT A PARTICULAR IN THE AIR AT A PARTICULAR TIMETIME
• RANGES FROM NEAR ZERO TO RANGES FROM NEAR ZERO TO THE TEMPERATURE THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT SATURATION LIMITDEPENDENT SATURATION LIMIT
• RELATIVE HUMIDITYRELATIVE HUMIDITY• A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
ACTUAL ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY ACTUAL ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY AND THE MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE AND THE MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE HUMIDITYHUMIDITY
• CAN BE MEASURED WITH A CAN BE MEASURED WITH A PSYCHROMETER PSYCHROMETER
FOG AND CLOUDSFOG AND CLOUDS
• FOG - NEAR THE FOG - NEAR THE GROUND; CLOUDS - GROUND; CLOUDS - HIGHER UP HIGHER UP
• COMPRISED OF COMPRISED OF SMALL, SUSPENDED SMALL, SUSPENDED WATER DROPLETSWATER DROPLETS
• FORM AROUND FORM AROUND CONDENSATION CONDENSATION NUCLEINUCLEI• PARTICLES ABOUT WHICH PARTICLES ABOUT WHICH
FOG OR CLOUD FOG OR CLOUD DROPLETS FORMDROPLETS FORM
top related