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CRISIS IN THE COLONIES

Chapter 5 7th Grade Social Studies

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1)

BACKGROUND TO WAR⦿ Fighting over Ohio Valley zone—buffer

between French and British empires in N. America

⦿ French advantages Army was better trained Many early battles fought on French soil Had Indian support—Iroquois

OHIO VALLEY

WAR BEGINS⦿ Fighting since 1689—3 different times ⦿ 4th time leads to French and Indian War in

1754 Between England and the French/Indian allies

⦿ Opening shots of war fired near Ohio River Valley

⦿ Leader of British soldiers—George Washington

WASHINGTON—A NEW LEADER⦿ Only 22 at war’s start ⦿ Became a land surveyor @ 15 ⦿ Ordered west by VA governor to build a fort;

goes in April 1754, but French are there ⦿ Determined to carry out orders—surprise

attack; French scatter ⦿ Creates Fort Necessity as a way to protect

against French counteroffensive ⦿ Captured, but released back to VA

A YOUNG WASHINGTON

COLONIES UNITE⦿ Attempt to pass Albany Plan of Union while

Washington is out west ⦿ Purpose of APOU

Proposed by Benjamin Franklin Strengthen alliance w/ Iroquois Create one govt. for colonies Not approved; didn’t want to give power to a central power

EARLY FRENCH DOMINANCE⦿ General Edward Braddock leads British @

Fort Duquesne (Washington previously defeated)

⦿ French launch surprise attack against Braddock

⦿ Ambushed by snipers; Braddock fatally wounded, Washington almost killed

1,000 of 1,500 British troops killed

GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK

MOMENTUM SHIFTS⦿ Tides change in 1758, because of William Pitt ⦿ Pitt makes changes

Promotes younger generals (Washington) England wouldn’t rely on colonies for money, resources, or men

⦿ Pitt’s changes help—capture Fort Duquesne & rename Fort Pitt (now modern-day Pittsburgh, PA)

WILLIAM PITT

CONTINUED WINS AFTER 1758⦿ Fort Niagara captured in 1759 ⦿ Quebec in 1760

Considered final turning point in war Vital area for French—couldn’t supply forts up St. Lawrence River w/out this fort Ending battle of the war

CONQUEST OF FORT DUQUESNE

RECONSTRUCTION OF FORT NECESSITY

BATTLE FOR QUÉBEC

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

TREATY OF PARIS⦿ Brought end to

French & Indian conflicts

⦿ Marks end of French power in N. America

⦿ Terms of treaty were devastating for French—basically ceded all their territory in N. America

MAP SHOWING NEW TERRITORIES

TURMOIL OVER TAXATION (2)

RESULTS OF WAR⦿Colonies and England clash over 2 issues

⦿1st problem=Native Americans Indians who fought w/French continued to fight over lands

⦿Passed Proclamation of 1763

PROCLAMATION OF 1763⦿ Drew an imaginary line along Appalachian

Mountains ⦿ Colonists must stay east of line ⦿ Should protect Indians from colonists & vice

versa, and subdue uprisings ⦿ Angers colonists

Thought England was restricting them, and just trying to gain more control Many ignore Proclamation and move anyway

PROCLAMATION MAP

RESULTS OF WAR⦿ Problem #2—English finances

Debt Fund new empire Pay with taxes

⦿ 1st two acts of taxation=Sugar Act and Stamp Act—passed by Brit. Prime Minister George Grenville

GEORGE GRENVILLE

SUGAR ACT⦿ Passed in 1764 ⦿ Directly related to $$ problems after war for

Brits ⦿ Taxed: sugar, wine, coffee, molasses ⦿ First time colonists were taxed ⦿ Locke speaks up—starts “no taxation without

representation” idea (colonists agree)

STAMP ACT⦿ Passed in late 1765 ⦿ Taxed printed documents, and must pay for

stamp (newspapers, marriage licenses, property deeds, etc…)

⦿ Pay war debt ⦿ Colonists resisted—it’s personal!

PROTESTING THE STAMP ACT⦿ Brits are shocked—we just protected you! ⦿ Sons of Liberty form

Founded by Samuel Adams in 1765 Formed because of Stamp Act Resisted British authority; used violence Harassed stamp masters (collected tax $$); eventually all went into hiding

PROTESTING THE STAMP ACT⦿ Stamp Act Congress formed in fall 1765 ⦿ Colonies send reps. to make a formal

criticism of Stamp Act, Proc. of 1763, and Sugar Act

Only 9 show up ⦿ Stamp Act repealed in spring of 1766 ⦿ Formation of the Daughters of Liberty

Wives/relatives of Sons of Liberty Organized boycotts of English goods Hurts profits of British companies

SONS OF LIBERTY—TAR & FEATHER

SAMUEL ADAMS

TOWNSHEND ACTS⦿ Passed in May 1767 ⦿ Placed tax on imported goods (mainly

hardware items—paint, glass, paper) ⦿ Brits thought this would be more acceptable ⦿ Boycotted; some English companies lost up to

50% of their profits ⦿ Writs of assistance—allowed British officials

to inspect a ship’s cargo w/out a reason

TOWNSHEND ACTS⦿ Colonial govt. passes the Circular Letter to

officially condemn these acts (Sam Adams) All colonies would sign it and unite behind this issue

⦿ Parliament angered by letter—put most of British military in Boston

⦿ Increasing tension over next few years leads to the Boston Massacre

THE BOSTON MASSACRE⦿ March 5, 1770 ⦿ Sons of Liberty incite soldiers ⦿ Fired upon colonists, killing 5 of them ⦿ Controversy about how it started—no one

really knows ⦿ Soldiers go to trial—defended by future

president John Adams Adams successfully wins the case

⦿ Sons of Liberty use event as propaganda to divide colonists from England

BOSTON MASSACRE—PROPAGANDA

BOSTON MASSACRE

BOSTON MASSACRE

MASSACRE SITE—MY VISIT

MASSACRE SITE

MASSACRE SITE

JOHN ADAMS

FROM PROTEST TO REVOLUTION (3)

TEA ACT OF 1773⦿ Tea is very popular ⦿ British East India Company brings it to

colonies; gets into $$ troubles in 1770s ⦿ British Parliament decides to tax colonies to

help ⦿ Tea Act does 2 things

Places small tax on tea imported to colonies

Parliament creates a monopoly in the colonies w/tea sales

BOSTON TEA PARTY⦿ 1st ship of East India tea arrives in Nov. 1773 ⦿ Sons of Liberty warn Brits—trouble if you

unload ⦿ Sons of Liberty throw tea overboard in Boston

Harbor 90,000 lbs. of tea 150 men from group dressed as Indians

⦿ British are furious; pass the Intolerable Acts

BOSTON TEA PARTY

INTOLERABLE ACTS⦿ Punishment for Massachusetts for Boston Tea

Party ⦿ Four laws in this act

Boston Port Act: closes Boston Harbor by establishing naval blockade (hurts economy) Colonists could only have one town meeting per year Officials who committed crimes in Mass. could be tried in England or Canada Quartering Act—colonists would have to house British soldiers and give them basic needs

COLONIAL SUPPORT⦿ First Continental Congress

Met Sept. 1774 in Philadelphia(no Georgia) Outcomes: ○ Backed Mass.

○ Boycotted Brit goods ○ Stopped exporting to Brit until

Intolerable Acts were repealed

○ Urged colonies to form militias (citizen army)

THE REVOLUTION BEGINS⦿Colonists prepare resistance—minutemen become common

⦿Early 1775—British general Thomas Gage sends scouts to Boston

Reported that minutemen had a stash of weapons in Concord

Prepares surprise attack

MINUTEMEN

GENERAL THOMAS GAGE

BATTLE OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD⦿ Had to go through

Lexington first ⦿ Significant event—

Paul Revere’s Ride (4/18/1775)

“the British are coming!” ⦿ Arrive in Concord

April 19

⦿ Faced small colonist army

⦿ 1st few hours were preparation, then “the shot heard ‘round the world”

1st shots of Revolution ⦿ Patriots make a

stand; moral victory, not strategic

Killed 275 Brits

PAUL REVERE’S RIDE…SCHOOL HOUSE ROCK STYLE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6ikO6LMxF4&feature=endscreen&NR=1

PAUL REVERE’S RIDE

OLD NORTH CHURCH—REVERE

INSIDE THE OLD NORTH CHURCH

SPECIAL BOXES

BATTLE OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD—4 PICTURES BY AMOS DOOLITTLE

FIGHTING ON NORTH BRIDGE