cuenca, spain
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Cuenca, Spain 1
Cuenca, Spain
Cuenca
View of Los Canonigos, include Casas Colgadas, San Pablo Bridge and Downtown Cuenca, from Palomera motorway
Flag
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 404N 29W[1]
Country Spain
Autonomous community CastileLa Mancha
Province Cuenca
Comarca Serrana Media
Government
Mayor Juan vila
Area
Total 911.06 km2 (351.76 sq mi)
Elevation 946 m (3,104 ft)
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Cuenca, Spain 2
Population (2010)
Total 56,189
Density 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
Demonym Conquense
Time zone CET (UTC+1) Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 16000
Website Official website[2]
Cuenca (Spanish pronunciation: [kweka]) is a city in the autonomous community of CastileLa Mancha in central
Spain. It is the capital of the province of Cuenca.
Geography and climate
Cuenca is located across a steep spur, whose slopes descend into deep gorges of the Jcar and Hucar rivers. It isdivided into two separate settlements: the "new" city is situated south-west to the old one, which is divided by the
Hucar course.
The climate of Cuenca is the typical continental Mediterranean of Spain's "Meseta" (inner plateau). Winters are
relatively cold, but summers are quite hot. Spring and autumn seasons are short, with pleasant temperatures during
the day but with rather cold nights due to its altitude from 956 m above sea level up to 1000 m in the old town.
Average / Month Average Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
High temperature Celsius 18.8 9.4 11.1 14.2 15.7 20.1 25.9 30.7 30.3 25.5 16.6 13.1 10
Low temperature Celsius 6.3 -0.7 0.3 1.7 4.9 7.6 11.7 14.7 14.8 11.3 6.8 2.7 0.7
Precipitation millimetres year: 507 45 41 32 56 60 44 15 17 47 53 49 58
Source:AEMET[3]
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Historic Walled Town ofCuenca
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List[4]
Country Spain
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, v
Reference 781 [5]
UNESCO region[6] Europe and North America
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Cuenca, Spain 3
Inscription history
Inscription 1996 (20th Session)
History
When the Iberian peninsula was part of the Roman Empire there were several important settlements in the province,such as Segbriga, Ercvica and Gran Valeria. However, the place where Cuenca is located today was uninhabited at
that time.
When the Muslim Arabs captured the area in 714, they soon realized the value of this strategic location and they
built a fortress (called Kunka) between two gorges dug between the Jcar and Hucar rivers, surrounded by a
1 km-long wall. Cuenca soon became an agricultural and textile manufacturing city, enjoying growing prosperity.
Around the 12th century the Christians, living in northern Spain during the Muslim presence, started to slowly
recover the Iberian peninsula. Castile took over western and central areas of Spain, while Aragon enlarged along the
Mediterranean area. The Muslim Kingdom, Al-Andalus, started to break into small provinces (Reinos de taifas)
under Christian pressure, Cuenca being part of the taifa of Toledo. In 1076 it was besieged by Sancho Ramrez of
Aragon, but not conquered. In 1080 King Yahya al-Qadir of Toledo lost his taifa, and his vizier signed in Cuenca a
treaty with Alfonso VI of Len and Castile by which he ceded him some fortresses in exchange of military help.
After Alfonso's defeat in the battle of Sagrajas (1086), Cuenca was captured by the King of Seville, Al-Mu'tamid ibn
Abbad. However, when his lands were attacked by the Almoravids, he sent his daughter-in-law Zaida to Alfonso,
offering him Cuenca in exchange of military support. The first Christian troops entered the city in 1093. However,
the Almoravids captured it in 1108. Their governor in the city declared himself independent in 1144, followed by the
whole Murcia the following year. In 1147 Muhammad ibn Mardanis was elected King of Cuenca, Murcia and
Valencia. He had to defend his lands from the Almohad invasion until his death 1172, after which his son had to sign
a pact of tributes with the newcomers. A 17 year old Alfonso VIII of Castile tried to conquer the city, but after five
months of siege, he had to retreat after the arrival of troops sent by the Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf. Alfonsosigned a 7-years truce but when, in 1176 the Cuencans occupied some Christian lands in Huete and Ucls, Alfonso
intervened at the head of a coalition including also Ferdinand II of Len, Alfonso II of Aragon and the Military
Orders of Calatrava, Santiago and Montegaudio, besieging Cuenca for months starting from 1177's Epiphany. The
city's commander, Abu Bakr, sued again the support of Yaqub Yusuf, but the latter was in Africa and did not send
any help. After an unsuccessful Cuenca sortie against he Christian camp on 27 July, the besieged city was conquered
by Alfonso's troops on 21 September 1177, while the Muslim garrison took refuge in the citadel.
The latter fell in October, putting an end to the Arab domination in Cuenca. Alfonso VIII granted the city a title, and
it was considered to be "Muy noble y muy leal" (Very noble and very loyal). It was given a set of laws, the Fuero,
written in Latin, that ruled Cuenca's citizens, and it was considered one of the most perfectly written at that period of
time. The diocese of Cuenca was established in 1183; its second bishop was St. Julian of Cuenca, who becamepatron saint of the city.
During the next few centuries Cuenca enjoyed prosperity, thanks to textile manufacturing and livestock
exploitation.The cathedral started to be built at that time, in an Anglo-Norman style, with many French workers,
since Alfonso VIII's wife, Leonor de Plantagenet, was French.
During the 18th century the textile industry declined, especially when Carlos IV forbade this activity in Cuenca in
order to prevent competition with the Real Fbrica de Tapices (Royal Tapestry Factory), and Cuenca's economy
declined, thus losing population dramatically (5,000 inhabitants). During the independence war against Napoleon's
troops the city suffered great destruction, and it made the crisis worse. The city lost population, with only around
6,000 inhabitants, and only the arrival of railroads in the 19th century, together with the timber industry, were able to
boost Cuenca moderately, and population increased as a result to reach 10,000 inhabitants. In 1874, during the Third
Carlist War, Cuenca was taken over by Carlist troops, supporters of Carlos Mara Isidro as king instead of the ruling
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Cuenca, Spain 4
Isabel II, and the city suffered great damage once more.
The 20th century began with the collapse of the Giraldo cathedral's tower in 1902, which affected also the faade. It
had to be rebuilt by Vicente Lmperez, with two new twin towers at both ends of the faade which have remained
unfinished without the upper part of them.
The first decades of the 20th century were as turbulent as in other regions of Spain. There was poverty in rural areas,
and the Catholic Church was attacked, with monks, nuns, priests and a bishop of Cuenca, Cruz Laplana y Laguna,being murdered. During the Spanish Civil War Cuenca was part of the republican zone (Zona roja or: "the red
zone"). It was taken in 1938 by General Franco's troops. During the post-war period the area suffered a major
economic decline, causing many people to migrate to more prosperous regions, mainly the Basque Country and
Catalonia, but also to other countries such as Germany. The city started to recover slowly from 1960 to 1970, and the
town limits went far beyond the gorge to the flat surroundings.
Within recent decades the city has experienced a moderate growth in population and economy, the second one
especially due to the growing tourism sector, and both of them fuelled by improvements in road and train
communications. Cuenca has strongly bet on culture and as a result of this it was declared a World Heritage [5] site in
1996. In the recent years, new cultural infraestructures such as the municipal Concert Hall or the Science Museum
place Cuenca in a good position to apply for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016 [7].
Main sights
Cathedral.
Cathedral's Organs.
Cathedral of Our Lady of Grace and Saint Julian
Cuenca Cathedral was built from 1182 to 1270. The faade was rebuilt
after it crumbled down in 1902. It is the first gothic style Cathedral in
Spain (together with Avila's one), because of the influence of Alfonso
VIII's wife, Eleanor, daughter of the King of England and his wife,
Eleanor of Aquitaine, who introduced the Anglo-Norman style.
From that date the cathedral has undergone some changes. An
apse-aisle (doble girola) was added in the 15th century, while the
Renaissance Esteban Jamete's Arch was erected in the 16th century.
The main altar was redesigned during the 18th century by famous
architect Ventura Rodrguez: it features a precious iron-work gate. The
faade was rebuilt in 1902 from ruins due to the collapse of the former
bell tower, the Giraldo. In the early 1990s modern coloured windows
were installed, and in 2006 one of the two old baroque organs from
Julin de la Orden was recovered. The other organ has also beenrestored, and on 4 April 2009 an inauguration ceremony was held.
The naves do not follow exactly a straight line. The San Julin altar,
dedicated to Saint Julian of Cuenca, at the apse-aisle, consists of
columns made of green marble.
Another curiosity are the "Unum ex septem" signs at some chapels. It
is said that if one prays looking at these signs one would obtain a five-year forgiveness for one's sins, and seven
years if one prays during the patron saint's day.
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Cuenca, Spain 5
A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca
Cathedral
Church of Saint Peter
With Romanesque origins, the church of St. Peter (San Pedro in
Spanish) was rebuilt by Jose Martin de la Aldehuela during the 18th
century and displays since that time a Baroque faade. It shows an
octagonal shape outdoors but it is circular inside, and it is located atPlaza del Trabuco.
This church can be reached by going up along San Pedro Street from
Plaza Mayor.
Church of Saint Michael
The Church of Saint Michael (Iglesia de San Miguel in Spanish) was erected during the 13th century, with only onenave and an apse. In the 15th century a second nave at the north side was added. The dome was built by Esteban
Jamete in the 16th century and finally the wooded ceiling of the two naves was changed by stone-made vaults during
the 18th century.
Saint Michael was restored in the 20th century, and its management was transferred to Cuenca's municipality from
Cuenca's Diocese, so that this church could be used to hold classical music concerts. In fact, Saint Michael is home
of the Religious Music Week (Semana de Musica Religiosa) together with other places within the city and its
province.
It is located at San Miguel street, next to Plaza Mayor. Saint Michael is accessed through a descending narrow
passage which starts at Plaza Mayor left lateral (looking from the Town Hall).
Church of Our Savior (Iglesia del Salvador)
Built in neogothic style during the 18th century, with only one nave and a high tower. It shows a modest baroque
faade and some remarkable baroque altars indoors. The door is however quiet modern, added in the late 1990s.
The famous religious procession "Las Turbas", held on Good Friday morning, starts at this location, since the image
of "Jess el Nazareno", which is at the forefront of the procession, is kept within "El Salvador".
St. Paul Bridge.
Bridge of Saint Paul
The bridge of Saint Paul (Puente de San Pablo) was built from 1533 to
1589, a construction driven by the canon Juan del Pozo, over the river
Huecar's Gorge, aiming at connecting the old town with St Paul
convent.
The original bridge collapsed, and the current one was built in 1902,
made of wood and iron according to the style dominating at the
beginning of the 20th century. It is up to 40 metres high, and supported
upon the remains of the old bridge.
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Seminary
The Seminary (Seminario), a rectangular building stretching from
Plaza de la Merced to Mangana Square, was established under the
ruling of the bishop Jos Flores Osorio and built by Vicente Sevilla,
around 1745. The magnificent baroque faade at Plaza de la Mercedwas however set up in 1748.
It holds a library with numerous ancient books, some of them
incunables (previous to 1501). There is also a Rococo meeting room
inside and a Gothic altarpiece at the chapel, but visits are not allowed.
In 2004 some books from this library were stolen, but the suspect of the robbery was caught and the books recovered
before entering on an auction process.
Now an average of 1015 future priests are trained there, according to Spanish Episcopal Conference link statistics[8].
Saint Paul Convent.
The old convent of Saint Paul
The convent of Saint Paul was built in the 16th century by command of
the canon priest Juan del Pozo, a monk belonging to the Dominican
Order. Brothers Juan and Pedro de Alviz were in charge of the building
project; Pedro worked on the convent and the cloister and Juan on the
church.
The church was finished in the 18th century, in rococo style.
The convent was ruled by Dominican monks, but during the 19th
century was handed over to the Pauline Fathers, who were based hereuntil 1975, when they left due to the possible collapse of the building.
In the 1990s the convent was restored to house the Parador Nacional de Turismo in Cuenca, a hotel.
The cloister has an ornamental source of water, and the cafeteria is the old chapel. From the convent the old town
can be reached easily by crossing St Paul bridge.
Bishop's Palace
The bishop's palace features, on three of its museums, the Diocese's Museum, which has a remarkable collection of
religious art. It can be easily accessed from the Cathedral.
The rooms where the collection is shown were remodeled by architect Fernando Barja Noguerol, and GustavoTorner selected the art pieces from an inventory made by some priests of the Diocese in 1977. Some of the diocese's
artistic patrimony was lost during the Peninsular War, the confiscation of ecclesiastical property by Juan lvarez
Mendizbal, and the Spanish Civil War.
Masterpieces like The Byzantine Diptych (book-like silver work whose origin is dated around 1370, containing
saints' relics), paintings by El Greco, and handcrafted carpets from Cuenca's school, can be seen at the museum.
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Cuenca, Spain 7
Outside view of El Castillo (The Castle) and the
City Walls.
The Castle
El Castillo is the name for the remains of an ancient Arab fortress,
representing the older structures of Cuenca. Only a tower, two stone
blocks, the arch which allows to enter/leave the old town from the
Barrio del Castillo and a fragment of the walls have been left. The arch(arco de Bezudo) is named after Gutierre Rodriguez Bezudo, from
Segovia, who fought the Arabs with King Alfonso VIII to conquer
Cuenca.
The castle was home of the Holy Inquisition after 1583, and it was
finally destroyed during the 19th century by French soldiers during the
Spanish War of Independence.
Nearby are the small chapel and cemetery of San Isidro.
Mangana Tower
Mangana Tower
Origins of the Mangana Tower remain unclear. In 1565 it was painted
by Antoon van den Wijngaerde, which indicates that at that time
Mangana had already been built up, and after the attacks by French
soldiers during the Spanish War of Independence war at the
beginning of the 19th century and having been hit previously by a
thunderbolt in the 18th century, it became badly destroyed. Mangana
Tower was rebuilt by Fernando Alcntara in Neomudejar style
inspired on Arab decorative motifsin 1926. Finally Victor Caballero
gave Mangana its current look in a fortress-like style in 1968.
It has a clock on one of its walls and a recording of bell chimes can be
heard in the old town at certain times (every quarter of an hour).
There are views from the near viewpoints over the river Jucar's gorge
and the modern neighborhoods. Mangana can be reached on foot from
Plaza Mayor.
Town Hall
The Town Hall is a building in baroque style built up during the ruling
period of king Charles III and supported over three roman arches. It was finished in 1762, as it can be read on the
faade.
The central arch is the only one giving access to vehicles to Plaza Mayor.
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Hanging houses
Hanging Houses
Built over a rock above the Huecar River gorge in the 15th century,
Las Casas Colgadas are the only remaining samples of this type of
building which was common in this city a long time ago.
Hanging Houses can be considered the most famous civil buildings in
Cuenca. They house a restaurant and the Museum of Abstract Arts and
they serve as the background of millions of photos made from the
bridge of San Pablo.
Monument devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus
On top of the Cerro del Socorro you can find the monument devoted to
the Holy Heart of Jesus, whose materials were transported on donkeys
in the mid-20th century. This place is a magnificent viewpoint over the
city. It can be accessed by taking the road to Palomera / Buenache de laSierra (Huecar river gorge) and turn right after 5 km, approx.
Cuenca Province Council
The provincial council's seat (Diputacin provincial de Cuenca) is a building with 2 floors built at the early 20th
century according to a project conceived by provincial architect Rafael Alfaro. Cuenca's coat of arms at the faade is
made of Carrara marble.
Town Hall of Cuenca and Plaza Mayor.
Others
Other notable buildings in Cuenca include the San Felipe Neri church,
the Our Lady of Light church (Iglesia de Nuestra Seora de La Luz)
and theLas Petras convent.
Museums
Archeological Museum
Diocese's Museum
Museum of Abstract Art
Museum of Science of Castile-La Mancha
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Cuenca, Spain 9
Spanish Abstract Art Museum, in Cuenca.
Parks
El Escardillo, with a few trees and a fountain over a small patch of
ground. It is one of the few green areas in the old town.
Los Moralejos: located near the entry point from Madrid, Los
Moralejos, also known as "Carrero" (its old name was CarreroBlanco, the VP of General Franco), is a park which was enlarged in
the early nighties, when San Julian's fair was moved to its current
location, thus releasing some amount of land. A bicycle lane has
been built recently, as well as a new connection with the "el Sargal"
sport centre.
Santa Ana, "El Vivero", near to the Cuenca's bullring, large trees give shadow to most of the park.
San Fernando: located in the expansion area of Cuenca, it is settled on a slope and features, among other
attractions, three small lakes.
San Julin, the oldest one in Cuenca, created at the beginning of the 20th century, from land donated by Gregoria
Fernndez de la Cuba, whose sculpture can be found here. San Julin's park is an example of sustainable design:
there is no grass, instead the rectangles of terrain along the perimeter contain large trees, and are separated by
bush rows and sand paths. In the centre, an open space houses a bandstand. An sculpture of Lucas Aguirre y
Jurez, which devoted its filantropic efforts to education of poor children, is also here. A fully functional
"Manneken pis" relieves thirsty passers-by during the summer days.
Festivities
Jueves Lardero
St. Julian's Day (Julian of Cuenca)28 January
Saint Matthew's Day21 September: a young bull (la vaquilla) is released on the streets being led by people withropes, while people from Cuenca, grouped in "peas", eat and drink on the streets during four days. The first day
peas get to Plaza Mayor on foot while being watered by the old town inhabitants from their balconies. Really
amusing.
Name origin
Its name may derive from the Latin conca meaning "river basin", referring to the gorge of the rivers Jcar and
Hucar. It may also be derived from the now-ruined Arab castle, Kunka. Other alternative original names have been
suggested, including "Anitorgis", "Sucro" or "Concava". The city of Cuenca is also known as the "Eagle's Nest"
because of its precarious position on the edge of a gorge.
Transportation
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Cuenca, Spain 10
Cuenca-Fernando Zbel railroad station, AVE
high-speed train line
The city is served by the Cuenca Railway Station. It is a popular day or
weekend trip from Madrid, to which it is very well connected. On 2010
December 19 a new AVE (high-speed rail) link was established
between Madrid Atocha station and Cuenca Fernando Zobel
station, providing travellers with frequent connections everyday, and
reducing the journey time to only 50 minutes. RENFE also operates anon high-speed service taking 3 hours going from Madrid. Auto Res, a
bus operator, links Madrid to Cuenca with a 2 hour or 2:30 hour trip
duration. The A-40 motorway, recently completed, connects the city
with the A-3 at Tarancon, 82 kilometres (51 mi) away from Madrid,
thus totalling 166 kilometres (103 mi) to Spain's capital. Cuenca is 200 kilometres (120 mi) far from Valencia, via
the A-3 in the opposite sense.
Twin towns sister cities
Cuenca is twinned with: Cuenca, Ecuador
L'Aquila, Italy
Paju, South Korea
Ronda, Spain
Plasencia, Spain
Gastronomy
The following are typical dishes from the Cuenca area, being basically the result of combining those of Serrana and
Mancha areas:
Ajo arriero, made of cod, potato and garlic, can be spread on bread
Cordero, some pieces of lamb simply roasted or in caldereta
Morteruelo, a kind of pt made of different kinds of meat, mainly hare, partridge, hen and pork.
Pisto manchego, a mixture of vegetables (tomato, pepper, courgette/zuchinni) cut up and fried together, similar to
the "ratatouille" from France.
Queso manchego, coming from Villarejo de Fuentes, Santa Mara del Campo Rus or Villamayor de Santiago,
made only from sheep's milk
Setas, during the autumn a great variety of mushrooms can be collected in the forests near Cuenca. The most
frequent is the so-calledNscalo, but other species, such as boletus, can also be found.
Trucha, trouts from the mountain rivers just grilled Oreja, Forro, Panceta: different cuts of pork usually grilled
For dessert, theAlaj is an Arab cake made of honey, almonds, nuts and grated orange rind. Resoli is a typical drink,
served in a glass with ices or directly drunk from a "porrn" after a meal.
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Cuenca, Spain 11
Gallery
Panoramic view of the Cuenca
Cathedral.
Looking through
an arch in old
Cuenca.
Casas Colgadas (Hanging
Houses).
Virgin of the Anguishes
hermitage.
Convent of la
Merced.
Convent of las Carmelitas. Parador Nacional de Cuenca. Cuenca's Province council.
Alfonso VIII
Street.
Plaza Mayor Jcar River
flowing through
Cuenca.
Ro Jcar as seen from San
Antn Bridge.
External links
Official website [9]
Webcam in a side street [10]
Cuenca [11]
Photos Monastery San Pablo at Pasaporteblog.com [12]
A Stroll Through La Mancha [13] by The Guardian
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Guardianhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/spanish-tourist-board/la-mancha-cuenca-toledo-spainhttp://www.pasaporteblog.com/parador-de-cuenca/http://www.spainted.com/castilla-la-mancha/cuenca/http://195.235.198.107:3344/view/index.shtmlhttp://www.cuenca.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca-20080319-06-desde_puente_san_anton.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca-2000_rio_jucar_01.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca_Plaza_mayor.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca-20080319-03-calle_alfonso_viii.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADiputacion_provincial_de_cuenca.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AParador_Nacional_de_Cuenca_%28portada%29_065.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca_Convento_de_las_carmelitas.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca%2C_iglesia_de_la_Merced.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca_Ermita_de_las_angustias.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca_CasasColgadas1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACuenca_arch.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACatedral_Cuenca.jpg -
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Cuenca, Spain 12
References
[1] http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Cuenca,_Spain¶ms=40_4_N_2_9_W_type:city(56189)_region:ES
[2] http://www.cuenca.es/
[3] http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8096&k=clm
[4] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list
[5] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/781
[6] http:/
/
whc.unesco.
org/
en/
list/
?search=&
search_by_country=&
type=&
media=&
region=&
order=region[7] http://web.archive.org/web/20080209102518/http://www.cuenca2016.es/sp/_index.asp
[8] http://www.conferenciaepiscopal.es/seminarios/estadisticas.htm
[9] http://www.cuenca.org
[10] http://195. 235. 198. 107:3344/view/index. shtml
[11] http://www.spainted.com/castilla-la-mancha/cuenca/
[12] http://www.pasaporteblog.com/parador-de-cuenca/
[13] http://www.guardian.co.uk/spanish-tourist-board/la-mancha-cuenca-toledo-spain
http://www.guardian.co.uk/spanish-tourist-board/la-mancha-cuenca-toledo-spainhttp://www.pasaporteblog.com/parador-de-cuenca/http://www.spainted.com/castilla-la-mancha/cuenca/http://195.235.198.107:3344/view/index.shtmlhttp://www.cuenca.org/http://www.conferenciaepiscopal.es/seminarios/estadisticas.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080209102518/http://www.cuenca2016.es/sp/_index.asphttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=®ion=&order=regionhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/781http://whc.unesco.org/en/listhttp://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8096&k=clmhttp://www.cuenca.es/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Cuenca,_Spain¶ms=40_4_N_2_9_W_type:city(56189)_region:ES -
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Article Sources and Contributors 13
Article Sources and ContributorsCuenca, Spain Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=555036096 Contributors: Aan, Albania T, Alex Spade, Alexander Domanda, Asterion, Attilios, BlaiseFEgan, Bob Burkhardt,Bonzon, C45207, CJLL Wright, CanisRufus, Cantiorix, Carlossuarez46, Closedmouth, Darwinek, Daytonarolexboston, Delpino, Denis.arnaud, Dgallea, Docu, Dr. Blofeld, Flauto Dolce,Gadfium, Ghirlandajo, Gsp, Hagiographer, Hmains, Iancurtis86, Imtg5102, Isilanes, It Is Me Here, Jim1138, Jmabel, Joergsam, Joey80, Johnbod, Joy, JustAGal, Jyusin, Kazubon, Ken Gallager,Knyght27, Kokahen, Kukini, Kwamikagami, LilHelpa, Ludraman, Maerk, ManuelGR, Marek69, Martarius, Microsid, Mogism, NERIC-Security, OboeCrack, Ohnoitsjamie, Ozdaren, Pauklein,Pearle, PeterHuntington, Phgao, Philly jawn, Podzemnik, Polylerus, Poshseagull, Qoan, Quailane, R'n'B, Raul-Reus, Ravn, Raymond Cruise, ReDeHydrate, Redthoreau, Riordato, Rubenpg1,Schwyz, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sinisterial, Sriharsh1234, Stan Shebs, SwisterTwister, Thrapper, Tony1, TopoChecker, Ucucha, Utku Tanrivere, Valenciano, Venerock, WereSpielChequers, ,
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