culture as a normal distribution norms and values

Culture as a Normal Distribution

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

l

US Culture

Norms and Values

Culture as a Normal Distribution

0

20

40

60

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120

US Culture French Culture

Norms and Values

A model of culture

Implicit Culture

Explicit Culture

Is a dynamic process of solving human

problems/dilemmas in the areas of

- Human Relationships

- Time

- Nature

About Culture

01/ The Car AccidentWhat happens to your friend?

01/ What Right has Your Friend?

A. My friend has a definite right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.

B. He has some right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.

C. He has no right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.

Universalism 普遍主義　　対 Particularism 個別主義Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism

Neutral versus AffectiveNeutral versus Affective

Specific versus DiffuseSpecific versus Diffuse

Achievement versus AscriptionAchievement versus Ascription

Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic

Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

01/ Universalism vs Particularism 普遍主義　対　個別主義　

• Consistency• Systems, standards

& rules, • Uniform procedures• Demand clarity

• Flexibility• Pragmatic, • Make exceptions• “It depends”• At ease with ambiguity

32

37

44

47

54

68

69

73

86

87

90

91

91

92

93

93

97

20 40 60 80 100

Venezuela

Korea

Russia

China

India

Japan

Singapore

France

Iceland

Germany

Netherlands

Australia

United Kingdom

Sweden

USA

Canada

Switzerland

01/ Universalism ー普遍主義 Friend has no/some right and would not help

%

01/ Dilemma Reconciliation ジレンマの調和

Copyright or

Right to Copy ?

01/ Dilemma Reconciliation12-APR 1996 CIBS AMSTELVEEN TEL 0206401151 TO CIBS(The Center for International Business StudiesApril 12, 1996ATTN: Dr Fons TrompenaarsRE: The Letter of AppreciationDear Dr Trompenaars;I am very sorry for sending this letter of appreciation to you late

We are very pleased to let you know that your book, ‘Riding the Waves of Culture’ has been successfully translated in Korean and it gives us big help for developing our Group’s Globalization.

It is our great honor and thank you for letting us have an opportunity to use your masterpiece.

Sincerely yoursMr. Kim CheungExecutive DirectorGLOBAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

01/ Dilemma Reconciliation

U P

Korean Organization = Particular Relationship

British Publisher =Universal Copyright

01/ Clashing Values

Universal Copyright

Particular relationship with organization

01/ Clashing Values

Universal Copyright

Particular relationship with organization

U

P

01/ Clashing Values

No reconciliation

option1.exe

Particular relationship with organization

(1,10)Universal Copyright

Sue them and lose money

01/ Clashing Values

No reconciliation

option1.exe

X(10,1)

Universal Copyright

Particular relationship with organization

Thank them for stealing!

01/ Clashing Values

Universal Copyright

Particular relationship with organization

(5,5)Split the

differenceAnd irritate

both

02/ Individualism 　個人主義　 versus Communitarianism 　共同体主義

b) Another said: ‘If the individual is continuously taking care of his or her fellows then the quality of life for us all will improve, even if it obstructs individual freedom and individual development.’

a) One said: ‘It is obvious that if one has as much freedom as possible and the maximum opportunity to develop oneself, the quality of

one’s life would improve as a result.’

3032

3739

414142

445253

6061

636465

6769

7189

0 20 40 60 80 100

EgyptMexico

IndiaJapan

FranceChina

SingaporeIndonesia

ItalyIcelandRussia

UKAustralia

FinlandNetherlands

DenmarkUSA

CanadaIsrael

02/ Individualism 　個人主義の度合いPercentage opting for Individual Freedom

%

02/ Dilemma Reconciliation The Individual and the Team

Reward Individual

performance

Stimulate

Team

Co-operation

02/ Dilemma Reconciliation The Individual and the Team

Individual Motivation

Team Motivation

(1,10) Me, Myself and

Withholding Information

02/ Co-Opetition The Individual and the Team

Individual Motivation

Team Motivation

Team Mediocrity

02/ Co-Opetition The Individual and the Team

(5,5)

Go for the Small team

Individual Motivation

Team Motivation

Reward Teams for Individual Creativity

AND Reward

Individuals for Team

Work

02/ Co-OpetitionThe Individual and the Team

Individual Motivation

Team Motivation

(10,10)

01/ Co-Opetition 　協争

1. Mass-Customization1. Mass-Customization2. Co-Opetition3. It is Cool to be Emotional3. It is Cool to be Emotional4. Moments of Truth4. Moments of Truth5. Practice what you Preach5. Practice what you Preach6. Just In Time Synchronizing 6. Just In Time Synchronizing SequencesSequences7. Pushing through the Pull7. Pushing through the Pull

Universalism versus ParticularismUniversalism versus Particularism

Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism

Neutral 　感情中立主義 　対 Affective 　感情表出主義

Specific versus DiffuseSpecific versus Diffuse

Achievement versus AscriptionAchievement versus Ascription

Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic

Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

03/ Neutral 感情中立型　対 Affective 　感情表出型

In my society, it is considered unprofessional to express emotions overtly.

Please select your position on the statement above:

a) Strongly agree

b) Agree

c) Be undecided

d) Disagree

e) Strongly disagree

03/ 感情中立型の度合いPercentage not expressing emotions overtly

151819

2428

3033

4043

4546474849

5155

6474

81

0 20 40 60 80 100

KuwaitEgyptSpain

RussiaArgentina

FranceItaly

BrasilUSA

UKSwedenPortugalDenmark

IcelandIndia

ChinaHong Kong

JapanEthiopia %

Universalism versus ParticularismUniversalism versus Particularism

Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism

Neutral versus AffectiveNeutral versus Affective

Specific 　関与特定型 　対Diffuse 　関与融合型　Achievement versus AscriptionAchievement versus Ascription

Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic

Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

04/ Specific 　関与特定型 versus Diffuse 　関与融合型

Public

Private

04/ Specific 　関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型

Public Public

Specific Relationship

04/ Specific 　関与特定型 versus Diffuse 　関与融合型

Public Private

04/ Specific 　関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型

No Relationship

04/ Specific 関与特定型　 versus Diffuse 　関与融合型

Diffuse Relationship

PrivatePrivate

04/ Encounter Specific and Diffuse関与特定型と関与融合型の衝突

Public

Private

Danger ZoneDanger Zone

Private

The colleague argues:You don’t have to paint the house if you don’t feel like it.He is your boss in the company. Outside the company, he has little authority

The subordinate argues:Despite the fact that I don’t feel like it, I will paint

the house anyway. He is my boss and you cannot ignore it outside your work either.

04/ Specificity 　関与特定型 A boss asking to paint his house

324647

5258

656667

697071

7882

878889

9191

0 20 40 60 80 100

ChinaNigeriaKuwait

VenezuelaSingapore

KoreaBelgiumGreece

ThailandMexicoJapan

AustraliaUSA

CanadaIceland

DenmarkNetherlands

Sweden

04/ Specificity 　関与特定型の度合いWould not paint the house

%

Universalism versus ParticularismUniversalism versus Particularism

Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism

Neutral versus AffectiveNeutral versus Affective

Specific versus DiffuseSpecific versus Diffuse

Achievement 実績主義　対　 Ascription 　属性主義Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic

Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

05/ Achievement 実績主義　対 Ascription 　属性主義

STATUS ?

What You Do Who You Are

05/ Achievement vs Ascription

•Family•Age•Sex•Education

05/ Achievement vs Ascription

‘The most important thing in life is to act as really suits you, even if you

don’t get things done’

41213

2021

2628

3031323334

4049

5456

6669

71

0 20 40 60 80

EgyptArgentina

Czech RepublicKorea

PolandJapanChina

RussiaMexico

Hong KongFrance

SwitzerlandGermanyDenmarkSweden

UKIceland

AustraliaUSA

05/ Achievement 実績主義の度合いPercentage not agreeing with acting as really suits you

%

06/ Time Orientation 　時間傾向 Think of the past, present and future as being in the

shape of circles. Please draw three circles

representing past, present and future. Arrange these

circles in any way you want that best shows how you

feel about the relationship of the past, present and

the future. You may use different size circles.

06/ Time Orientation 　時間軸Past, Present and Future

USAUSA FRAFRA

UKUK ICEICE

SPASPAJPNJPN

07/ Internal vs External Control

a. What happens to me is my own doing.

b. Sometimes I feel that I do not have enough control over the direction my life is taking.

3339

4955

5759

6363

667272

75757677

8286

88

0 20 40 60 80 100

VenezuelaChina

RussiaKuwait

SingaporeIceland

IndiaJapan

GermanyKorea

ItalyBelgium

NLFrance

UKUSA

NorwayIsrael

07/ 内的コントロール型What happens to me is my own doing

%