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Current use of HFCs and HCFCs.
Trends, alternatives and climate impact
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YEREVAN, Armenia, May 18-19, 2009
Didier COULOMB, Director of the IIR, d.coulomb@iifiir.org
Institut International du Froid (IIF) - www.iifiir.org
- health
- the environment
2 major challenges in the 21st century:
� Needs in terms of health (ageing populations, food safety…)
will increase.� 850 Million people undernourished (FAO)
� 30% post-harvest losses
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� 1 600 deaths/year in the USA due to pathogens, at least partly associated
with poor temperature control
� 1/3rd more inhabitants in the world in 2050, more urban and older.(health
products, hospitals… )
� Environmental issues will increasingly need to be
addressed: Montreal Protocol (CFCs, HCFCs), and above all
the Kyoto Protocol and the post-Kyoto era (energy
efficiency, phase down of greenhouse gases such as HFCs).
Refrigeration is necessary for life
� Food sector (quantity and quality of food)
� Health sector (health products, surgery, imaging, air
conditioning)
� Energy applications (Liquefied Natural Gas, Liquefied
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� Energy applications (Liquefied Natural Gas, Liquefied
hydrogen, Thermonuclear fusion,… )
� Environmental applications (biodiversity thanks to the
cryopreservation of genetic resources, liquefaction of
CO2 for underground storage)
� Applications in heating (heat pumps), electronic
components, computer technology, biotechnology, space
technology, public works…
Various applications -> various solutions
� More than 90% : vapour-compression systems,
using refrigerants.
This figure will not change in the near future.
� All refrigerants are not adapted to all applications:
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� All refrigerants are not adapted to all applications:
Pressure issues, safety issues, corrosion issues;
energy efficiency issues but generally, we have
several options.
Impact on the ozone layer (1)
� The impact of refrigerating plants on ozone
depletion is due to emissions of chlorinated
refrigerants (CFCs and HCFCs)
�equipment leaks
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�poor maintenance
The Antarctica ozone hole
Impact on the ozone layer (2)Family of
refrigerantsMain refrigerants ODP
CFCs
CFC-11
CFC-12
Others
1
1
0.4 -> 1.0
HCFCsHCFC-22
Others
0.05
0.020 -> 0.070
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HFCs
HFC-134a
HFC-404A
HFC-407C
HFC-410A
Others
0
Natural
refrigerants
R-717 (Ammonia)
R-744 (Carbon dioxide)
Hydrocarbons
Others
0
Montreal Protocol
Montreal
Protocol
Industrialized
countries
Developing
countries
CFCsPhased-out
since 1996
Phase-out
by 2010
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since 1996 by 2010
HCFCsPhase-out
by 2020 (1) (2)Phase-out
by 2030 (1)
(1) Decision taken at MOP-19 in Montreal (September 2007)
(2) Several countries have adopted more stringent regulations
regarding HCFC phase-out: EU countries, US, Japan, etc.
Impact on global warming (1)
� The global-warming impact of refrigerating plants is
the following:
�About 20% of this impact is due to direct emissions of
fluorocarbons (CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs),
�About 80% of this impact results from indirect CO2
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�About 80% of this impact results from indirect CO2
emissions originating in the production of the energy used
by the refrigeration plants
Efforts implemented focus on:
Reduction of direct emissions thanks to better containment
of refrigerants, development of alternative refrigerants.
Reduction of energy consumption thanks to increasing
energy efficiency of refrigerating plants
Impact on global warming (2)Family of
refrigerantsMain refrigerants GWP
CFCs
CFC-11
CFC-12
Others
4 750
10 890
6 000 -> 15 000
HCFCsHCFC-22
Others
1 810
70 -> 2 400
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Others 70 -> 2 400
HFCs
HFC-134a
HFC-404A
HFC-410A
Others
1 430
3 900
2 100
4 -> 15 000
(HFO-1234yf)
Natural
refrigerants
R-717 (Ammonia)
R-744 (Carbon dioxide)
Hydrocarbons
Water
< 1
1
20
0
� And a lot of blends among HCFCs,
among HCFCs and HFCs,
among HFCs
all of them with a GWP between 900 and 15 000.
� If we consider the most commonly used HCFCs and
HFCs, without any other consideration, the
replacement of HCFCs by HFCs has a negligible or
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replacement of HCFCs by HFCs has a negligible or
negative effect on global warming. We should avoid it.
Fortunately, with new equipment, leakage is reduced and
energy efficiency is better.
The final result should be slightly better, but not enough.
-> We need to implement new measures.
Reductions in refrigerant emissions (1)� The ODP-weighted production of CFCs + HCFCs has
decreased by 98% between 1988 and 2005
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AFEAS-UNEP
Reductions in refrigerant emissions (2)� The GWP-weighted production of CFCs + HCFCs +
HFCs has decreased by 90% between 1988 and 2005
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AFEAS-UNEP
Past reductions in leakage
� Case of Europe: even before the application of the
F-gas regulation, the leakage rate which was about
30 % in the 80s, is now (on the average), 20 years
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after, about 5-10 %
(annual emissions/banks)
Past increase of energy efficiency
� Examples:
� COP in commercial refrigeration (for a temperature lift of 30°C):
� 1960: about 2.5
� 1990: about 3.3
� 2007: about 4
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� Energy consumption of new refrigerators
• 3-4 times less in 2005 than in 1973
�Heat pumps
Challenges
� Refrigerant containment
� Refrigerant charge reduction
� Alternative refrigerants
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� Alternative refrigerants
� Reduction in energy consumption
� Other sustainable refrigeration technologies
Solutions application by application
Applications
1. Domestic Refrigeration
2. Commercial Refrigeration
3. Industrial Refrigeration
4. Transport Refrigeration
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4. Transport Refrigeration
5. Air Conditioning
Chillers
6. Mobile Air Conditioning
Domestic refrigeration (1)(refrigerated and frozen products)
� Current situation: essentially HFCs (HFC 134a) = 2/3rds
and HCs (HC600a mainly) = 1/3rd for new production
� Low leakage
� Main issue: recovery (including CFC12)
Reminder:
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Reminder:
� About 1 300 million units installed worldwide
9 100 tonnes HFC 134a/year in new units
2 300 tonnes HC/year in new units
GWP
CFC 12 10 850
HFC 134a 1 430
HC 600a 20
Domestic refrigeration (2)
� Challenges:
- Recovery of old refrigerants (CFC12) then HFC 134a
- Authorization of HCs (currently under consideration in
the US) for new units
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the US) for new units
HFC 134a and HCs: same energy efficiency
no real technical problem
Long term issue (unit life more than 20 years)
but new policy easy to implement
Commercial refrigeration (1)(Cold storage, supermarkets, vending machines...:
refrigerated and frozen products)
� Current situation:
� Very different types of equipment:
- Stand-alone equipement;
- Condensing units, side by side
- Centralized systems with direct systems
- Centralized systems with indirect systems
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- Centralized systems with indirect systems
� Lack of precise statistics, but:
- important leakage (15%-35%), the highest rates being in
Article 5 countries and in large installations (due to poor
maintenance and length of pipes)
- a lot of different situations regarding the types of equipment
and the refrigerant uses
Main issues: maintenance for less leakage and better
energy efficiency; refrigerants retrofit; new plants
Commercial refrigeration (2)
� About 480 000 supermarkets worldwide over 500 m2
Refrigerant emissions (2003) (tonnes)
Article 5 countries Non article 5 countries total
CFC 43 000 2 000 45 000
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CFCs: mainly CFC 12 and blends with HCFCs (GWP 5 000 -> 9 000)
HCFCs: mainly HCFC 22 (GWP: 1 810) and blends 22-HFCs (GWP 2 400 -> 3 200)
HFCs: HFC 134a and blends (1 430-3 900)
CFC 43 000 2 000 45 000
HCFC 50 000 30 000 80 000
HFC 600 10 000 10 600
Commercial refrigeration (3)
� Other options already developed:
� HCs and CO2 in stand-alone equipment (similar energy
efficiency; already tested and used in most types of
equipment)
Today: mainly HFC134a; some HFC blends (R404A)
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� Condensing unit systems: today mainly HCFC 22; same issue
� Centralized systems: today, mainly HCFC 22; also HFCs
(R404A, HFC 134a) of same or higher GWP; but ammonia
already largely used and known (including Eastern Europe)
Also CO2, HCs, indirect systems with ice-slurries.
--> many options with similar energy efficiency
Commercial refrigeration (4)(Conclusion)
� Commercial refrigeration:
a major sector for mitigating global warming
� Better maintenance
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� Retrofit issue: mainly with HFCs (life of equipment: 10-25 years)
� New systems: encourage ammonia (large systems; safety
regulations), CO2, HCs, ice slurries…
Industrial refrigeration (1)(Food and drink processing,
pharmaceutical industry, chemical plants, cold storage, liquefaction of gases…)
� Current situation:
� Really various and generally big plants (350 million m3 cold
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storage worldwide… )
� Important leakage (10-20%)
� Use of CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, ammonia and in a few cases, CO2.
� Includes global systems with heat pumps, heat recovery.
Industrial refrigeration (2)
Refrigerant emissions (estimation 2006, tonnes/year)
CFCs 17 000
HCFCs 32 000
HFCs 3 500
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CFCs: mainly CFC 12 + R 502 (blend)
old equipment, with important leakage (20% or more)
retrofit by HCFCs and HFCs (134a) (similar GWP)
HCFCs: mainly HCFC 22
HFCs: HFC 134a and blends (no benefit and even worse than HCFCs
regarding GWP, energy efficiency, costs)
Industrial refrigeration (3)
� Other options already developed:
� Ammonia; the best for large systems. But needs safety;
� CO2 for freezers (sometimes with cascades with HFC blends)
� Secondary fluids
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� In some industrial processes, HFCs crurrently have no equivalent
(chemical reactions)
� For heat pumps, absorption heat pumps or vapour compression
heat pumps: CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs; ammonia for medium and
large capacities; HCs in niches
Industrial refrigeration (4)(Conclusion)
� An important sector but various cases:
� Better maintenance
� Retrofit issue: mainly with HFCs
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� New systems: ammonia for large systems;
Others: case by case approach
Transport refrigeration (1)(Marine, rail, road, containers…)
Current situation:
� Mostly vapour-compression systems essentially with
CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs
- Very few with ammonia, CO2,
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- Very few with ammonia, CO2,
- Very few sorption systems
- Few systems using CO2 or nitrogen as solid or liquid (refrigerant lost at the end)
� Important leakage (10-40%) but small amounts overall
(few vehicles: about 1 million)
� Shorter life cycles (tough constraints) thus more rapid
moves to new equipment
Transport refrigeration (2)Refrigerant
emissions
(tonnes/2003)
Marine Containers Road Rail Total
CFCs 15 15 1 000 30 1060
HCFC 22 3 100 40 1 000 5 4 145
HFCs 415 555 3 780 15 4 765
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Total FCs 3 530 610 5 780 50 9 970
- HFCs are HFC 134a (mainly), blends (R404A,… ), HFC 23 with similar or
higher GWP than HCFCs
- However, other refrigerants often encounter issues of safety
(flammability, toxicity), or of cost. Technical developments and tests are
still necessary
Transport refrigeration (3)(Conclusion)
� The impact on global warming is less important
� HFCs often are still currently the best solution
(tough constraints)
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(tough constraints)
� Efforts must be concentrated in reducing leakage
(maintenance… )
� Technological developments to be implemented
Stationary air-conditioning (1)
Current situation:
� Various types of equipment:
- Small self-contained air conditioners (for heating or cooling
small spaces through walls, windows… )
- Non-ducted split residential and commercial air conditioners
- Ducted split residential air conditioners
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- Ducted commercial split and packaged air conditioners chillers
(see « chillers »)
� Important leakage (15-20%)
� Mainly HCFC 22 for the 4 first applications (95%) replacements in
article 5 countries progressively by HFC blends (higher GWP)
but possibilities for CO2 and hydrocarbons
� Skyrocketting market (+50% in 5 years especially in Article 5
countries)
Stationary air conditioning (2)Refrigerant emissions (2005) (tonnes/year)
Article 5 countries Non Article 5 countries
HCFC 22 55 000
(110 000 in 2015)
110 000
HFC ____ 7 000
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Shifting to HCs or CO2 requires investments: for safety reasons for HCs,
for effciency reasons for CO2. HCs will be limited to low charge levels
(flammability); CO2 also needs further technological developments.
HCs and CO2 can rarely be used for retrofits (safety… )
Life of equipment: 15-20 years in non Article 5 countries.
� For small equipment with low refrigerant charge,
HCs can be an option for new equipment.
� Replacement of HCFCs in other uses by HFCs would
have a negative effect on the climate but it cannot be
Stationary air conditioning (3)(Conclusion)
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have a negative effect on the climate but it cannot be
avoided.
� Further technological developments will be developed
in the future in non Article 5 countries, that should be
transferred to Article 5 countries.
� Reducing leakage is necessary.
Chillers (1)(air conditioning for large buildings and
process cooling in industries)
� Vapour-compression and absorption chillers (proof of
energy efficiency except if waste heat sources… ).
� Low leakage (about or less than 10 % in HCFC and
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HFC installations).
� Refrigerants used in vapour-compression systems:
CFCs, HCFC 22, HCFC 123 (very low GWP), HFC 134a,
blends.
� Few with ammonia, hydrocarbons
Chillers (2)
Refrigerant emissions (2003) (tonnes/year)
Article 5 countries Non Article 5 countries
CFCs 8 000 6 600
HCFCs 4 000 7 400
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Conclusion
Even if HFC emissions are increasing, overall emissions (tonnes/year)
are decreasing, both in Article 5 and non Article 5 countries.
Replacement of HCFC 22 by HFC 134a is interesting, and the same of
course applies to ammonia or HCs.
HFCs 1 000 4 100
Vehicle air conditioning (1)(Cars, trucks, buses, railcars)
� Old vehicles: mainly CFC 12
� New vehicles: mainly HFC 134a
Due to EU new regulation, CO2 and HFO 1234yf will be the
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2
competitors in the near future (2010) on the European and
American markets
� Countries will adapt to this new situation
Vehicle air conditioning (2)
Refrigerant emissions (2003) (tonnes/year)
Article 5 countries Non Article 5 countries
CFCs 7 900 16 200
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HCFCs 2 000 5 000
HFCs 11 600 47 600
Conclusion� Reduction of leakage, better containment, reduction of the charge of refrigerants: for all gases
� Needs training, certification (ex. F-gas regulation)
� Global costs: HCs similar to HCFCs
NH3 better in large systems
…
� Global energy solutions (housing, transport)
� Recovery of CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs
� Concentrate efforts on new plants and equipment in:
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� Domestic refrigeration (HCs)
� Commercial refrigeration (various solutions)
� Stationary air conditioning (global building policy)
� Vehicle air conditioning (see the developments in Europe and the USA)
� Retrofit: mainly with HCFCs and HFCs, even if negative impact on the climate
� A lot of new technological developments in the near future on refrigerants, equipment, not in
kind technologies
� Updated information
� IIR membership: see www.iifiir.org
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