cva a&p - chapter 1a intro and homeostasis
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A1
The Human Body: An Orientation
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body—An OrientationAnatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
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Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy
Large structures Easily observable
Figure 14.1
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Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 1
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 2
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
AtomsCellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 3
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 4
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ)
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 5
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 6
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Movement
Locomotion Movement of substances
Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion Break-down and absorption of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
Produces energy Makes body structures
Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
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Necessary Life Functions Reproduction
Produces future generation Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
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Survival Needs Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs Water
60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate
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Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal
environment A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in
disease
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
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Maintaining Homeostasis Control center
Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response
Effector Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
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Figure 1.4, step 1a
Variable(in homeostasis)
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Figure 1.4, step 1b
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Variable(in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Imbalance
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Figure 1.4, step 2
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Receptor (sensor)
Variable(in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Imbalance
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 3
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Variable(in homeostasis)
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 4
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 5
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis
Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
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