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“THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DARADA VATI AND EVALUATION OF ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON
SANDHIGATA VATA (Osteoarthritis)”
By
DR. KALLAPPA .M. JAGGAL
B.A.M.S
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF “DOCTOR OF MEDICINE”
(AYURVEDA)
In
RASASHASTRA
GUIDE CO-GUIDE DR.M.C.PATIL DR. GIRISH.N.DANAPPAGOUDAR M.D.(R.S) M.D(R.S) Prof. Head of the Department Lecturer. Department of Rasashastra. of Rasashastra.
DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, POST GRADUATE STUDIES &
RESEARCH CENTER,
D.G.M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE. GADAG –582103 FEBRUARY- 2005
ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL/HEAD OF THE
INSTITUTATION
Department of Post Graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA
Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
ENDORSEMENT ΕΡΤΙΦΙΑΧ
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DARADA VATI AND EVALUATION OF ITS
CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA(Osteoarthritis)” is a bonafide and
genuine research work done by Dr.Kallappa.M.Jaggal under the guidence of
Dr.M.C.Patil Professor, HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies &
Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post Graduate
Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.
Seal & Signature of the
Principal:
Name:
Date:
Place:
Seal & Signature of the HOD. Name: Date:
Place: Gadag.
Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA
Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
CERTIFICATE
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DARADA VATI AND EVALUATION OF ITS
CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA(Osteoarthritis)” is a bonafide and
genuine research work done by Dr.Kallappa.M.Jaggal in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Guide Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D.(RS) Head of the department Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA
D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College & Post Graduate cum Research Center Gadag –582103 Dist: Gadag
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
CERTIFICATE
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DARADA VATI AND EVALUATION OF ITS
CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA(Osteoarthritis) ” is a bonafide
and genuine research work done by Dr.Kallappa.M.Jaggal in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Co-Guide Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar M.D.(RS). Lecturer Rasashastra Post Graduate cum Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
DECLARATION
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DARADA VATI AND EVALUATION OF ITS CLINICAL
EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA (Osteoarthritis)” is a bonafide and genuine research
work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor &
HOD, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research
Center, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag –582103
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Dr.Kallappa.M.Jaggal P.G.Schalor,
Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
COPYRIGHT
I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in
print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Date:
Place: Gadag
Dr.Kallappa.M.Jaggal P.G.Schalor,
Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My father & mother is the only Inspiration. This work carries some sweat
memories to express & record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had been
inspired during the course of this thesis.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil. MD(Ayu)
Head of Dept. of RS, DGMAMC & PGSRC, Gadag. He has been very kind to guide me in the
preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary efforts, tremendous encouragement & most
valuable thought provoking critical suggestions, made me to complete this work.
I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Girish .N
.Danappagiudar.MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center DGMAMC,
Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with precious remarks which
have been very useful.
I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC, PGSRC,Gadag, for
providing all necessary facilities for this research work.
I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath
HOD,Rasashastra dept,(UG) DGMAMC, Gadag, for being kind & affectionate through his
valuable suggestions & advises.
It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr. Dilipkumar B.
MD (Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC for kind advise encouragement during the study.
I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by my best friends Dr.
Jagadish Mitti MD(Ayu). Lecturer & Dr. Shashikant Nidagundi MD(Ayu) Lecturer, for
their support during my PG study.
I am greatful for the support and advise given by Dr. S.H.Doddamani MD
(Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC. DGMAMC, Gadag, during my clinical trail and encouraged me
all the time during this work.
I express my deep gratitude to Dr. B.M.Mulkipatil MD (Ayu), Lecture,
PGSRC, Gadag, for his fullhanded whole hearted, co-operation and suggestions in this
study, for which I will be ever greatful to him.
I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC, Gadag, for
their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work.
I sincerely thank my beloved classmates Dr. K.S.Santoji, Dr. P. Koteshwar
Rao, Dr. V.S.Hiremath, Dr. R.B.Paattanashetti, for their deep co-operation and involvement
in the study.
I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. of Rasashastra who have directly
or indirectly helps my thesis work. & expected their co-operation & support during my PG
work.
I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. Chandur Medical pharma .
J.T.College Gadag, having helped me in carrying out analytical works, and for giving kind
suggestions.
I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian, Sri. V.M.Mundinamani,
Asst. S.B.Sureban for providing many valuable references in the study. I am thankful to Sri.
B.S.Tippanagouda, Lab technician, who extended this co-operation in investigations.
I tender my sincere thanks to Nandakumar, statistician for his help in
statistical evaluation & results.
I wish to thank the physicians , House surgeons, Hospital staff, nurses &
non teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.
Let me express my thanks to all patients, those were on trial for their
consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises.
I am highly indebted to my beloved parents brothers sisters & other family
members for their love & affection rendered through out my career.
I am thankful to computer operator in bringing out the computer presence
of my thesis in such a elegant way.
I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly &
indirectly with apologies for my ability to identify them individually.
Lastly I prey my deep homage & tribute to my grand parents for the love &
affection rendered through out my career.
Gadag February 2005 Dr: K.M.Jaggal
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
4
CONTENTS
• Acknowledgement
• List of Tables
• List of Photographs And Diagrams
• Abbreviations
ABSTRACT Chapter name Page No.
1. Introduction 1-3
2. Objectives 4
3. Review of Literature’s 5-59
4. Materials and Methods 60-83
5. Results 84-98
6. Discussion 99-108
7. Summary and Conclusion 109-111
• References
• Appendix
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INTRODUCTION
Kaya Vagbuddhi Vishayo ye malaha Samupasthita ⎜
Chikitsa laxanaadyatma shastrai stesham vishuddhaya⎜⎜ (V.P)
Kaya, Vak, Buddhi, Doshas can be Corrected by chikitsa, Vyakarana, Adhyatma
respectively, which are studied under the roof of Ayurveda.
Ayurveda is one of the most ancient systems of health science based on its own unique
original concepts, fundamental principles. The development of Science is by Brihatrayis and
laghutrayis. These texts have described well developed eight clinical specialties for the
purpose of chikitsa
In this chikitsa, vanaspathija dravyas are most dominant and next pranja dravya, very
few metal minerals were used.
In Bouddhika kala the practice of shalya and panchakarma were declined, as they were
the followers of “ahimsho paramu dharma”. These leads to development of alternative
medicinal remedies with use of metals and minerals keeping in view that “yatha lohe tatha
dehe.”
Mahaboutika compositions of metal and minerals will differ, than the tissue element of
the body; these raw heterogeneous and toxic properties are removed by shodhana, maranadi
samskaras, according to the nature of the dravya and the diseases for which they are to be
used, such drugs become more potent thus they can be used in minimal dose.
The rasa dravyas are classified differently by various authors on the basis of
therapeutic effect and process makes fit for uses.
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In these parada is supreme one because of “kastoushadhyo nage nago vangasta
vangamapi shulbe ⎜ shulbam tare taram kanake kanakam cha liyate cha suthe⎜⎜”1 and it
has the power to assimilate all the other metal and minerals, and preventing from the jara,
akalamrityu, curing diseases when it processed in proper way.
Parada can be extracted by darada, so darada is one of the measure sources of parada.
Parada extracted from this is called Hingulottha parada. This has the property of ashta
samskarita parada, gandhaka jarita parada.
Hingula can be studied under sadaranarasa as well as maharasa, uparasa rasadhatu
varga, according to different opinion.
Shodhita hingula act as a Sarvarogaghna, Sarvadoshaghna, Rasayana, Balavardhaka,
Medhya, Agnivardaka, and Yakritaplehavikaranashaka, Meha, and Kushta etc.vikara nashaka.
According to Rasamritakara shodhita hingula should be subjected to bhavana with
Lasuna, Palandu, Tambula, and Ardraka sawrasa seven times with each. The vati prepared by
it may be act on all vatakaphaja vikara especially sandhigatavata, puranapinasa, by virtue of
properties like agnideepaka, balya, tridoshaghna, rasayana property.
Sandhigata vata is explained in almost all Ayurvedic classics in vata vyadhi adhyaya,
they explained about sign and symptoms those are sandhishoola, shotha, atopa, etc. and also
mentioned different chikitsa procedures like abhyanga, swedana, snehana, basti and drugs in
single, compound drug formulations like kashaya, guggulu kalpa, and churana etc.
According to modern signs and symptoms resembles like osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis is
a degenerative inflammatory joint disease characterized by destruction of articular cartilage
and formation of new bone at the joint surface and margin, in this pain is universal problem,
which has an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage, it does not lead to mortality but it definitely causes morbidity.
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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Radiological and autopsy surveys shows that a steady rise in degenerative changes
in the joint from the age 30 yrs, 65% of people have radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis,
35% may have symptoms, male and female both were affected but more generalized, more
severe in older women’s.
Geographical survey show different in both the prevalence of osteoarthritis and
pattern of joint involvement, cold and damp climates are associated with more symptoms
but not in greater radiological.
Now a day this common disease affecting in 25% of population and more
generalized. The disease treated by many drugs, there is no satisfactory treatment is
established. In this view the rule of Darada Vati may be as an effective drug.
Plan of study The study has been planed as below
1. Objectives
2. Review of literature – Drug review and Disease review
3. Methodology- Pharmaceutical study, Analytical study, Clinical study.
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Summary
7. Conclusion
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Aims and Objectives of the Study
1. Preparation of Darada vati
2. Physicochemical analysis of darada vati
3. Clinical evaluation of Darada vati on sandhigatavata
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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Drug Review
HINGULA
Histrological aspect:
The possible available references regarding hingula since, ancient period to present
day are as follows.
There is no reference in Prevedic, Vedic, Purana, Upanishad period.
Samhita kala (100 B.C):-
All the literatures which are written during the Samhita kala are not available at
present, the leading Samhita available are charaka, sushruta, kashyapa, etc. In these texts
also there is no reference of hingula is found. In these Samhita only use of parada available.
Kautilya arthashastra (200 B.C):
Chanukya has mentioned hingula in his text for the first time. But the usage of
hingula as a medicine is not described by him. He has mentioned hingula with swarnadi
dhatu. “Ghanasushire vaa roope swarna mrit valuka hingula kalko vaa
taptovatishthate”(Kou Arth 2/14/40) Another reference of hingula is found in the methods
for testing of various metals. He has mentioned four types of testing methods namely
1. Parikuttanam (hammering), 2. Avachahedana (cutting),
3. Ullekhana (scratching), 4. Parimardana (rubbing),
Here hingula is mentioned in the parimardana (Kou Arth 2/14/54)
Nighantu period:
In Dhanwantari, Raja, Kaideva, in these nighantu reference of hingula available in
bhouma dhatu varga.
Rasakala (6th-8th century A.D):
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I.Rasarathanakara (6th century): Rasarathanakara tantra written by nagarjuna,
nagarjuna was first time mentioned the hingula for therapeutic purpose
II. Rasendramangala2 (8th century A.D): The oldest text of rasashastra rasendramangala
as per the first time descried about shodhana and the therapeutic usage of hingula is
discussed, and this is also used for the preparation of loha bhasma. He has considered
Hingulottha Parada is the satwa of hingula.
III.Rasa hridaya tantrakara (10th century A.D): Acharya bhagvata govinda pada has
mentioned in the list of eight rasa dravyas.
IV. Rasarnava3 (12th century A.D): He has considered hingula as a maharasa; he also
described the synonyms varieties properties and satwapatana of hingula. He utilized the
term “Rasagandasombhotam”. From this world it is understood that he was aware of
chemical composition of hingula.
V. Rasaratnakara4 (15th century A.D): Rasaratnakara described the hingula and also
mentioned the artificial preparation of hingula; this indicates they were well known about
chemical composition.
VI. Other rasagranthas (6th – 20th century A.D)
Rasa ratna samuchchaya5, Rasa prakasha sudakara, Rasendra Sara sangraha6,
Rasendra chudamani, etc. and Naveena rasa grandha like
Rasa tarangin7i, rasamritakara, Ayurveda prakasha8, siddha bhaishajya manimala, etc
mentioned the Synonyms, varieties, properties, shodhana, grahyalakshana and uses, these
texts also mentioned the artificial preparation of hingula
.
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VII. Modern Historical Aspect9& 10:
Before 3000 yrs hingula was collected from mines situated near by Konia in
minor Asia for colouring purpose. Reference of hingula can be found in the text on stones
written by Theofiastice (300 B.C). He has described a method for the separation of mercury
from hingula by adding copper powder and vinegar, Diokaridase used iron powder instead
of copper for the same purpose.
Hingula is being obtained from almond (Spain) since 2000 yrs.
Classification: Hingula was classified into different groups in different texts according to author’s
opinions is given below.
Table No. 1 Showing the class of Hingula according to different text
Sl.no Classification Rasagranthas
1 Rasa Rasa Hridaya tantra
2 Maharasa Rasarnava11, Rasaratna samucchaya12,
Rasakalpa, Rasakamadhenu13, Goraksha
Samhita, Rasaviveka
3 Uparasa Anandakanda, Rasaratnakara, Rasaprakasha
sudhakara, Rasasarasangraha14, Rasamanjari,
Rasendra chintamani, Ayurveda prakasha15,
Bavaprakasha, Rasapradeepeka, Rasoddhara
tantra, Brihatyogatarangini.
4. Sadharana
rasa
Rasaratna samuchchaya16, Rasaendra
chudamani, Rasajalanidhi17, Rasachandansh,
Rasadhatuprakash, Bharatiyarasashastra18,
5 Suvarnadi Dhanwantarinighantu, Rajanighantu19,
6 Rasadhatu Rasamrita20, yogaratnakara21
7 Bhouma
uparasa
Dravyagunavignan.
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Vernacular names22&23
Sanskrita ---- Hingula, Darada, Churnaparada, Mlechch
Hindi----- Hingula, Singarpha,
Latin name –Sulphuatumhydragyrium
English------ Cinnabara, Redsulphide of Mercury
Kannada----- Ingalika,
Marathi----- Hingula, Assami----- Janophar
Telagu------ Ingulikam, Gujarati--- Hingula
Malyali------- Sedilengam, Arabic----- Zunjefer
Nepal------- Sabita, Persian---- Shengherf
Synonyms Rasaganda sambuta, Maniragaja, Kandarasa24
Hinguala, Hingulik, Hingoola, Ingalika, Mlecch, Rakth, Suranga, Chitranga, Churnaparada,
Rasodbhava, Rasasthana, Ranjani, Kapishirshaka25, Raktakaya, Hamsapada. Shukatunda,
Pravalabha, Bimbiphala. Kuravinda, Gandhika.
Table No. 2 Showing different synonyms of Hingula according to content place colour
similarity uses
Orig
in26-
M
ythol
ogic
al
story
Content Place Colour(similarity) Uses
Rasodbhava Hingula Rakta,,raktakaya Ratnaragakari
Churnaparda Darada Suranga,,hamsapada lohaghna
Rasagandhasambuta Mleccha Chitranga,,japakusum Ranjani
Rasagarbha Chinipisti Daityarakta,,shukatund hingula
Lagukandarasa Bimbiphala Maniragaja
charmargandika pravalabha kuravinda
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has been described that hingula is virya of lord shiva which was recived by god Agni but
due to its high intensity he vomited it, this vomited material fell in daradadesh and become
mixed with the earthy material, this mixture is known as hingula.
Chemical composition27 (HgS):
According to rasarnava “Rasagandha samnbutham”by this hingula is a compound of
parada and gandaka,
Chemically it is called as red sulphide of mercury; it contains 86.2%of parada and 13.8% of
gandaka and trace amount of arsenic, iron pyrite, clay, gypsum, black earthy materials
occurrence28&29:
It is obtained from the mines as a natural mineral and also prepared artificially
In ancient days hingula was available in darada desh.at present it can be found at
many places all over the world i.e., Spain(almandine), Italy, Russia, Yugoslavia,
Jechoslovia, Germany (idria mines), Japan, china, USA,Austraila,Nepal etc….
But now a day no deposit of cinnabar can be detected in India. For that purpose
artificial hingula is prepared in Surat and Calcutta.
The hingula what we get from market is almost artificial prepared.
Preparation of artificial hingula
Preparation of artificial hingula prepared since rasaratnakara30 period, next after this
number of text also mentioned the artificial preparation of Hingula. Here the ratio of parada
and gandaka is differing from text to text.
According to Rasa tarangini31---- 42 part parada and 8 part gandaka subjected to paka in
mrudangayantra
According to rasakamadhenu and Ayurveda prakasha32
1 part ashuddha parada and 4 part ashuddha gandaka, subjected to pachana in loha
patra.after paka 1/10 part manashila was added and make mardana fill in kachakupi
After filling kept in valuka yantra and subjected to paka karma (mridu, madyam, teevra)
According to Materiaindica33,
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Red sulphide of mercury may be obtained from the block sulphurent by heating it
red hot in a flask, and then gray sublimate is produced.
The cinnabar is compound of about eight parts of mercury with one part of sulpur is
manufactured to a great extent in Holland as a red pigment.
Varieties
Ancient rasagranthas like Rasa Hirudaya Tantra, Rasa Prakasha Sudakara34, Rasendra
chudamani35 etc. considered two varieties. 1. Shukatunda 2. Hamsapada
According to Rasamrita36- 1. Hamsapada 2. Mlecchaka
Rasagranthas of middle period like Anandakanda, Rasakamadhenu37, Ayurveda
prakasha38, etc. considered three varieties
1. Charmara 2. Shukatunda 3. Hamsapada
Modern rasagranthas like Rasatarangini39, Rasamritha described two varieties according to its
origin 1. Kritrima (artificial) 2. Khanija (natural)
According to Haridatta shastri commentator of Rasa Tarangini further classified artificial
hingula into two types in his prasadini commentary i.e. 1. Mrisrina 2. Kathina
According to Bharatiya Rasa shastra40 kritrima hingula again classified into two types
1) Rumi Hingula(Rakta Varna) 2) Katha Hingula (Krishna Hingula)
Table No. 3 showing classification of hingula according to ancient period.
Ancient
acharya
Middle period Modern rasagranthas
RHT, RPS, RC, RK, AU PR,
AK
RT, RA
1. shukatunda
2. hamsapada
1. charmara
2. shukatunda
3. hamsapada
1. Kritrima
2. khanija
1. Mrisrima
2. katina
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Properties of Standard Quality Hingula:
According to Rasaprakasha sudhakara41, Hamspada is the best variety of 3 types
According to Rasendrasarasangraha42 Bimbi pahal samana rakta varana
According to Rasatarangini43 Japakusumavarnayukta, Mritsna, Shlakshna, Bhara, is the
best.
Shodhana44, 45, 46, 47
Rasagranthas have described different methods of hingula shodhana and drugs also differ in
this process.
Yantra used for the shodhana are only two yantras i.e
1. Khalva yantra, 2. Dola yantra
Methods used for shodhana are Bhavana, Swedana, Prakshalana with Swarasa of herbal drugs
and pranija dravyas like Dugdha, Mutra of, etc some authors told that Prakshalna has to be
carried out after bhavana. Bhavana is suggested after swedana karma.
Shodhana drugs according to origin
1. Animal origin – Dugdha and Mutra of Go, Aja, Mahisha, Meshi,
2. Plant origin – Amla vargiya dravya swarasa like Jambira, Nimbu,
Matulunga,Lakucha, and Drakshaphala swarasa, Kusmandu swrasa, Ardraka swarasa,
Shunti kashaya,Jayanti swarasa , Laksha rasa, Taila, Ksharajala,Laksh rasa
Almost all reference mentioned Bhavana Method with Amlavargia dravya swarasa,
Ardraka swarasa.
According to Rasa mrita, shodhana is by Meshi Dugdha for one times after this seven
times Nimbu swarasa Bhavana.
Matra48, 49:
½ to 2 ratti (62.5mg to 250mg)
Anupana50:
Maricha, Guda, Pipali, Guduchi swarasa, Madhu, Ardraka swarasa, Tambula Swarsa
Properties:
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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The properties of shodhita Hingula equal to property of Rasasindura and parada extracted
from this equal to Gandhaka jarita parada.
Rasa; We have different opinions regarding the rasa of hingula
1. Most of the authors have towards the Tikta Katu Kashaya rasa51
2. Some other opinions Madhura Tikta rasa52
3. Least reference is available about only katu and only Tikta rasa53.
Table No. 4 showing rasa of hingula according to different grantha
Guna: Ushna Guna54
Veerya: Ushna Veerya54
Vipaka: Katu vipaka54
Doshaghnata: Tridoshaghna55, Vatakaphaghna, Kaphaghna, kaphapittaghna56
Sl.no Rasa Rasagranthas
1. Katu
Tikta
Kashay
B.P., A.P., Aryuveda Chintamani, Parada Samhita
Rasendra purana, Rasadhatu Prakasha, Brihat Yoga
Tarangini
2. Madhura
Tikta
Rasarnava, Basavarajiya, Danwantharinighantu,
Rajanighantu
3. Tikta Rasendra Chintamani,
4. Katu Gadatimir bhaskara,
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Table No. 5 showing Doshaghnata of Hingula according to different text
Sl.No Doshaghnata Rasagranthas
1. Vata
Pitta
Kapha
Basavarajiya, Rasendra Chudamani, Rasendra
Sara sangraha, RSS, Danwantharinighantu,
Rasamrita, Rasachandanshu, Rasadhatu prakasha
2. Kapha
Pitta
B.P., A.P., Aryuveda Chintamani, Parada
samhita, Rasendra Bhaskara, rasoddhara tantra,
Si.Bh.Ma.Ma. Bha.Ra.Sha, Bri YoTarangini,
3. Kapha Rasatarangini
Krama: Sarvadoshaghna, Aghivardhaka, Rasayana Balya, Medhya, Kantivardhaka,
Garavishnashaka, Netraroga, Pramehahara, Ruchikaraka, Hriudayotsadaka,
Jawaranashaka, Aruchinashaka, Hrillashanashaka.
Upayoga57,58,59: Prameha, Jwara, Hridroga, Kusta, Garavisha, Amlapitta, Kamala,
Pleehavraddi, Mandagni, Aruchi, Amavati, Sandhivata, Hrillasha Lohamarnarta,
Lohajanarta, Parada niskarshanartha, etc.
According to Brandus manual of chemistry volume 2 this has been consider has
Alternative, Deobservent and at one time was much used in Rheumatic Affection, Leprous
cases and also in Worm cases Arabians knew that fumigating the Hingula in old venereal
complaints.
Hindus knew how to prefer it in a course manner and considered it as
Antispasmodic and also as valuable remedy for cuetaneous affection and for fumigating in
such a case of the Venereal diseases as are attained with ulcers in the mouth, throat.
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Table no.6 shows the properties of hingula according to different text.
Ashuddha and asamykashuddha hingula dosha60
Rasagranthas have given description about ashuddha and Asamykashuddha Hingula
Dosha; Ashuddha Hingula administration may produce dangerous toxic symptoms,
Klama. Moha Bhrama, Klaibya, Kusta, Kshinatha, Andatha, Murcha, Prameha, according to
Unani Dravy Guna some toxic symptoms like Hridspandana, Akulath, Vishadatha,
Properties RJN RPS AP RC RSS RRS RT RP RM BRS
sarvadoshaghna + + KP + - + KV - + KP
Deepana + + - + - + - - + +
Atirasayana + + - + - + - - + +
Sarvarogahara + + - + - + - - + -
Vrishya + - - + - + - + + -
Jaranartha + - - - - + - + - +
Meha + - + - + - + + - +
Kusta + - + - + - + + - +
Aruchi + - + - + - - + - +
Medhya + - + - + - + + - +
Balya + - + - + - + + - +
Agnivardhaka + - + - + - + + - -
netraroga - - + - - - + - - +
Hrillasa - - + - - - - + - +
jwara - - + - - - - + - +
Kamala - - + - - - + + - +
Pleeha - - + - - - + + - +
Amavata - - + - - - + + - +
Garavisha - - + - - - + - - -
Dehakanti - - - - - - + - - -
lohamaranarta - - - - - - - + - -
Dravanarta - + - - - - - - - -
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Table no. 7 shows that complications according to different text
Name of Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Basava Rajiya - - + + + + + -
Ayurveda prakash + + - + + + - -
Yogaratanakar + + - + + + - -
Parada Samhita - + - + + + - -
Rasa Chandanshu - - + + + + + -
Rasa Jalanidhi - - + + + + + -
Rasendhara Purana - - + + + + + -
Rasa Tarangini + + - + - + - -
Rasa Dhatu Prakash - - + + + + + -
Br,Ra,Ra,Su - - - + + + + -
Unani Dravya Guna - - - - - - - +
1. Andhata, 2.Kshinata, 3.Kusta, 4.Klama, 5.Bhrama, 6.Moha, 7 Klaibhya,
8 Hridayavasada.
Chikithsa of complication caused by Ashuddha and asamykashuddha hingula dosha61
Rsabhaskara mention the treatment about this here management should be done as
per the management of apakva parada bhasma asamykashuddha parada sevan
“Tpadhayat yat vyadhi daradasayani sevan nuth / tat sutavat sarvh kuryat shanthi
prati kriya // 13/41”
Shuddha gandhaka should be administered till the complication subsided.
Marana: - Most of the Rasagranthas have not described mrana for hingula.very list
reference available about marana62, 63, & 64
Hingula bhasma is red sulphide ash is prepared by taking
Hingula (Red Sulphide) 4 Part
Haratala (Orpiment) 1 Part
Lavanga (Cloves) 4 Part
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The Powder of Shodhita Hingula, Haratala and Lavang all these are mixed and making a
bolus in the Juice of fresh ginger, After drying kept in the crucible subjected to puta.
Hingula Bhasma Matra: - 1/3 – ½ grain
Upayoga65: Atyanta Agni deepaka with Tambul swrasa anupana. Kamottejaka, Medhya,
Atyanta Rasayan,
Satwapatana66, 67, 68, 69&70:
Extracted Parada from Hingula has considered as Satwa of Hingula
This Satwa can be extracted by different methods
1. Urdvapatana Yantra Vidhi
2. Adhapatana Yantra Vidhi
3. Kanduka Yantra Vidhi
4. It is also extracted by Candle method according to Siddh Bhaishajya
Manimala.
Preparations
Anandha Bhairava Rasa, Hingulehsawar Rasa, brihat hinguleshwara rasa. 71 Tribhuvana Kirtirasa, Kanak Sundar Rasa, Atisara Haravati
Kasturi Bhairava Rasa Jwaramurari Rasa72, Vasanth Malik Rasa
Rasa Garbha Potali73iDarada Vati 74
Darada Sudha Bhasma, Hinguladhigutika75
Hingula rasasindoor, Srisiddhadaradamritarasa, Hingulia Manikya Rasa
Hinguladyamalahara, Hingulamrutamalahara, Srisiddhahinguleshwar rasa76
Dradeshwar rasa77.
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Modern aspect of Hingula78&79 Cinnabar is only important ore of mercury, it is, massive or oarthy, it some times occurs
beautifully crystlised in small complex and highly modified hexagonal crystals; usually the
crystals are rhombohedral or prismatic in habit. it is also transparent, translucent or opaque,
sometime cochineal red in colour often inclining to brown its streak is scarlet to reddish
brown. Adamantine to luster prefect prismatic cleavage. Sometimes with an earthy
coatings.
Varieties
The varieties are made according to colour and percentage of HgS in it.
1. Cinnabar native – This is one of the most important ore of mercury. As mentioned
previously, chemically it is contain 95% mercury sulphide. It is bright and dark red in
colour it contains other impurities like Carbon, Silica, Quartz etc. are present.
2. Hepatic cinnabar – When percentage of carbon impurities are higher in cinnabar, its
colour becomes darker like liver colour such, an ore is called as hepatic cinnabar.
3. Meta cinnabar – This type contains muddy dust is more percent and that makes its
colour still darker almost to a black shade.
4. Coral ore – This ore especially occurring in Germany and Italy. This ore in the form of
rose colour earthen material, when mercury sulphide in coral ore is separated. it is rosy in
colour, it contains about 5% of mercury..
5. Idrialate – The variety called idrialate, always occurs cinnabar at Idria, as white and
crystalline in structure when toward and it is found in impure with clay, pyrite, gypsum as a
brownish black earthy material because of its combustibility and presence of mercury it is
called inflammable cinnabar.
Physico chemical property
1. Cinnabar is a red or whitish red coloured mineral. This ore is a red crystalline mass that
is easily distinguishable from all other red minerals by its peculiar shade of colour and its
great weight.
2. It is heavy and its specific gravity is 8.01 to 8.9.
3. Hardness of this mineral is 2-2.5.
4. It is insoluble in water and acids but dissolve in aquaragia (mixture of HCl and HNO3)
and forms mercuric chloride.
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In the presence of a strong oxidizing agents like potassium chlorite forming
mercuric chloride
5. Roasting – usually the unconcentrated ore is roasted in air cinnabar is oxidized to
mercuric oxide and sulphur dioxide is released at the temperature of the furnace and
mercuric oxide so forms decomposes to give mercury and oxygen.
2HgS + 3O2 2SO2 + 2HgO
2HgO 2Hg + O2
The mercury obtained by above method is the purest mercury.
6. Mercury Sulphide reacts with concentrated potassium sulphide solution to give a
complex thio salt.
HgS + K2S K2HgS2
On sublimation mercuric sulphide becomes red.
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DISCRIPTION OF BHAVANA DRAVYA
MESHI DUGDHA80& 81
Varga-Dugdha Varga
Synonyms- Dugdha Ksheera
Vernacular names-English-milk, Hindi, Guja, Moha-Dudh
Tamil Telgu –Palu, Malyali-Musu, Kannada- Halu.
Source-Mammary glands of eves
Description: white emulsive faintly alkaline fluid little more viscous than water tastes
is sweet land blond, odour faint) and peculiar specific gravity-1.027-1.034 under
microscope, numerous minute fat globules are seen floating in the form at emulsion
milk because spoiled after 10-12 hours, after which it is indigestible and harmful and
acts as poison to the system such milk should be avoided milk contains all the elements
necessary for the growth and nutrition of bones nerves muscle and other tissue milk
contains also vitamins which are natural antidotes to rickets, scurvy and other results of
defective nutrition.
According to Astanga Sangraha- Ushna Vata Vyadhinashaka the milk of eve which is
supposed to resemble cow (metria indica)
Pharmaco dynamics –Rasa-Madhura, Guna-Snigdha, Guru.
Veerya-Ushna, Doshaghna-Vataghna.
Uses: eves or sheeps milk is bone ficial in obesty flatulence and gonorrhoea is a good
diet in rheumatism and hectic cough milk of red eve increases too much both the bile
and phlegma.
NIMBUKA82, 83& 84 Botanical Name-Citrus Limon (Linn)
Family-Rutaceae
Gana-Charaka-Phala Varga, Amla Varga, Susruta and Vagbhata-Phala
Varga
Synonyms-Nimbu-Nimbuka, Dantsatha
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Verncular Names-Hindi-Nimbu, Kannada-Nimbe Hannu, English-Lemon, Telgu-
Nimma Chettu.
Description: a strangling, bussy, small tree 3-4 meter high with thorny branches,
Leaves- ovate, Petiole margined or winged flowers –small white or pinkish
sweet scented fruit-oblong or ovoid, usually with a nipply shaped extremely bright
yellow rind thick pulp acid pale yellow.
Distribution: cultivated/grown in U.P. Maharashtra Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, found
wild in the North West regions of India.
Phyto chemistry: citric richer juice 90% and the average amount of citric acid
available 3.7% from 100 cc lemon juice (chopra I,D of I pp 123/124 a pale
yellow volatile oil derived either by distillation or by sample expression from the fresh
outer part of the pericarp.
Pharmaco dynamics: Rasa-Amla, Katu. Guna-Laghu, Tikshana,
Virya-Ushna, Vipaka_Amla
Doshakarma_Vala kaphahara
Karma- Dipana, pachana chaksusya Agnimandya, gulya sheel amlapitta visuchi
vataroga vatashlesma vibandhagna.
Uses-agnimandya,Aruchi,Netra roga,amlapitta,Vataja roga,Vibandha,etc.According to
modern science,Medicinal claims includes uses for treatment
forHighbloodpressure,Dyspepsia,Anemia,Acne,Arthritis, lemon juice used for making
vit C concentration.Vit C is essential for the normal functioning of living cells and is
involved in many enzymatic reaction.It is required for the development of cartilage
,bone and teeth. It also help for wound healig, for absorption of iron from the intestine
.It has reducing and antioxidant properties, the Vit C are utilized in the food industries,
& in the formulations formulation of some pharmaceutical preparation.
Part used – fruit
Dosage – fresh juice 10-20 ml
Formulation – Jambiradi Panaka, Nimbuka tail
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RASONA85 & 86 Botanical Name – Allium sativa lina
Family – Liliaceae
Sanskrit name –Rasona, Lasuna, Yavanesta Ugragandha
Vernacular names- English –Garlic
Hindi –Lasuna
Marathi –lasuna
Punjabi- Thum Thum
Malayalam - Lahasan
Description
Glabrous bulbous herb with pungent odour.
Leaves radical some times sheathing the scape. Scapes erect bearing a terminal umbel
of small flowers surrounded by an iguolucre of 2 or 3 thin membranous bracts. some
times united to from a spathe perianth bell shaped or rotate 6 parted stamens, 6 at the
base of the segments, ovary 3 shelled 3 angled, style straight stigma, minute terminal
ovule, few capsule 3 valved seeds 1-2 inches, 5 black bulbils bulb covered with white or
light pinkish papery layer or covering consisting 5-12 bulbils or cloves.
Distribution – Plant is cultivated widely throughout the country.
Photochemistry - Bulb contains an acrid yellow volatile oil which is the active
principal consisting organic sulphur compounds (allyl, propyl disulphide and other). It
also contains starch mucilaginous matter (29% carbohydrate) albumin (56% protein,
0.1% fat) and calcium, vitamin C and iron, copper.
Pharmaco dynamics
Rasa – Pancharasa Katu (Dominating taste) Amla rahita,Root – Katu,
Leaves – Tikta, Stalk –kashaya, stalktop (valagra)-lavana Seeds –madhura
Guna – Snigdha, Tikshna, Picchila, Guru, Sara.
Veerya – Ushna
Vipaka – Katu
Doshakarma –Vata Kaphashamaka
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Properties – Vedana, Sthapaka, Vataghna, Shothahara, Depan, Pachana, Anulomuna,
Yakrduuejaka, Hridayottejaka, Mutrajanana, Rasayana Kothaprashamana, Svedajanana
Jvaraghna,
Rogaghnata – Vatavyadhi, Sandhivata, Gradhrasi, Ardita, Manystambha, Shotha,
Vedanayuktavikar, Agnimandhya, Aruchi, Ajirna, Vibhandha, Asthibhagna Jvara
Jeernajvara etc.
Therapeutic uses –
Vedana sthapana (Analgesic), Uttejaka (stimulates), vatahara, It is allaying
provoked vata and kapha dosha. It is appreciated as rasayana and medhya, specially
increasing or promoting functional power of indriya.
Much used for cardiac disorders, chronic fever, gout, ossification of fractured bones.
Anathematic: Aphrodisiac cardiac stimulant and atherosclerosis, High blood pressure. It
is used in anorexia cough, Consumption. Rasona is internally administered as a single
drug and a major ingredient of several formulations and recipes recommended in a
number of disease. The drug is effective in several disease of nervous. Circulatory,
Respiratory, Urinary reproductive, Digestive system and whole body. Rosona is a major
rasayana drug used in geriatrics
Parts used- Bulbis, Tuber. Oil
Dose paste -3-5gm oil 1-2 drops
Formulations - Lasonacdi vati, Rosona panda, Lasunastaka votiyoga,
Rasona staka yoga, Rasona vati Rasonadi kashaya, Rasona pinda Lasunadya ghrta,
Lasuna tail Rasona vataka, Lasona Ksheerapaka
Current research
1. Allin – A change in the mucoprotien levels & ESR was observed by (Sreenivasa
Murthy at 1962)
2. Allisatin (200mg / 100gm / day) showed inhibitory activity against formalin induced
arthritis. (Prasad at 1966)
3. Anti-inflammatory activity (Bhakumi at 1969)
4. Diallyn trisulphide showed antimicrobial activity (Chem. Abst 1981)
5. Ajoehe showed strong inhibition of plateht aggeration ()
6. Allicin inhibited human platelet aggregation in vitro without affecting
cyclooxyginase.
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PALANDU87, 88 & 89 Botanical name: Allium cepa
Family: Liliaceae
Sanskrita name: Palandu Durgandha.Ulli, Tikshnakandha: Yuvanesta, Mukhadusaka,
Visvagandha: Sukanda, Durdruma, Rochana Sudrapriya,
Vernacular Name:- Hindi : Pyaja, Piaj, English : Bulb Onion
Kannada: Ullagaddi, Telugu : Niruli
Marthi : Kandha Konrha, Tamil : SInrulli
Arabic: Vasi, Panjabi : Piyaj
Description:
A glabrous bulbous herb possessing a strong pungent aromatic odour.
Leaves: Subdistichous fistular shorther than the inflated scape head bearing. Flower:
Pedicels shorter than the stellate flowers. Sepal’s linear oblong filaments exerted simple
of the linear two tooth at the base, bulb free solitory. Sometimes bulbils along with
flowering on spadix.
Fruit: Tri cellular with small block seeds.
Distribution: It is cultivated throughout India. Farming on wide scale commonly for
producing onion having dictory utility.
Verities: Palandu has two kinds of bulbs viz. Red and White
Bulb of bigger size and white in colour is known as sveta palandu.
Rajapalandu and ksira palandu (Nighantu)
phyoto chemistry: Bulb contains protein 1.2% carbohydrate 11.6% Calcium, Iron,
Vitamin A, B&C. Bulb and green fresh herb yield a pungent volatile oil with unpleasant
smell fixed oil contains Allyl propyldisulphate.
Pharmaco dynamics: Rasa: Madhura, Katu
Guna: Guru, Snigdha, Tikshna
Virya: Isat ushna (Isadusna)
Vipaka: Madhura
Doshakarma: Vata kaphahara pittavardhaka
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Properties: - Vedanasthopana shothara Dipana pacana Rochana. Anulomana.
Rogaghnata: Vatavyadhi Nadisula vranasotha Ekangika sotha. Agnimandhya Aruchi
vibhandha, Hridourbalya sotha, Mutrajanana sukrodourbaly klaibya, Dourbalya
Ojaksaya.
Therapeutic uses:
The blub are used in various vatavikara such as neuralgia, sciatic joints,
swelling, convulsions, hysteria other ailments caused by provocation of vata dosa.
In various gastro intestinal disease. It is given frequently. It is take in piles,
prolaps of rectum jaundice and constipation. Palandu is specifically indicated in
visucika (Siddhbhaisajya manimala 4-273)
Palandu is aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, and stimulant. It is used in anorexia, and
Anasarca. It is a cardiac depressant.
Palandu is an effective vatahara, drug as indicated by vrddha vagabhata.
Palandu is useful in impotency, Jaundice nervine neurological diseases.
The drug is vedanasthapana and vatahara.
Parts used: - Bulb, Seeds, and Leaves.
Dose: Bulb juice 10-30ml. Seed powder 1-3gm.
Current research
1. Essential of oil of onion-decrease in coagulation time and fibrinolitic activity
(Bordia-1974)
2. Antitumer effect (Chem abstr 1961)
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TAMBULA90, 91
Botanical Name: Piper betel Linn
Family : Pipcraceae
Classical Name : Tambula
Sanskrit Name : Tambula, Saptasira, Tambulavalli Nagini, Tambulavallari.
Vernacular Names: Hindi : Pan, English : Betel
Marati: Nagbel, Gujarathi: Nagarbel
Tamil : Vittilai, Kannada: Vilydele
Description:
A perennial dioeciously creeper. (Probably native of Malaysia and
cultivated in India since ancient times) its leaves for tambula charvan bhakshan
belonging to I heritage) stems semi woody climbing by short adventitious roots.
Leaves: 5-20 cm long broadly ovate. Slightly cordate and often unequal at the base.
Shortly acuminate acute entire with an undulate margin glabrous yellowish or bright
green shining on both sides. Petiole stout 2.0-2.5cm long. Flower: Male spikes dence
cylindrical. Female spikes 2.5-5.0 cms long pendulous.Fruits: Rarely produced often
sunk in the fleshy spike forming nodule like structure.
Distribution: Plant is grown in warm and moist regions especially Southern India.
Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Srilanka.
Varieties: There are many betal types which are grown in various regions throughout
the country under highly specialized cultivation practice. There are more than 35
cultivated types of betel in different zones of India.
In classical texts of India medicine Tambula or nagavalli is well described
covering different aspect of tambula patra and its utilisation as medicine as well as
masticatory aromatic. Several classical names of varieties are mentioned. Eg. Srivati
amlavati. Satsa Saptasira Amlasara Patulika Hresaniya Parna Sira, Sirnatumbala. Krsna
sulohra parna (Raja Nighantu Amradivarga 249-255)
Phyoto chemistry: Analysis of sample of fresh leaves.
Moisture: 8.54mg, Protein: 3.1mg Carbohydrate 6.1mg Fat: 0.8mg
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Fibre: 2.3mg , Mineral matter 2.3mg, calcium230mg phosphorous 40mg,
Iron 7mg, Potassium Nitrate 0.26-0.42%,
A light aromatic and volatile oil known as betel oil and chavicol a very volatile pale
essential oil
Leaves yield an aromatic pungent and sharp taste essential oil about 0.7-2.6% which
contains phenol and teprene and sesquiterpene.
Pharmacodynamics: Rasa - Katu tikta
Guna - Laghuruksh tikshna
Veerya - Ushna
Vipaka - Katu
Dosakarma - KaphavataShomaka, pitta vardkaka
Properties
Hridayottejaka, Balya, Mukha Vishuddhkaraka, Durgandhahora, Dipana, Pachana,
Anulomana, Kamoddipana, Vajakarana, Kaphaghna, Jvaraghna Katupoustika,
Vedhanasthapana
Rogaghnata: Mukharoga. Asyavairasya, Mukhadourgandhya, Aruci,
Agnimandya.Vibandha, Krimi, Pratishya, Swarabedh, kasa, swasa, parshva shoola,
Hriddorbalya,Hridayarasada,Granthi, Shotha,Vrunshotha,Stamshotha, Dhvaja bhang,
Klaibya, Dourbalya.
Therapeutic uses:
The drug Tambula is aromatic anthelmintic & aphrodisiac. It is used in Anorexic
Dyspepsia foul smell of mouth & intestinal worms.acording to Vrindamadhava 12-31
medha prakarsana leaf with 10gm maricha/day up to 2 months. Bhavaprakasha
madhyam 45-120 in slipada. Tambula is suggested to be used regularly in the form of
leaves paste mixed with salt along with water. Sharangadhar & Gadanigraha for
external application particularly prescribed for use in skin disease and conjunctivitis.
Tambula patra posses an antioxidant action. The essential oil and extracts of the leaves
possess an antimicrobeal activity against several gram positive and negative bacteria.
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Antiseptic activity is probably due to the presence of chavicol. The essential oil and leaf
extracts also showed antifungal activity.
Parts Used - Leaves
Dosage - Juice 5-10ml
Formulation - Tambulasava, tambula Savarasa
Ardraka92, 93 Botanical Name: Zingiber officinale Rose
Family: Zingiberaceae
Gana Charaka-Triptighna, Dipaniya, Shulaprashamana, Trishnanigrahana,
Sushruta,-Pippalyadi, Trikatu, Vagbhata- Pippalyadi,
Classical Name: Ardraka
Sanskrit Name: Ardraka Vishvabhesaga Sringvera Mohoushrada.
Vernacular names: Hindi : Sonth Sounth, English: Ginger
Telgu : Ardrakama, Allaem, Tamil : Chukku, Inzi
Marathi: Ale, Gujarati: Sunth,
Urdu : Adraka, Arab : Zingabil
Persi : Janjabl Kannada: Shunthi.
Description:
A perennial erect herb with a creeping fibrous rhizome.Root stock horizontal tuberous
aromatic stout rhizome with erect leafy stems 0.6-1.4meter high, stem elongated, leafy 15-
150cm tall. Leaves narrow, linear sessile sub-sessile on the sheath with an alternative base
acuminate glabrous 10-15cm long lower part surrounding the stem 5-10inches long smooth
ligulae glabrous, sheaths glabrous.Flowers: - Spike terminating the leafy system up to
3inchs long bracts 2.5 x 2 cm greenish. Stalks slender, enveloped by membranous 1mtr
long bracts, corolla greenish yellow. Corolla lobes yellowish lip dark purple often spotted
yellow 3 lobed flowers greenish & a small dark purple or purplish black lip in radical spike
3.8 - 7.5cm long and 2.5cm on peduncle 15-30cm long lip often 3 lobed orbicular dull
purple with creamy blotches anthers appendage dark purple. Stamens dark purple as long
as the lip rather shorter than the corolla.
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Rhizome
The outer most layer of the rhizome is single cell epidermis. Next is cork with irregularly
arranged tangentially elongated cells and an inner zone of rectangular tangentially
elongated cells cork cambium is not distinct. Below the cork is the cortex cortical cells
thick walled polygonal parenchyma cells packed with starch grains. Large oil globules are
yellowish orange colour oil. Cells are scattered in cortical region. Vascular bundle is
composed of an outer phloem and inner Xylem. Phloem consists of thin walled polygonal
cells with sellve tubes. The cortex is singly layered endodermis with thin walled
rectangular cells pericycle consists of thin tangentially elongated cells. The inner stele
consists of parenchyma cells with starch grains and oil globules.
There are various varieties categories & qualities of ginger as of market drug.
Fresh rhizome in green state is Ardraka. The fresh ginger and dry rhizome is known as
Sunthi or Sounth the dry ginger.
Distribution: Found throughout tropical Asia and India, warm and moist zones. Widely
cultivated in India with many rhizome producing regions.
Phyto chemistry:
Rhizomes contain yellowish colored volatile oil 1-5% and yellow bitter substance,
Gingerol and oily resinous substance as main active principle. Ginger in and other resins,
starch (40-60%), fat (10%), protein (10%) in organic material (6%) and other contents,
Gengerol is not volatile with oil.
Phormadymamics: Rasa - Katu
Guna - Shunti,-Laghu, Snigdha, Ardraka- Guru Tikshna
Veerya- Ushna
Vipaka -Madhura
Doshakarma - Kaphavatashamaka
Action (Karma)
Ruchan, Dipana, Pachana, Triptighana, Vatanulomana, Shulaprasamana,. Pittashamaka,
Raktashodhaka, Hridayottejaka,. Shothahara, Kaphaghna, Svasahara, Kasaghna, Vrisya,
Uttejaka. Balya, Vedhanasthapaka, Nadyuttejaka.
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Rogaghnata:-
Abhyuntara – Vatavyadhi, Aruchi, Hrillasa, Chardi, Mukhavairasya, Agnimandhya,
Ajirna, Adhmana, Andya, Visharoga , Shula, Kostastabdhata, Hriddourbalya, Anaha,
Udara, Hricchula, Shoth, Amavata, Dourbalya, Prasavattara dourbalya.
Uses
The fresh ginger is cut into pieces and mixed with little common salt is recommended to be
taken just before meal or the ginger fresh pieces are chewed before consuming food or any
other time This kind of use is very appetizer.
Stomachic and helps to relish the food and also its digestion and silugogue,
Stimulant check the bad taste and smell affection of mouth, tongue and throat.
The Rhizomes are useful in heart disease. It is given in heart palpitation cardiac
pain and as cardiac tonic and also in edema
The juice is used in dropsy ascites and. liver enlargements and it also acts as good
diuretic. It is used in abdominal disease dyspepsia
Jaundice and Vomiting
The part of ginger rhizomes is a local stimulant and rubefacient in case of headache,
toothache.
The root skin is considered useful in corneal opacity. Rhizomes are considered useful in
eye diseases.
The rhizomes powder and infusion are used by mothers after delivering in debility and pur
aliments.
Part used: Rhizomes fresh and dry ginger
Doses: Juice 2-5ml, powder 10-20grains, Infusion 8-10ml.
Formulation
Adrakakhanda. Soubhagya Shunti, Rasnadikwatha, Saindhuvaditaila, Sunthi
ghritama Nayarachurna.
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Disease Review Historical review
Sandhigatavata is one among those diseases that was told in Veda purana and major
ayurvedic classics.
In Veda Rigveda – one of the mantra describes that “I am removing your disease from
each organ hair and joints. Yajurveda- also one of mantra chikitsa destroy the
pakshaghata, sandhigata vata, Katishula, Shirubhighata,Vataja shula, Murcha,
Atharvaveda- vata vikara are mentioned “Destroy the Balasa created on the organ and
joints which is responsible for loosing bones and joints”.
In Purana: Agnipurana -total no of joints in human body and treatment for
Sandigatavata is mentioned.
In Samhita:
1. Charaka mentioned about Sandigatavata as sandhigata anila in chikitsa sthana94
2. Sushruta under Vatavyadhi Nidana. He has mentioned about Sandigatavata95.
3. Astang Sangarah & Hridaya same view of Charaka & Susruta96.
4. Bhela under Asthimjjaghata vatavyadhi a description sandhivichyuti is available97.
5. Hareeta also mentioned the treatment aspect of Sandigatavata.
Madhyam Kala & Adhunika kala some of the Acharyas mentioned about this
disease.Madhava supposed to be the best in Nidana aspect has clearly explained this
disease98.Bhavaprakash: Under Vatavyadhi chapter Sandigatavata lakshan are explained
with its treatment 99.
In other Ayurvedic granthas like Yogaratnakar, Gadanigraha, Vangasena, etc11. Both
the treatment aspect and clinical entity has been found100
Now days, in ayurvedic field lot of research studies were conducted on this disease in
various research centers and post graduates research centers. 101,
Modern aspects of disease history102
Sandhigatavata can be correlated with osteoarthritis in modern science. This is due to
the nature of disease & similarity of cardinal symptoms. Osteoarthritis is the most
common joint disease in human beings and other vertebrates.In early ages Hippocrates
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the Father of modern medicine observed the prevalence of osteoarthritis in aged
individuals (Benard 1944) due to the detailed study of this disease by Heberden (1803),
the osteoarthritis nodes on the fingers was named after him Osteoarthritis was
differentiated from rheumatoid arthritis and named as degenerative arthritis by Nicholas
and Richardson (1909) on morbid anatomical grounds.
The appearance of Herberdons nodes in relation age sex & hereditary factors was
mentioned by Strecher 1940. Intermitted claudication in the osteoarthritis of lower limb
including hip knee and ankle was observed by Byod (1949)
The term osteoarthritis was used due to the absence of synovial thickening or
inflammatory infiltration in uncomplicated condition by Kellgrem (1961). The term
Osteoarthritis, Hypertrophic arthritis are mentioned under degenerative arthritis by
Samuel .L. Turek (1989)
Etymology of Sandigatavata
Sandhigatavata is one among the vatavadhis explained by acharyas. Its word meaning is
the disease which originates when vata resides in sandhi. The term Sandigatavata is
combination of 3words ie Sandhi + Gata + Vata.
Sundhi: - this is formed by Sam+ Dha + Kihi103
Nirukti – “Sandhinaam Samyoga” “Asthidwya Samyogasthana”
According to Sushruta there are various type of sandhi in the body like those of Peshi,
Snayu, and Sira. Sandhi etc. but in this context we have to consider asthisandhi as the
meaning of sandhi104
Sandhi can be correlated as junction, joint, connection, combination, union, with
containing, conjunction, transition; from one to another is the term for junction.
Gata: The word formed by the combination of GUM+KTHA. The meaning of this
word indicates the movements.
Vata: The term is derived from the root “Va-Gati Gandhanayo” ie to move105
Bhela – States that so long as vata lasts as long does life exists106 vagbata - vata has its
control over the functions of the body swift actions, strength, capacity to vitiate other
factors independent movement and large number of disease produced due to its
vitiation107.
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The chalatva (mobilises) has been qualified to be very swift108 Chakrapani explains vata
is Amurta (Adrashya) and Anavasthita (Unstable) 109
Normal functions enthusiasm, inhalation, exhalation, movement of body parts etc110
According to Vagbhata vata is located on the asthi with relation to Ashrayashrayi
sambandha. Generally the doshas & dathus are inter related when doshas are increased
particular dathu related with it also increases and viceversa. But in case of vata and
asthi, when vata increases asthi decreases111
Osteoarthritis: It is the combination of 3 words Osteon, Arthron and Itis, means
bone joints inflammation. The meaning of the word is inflammation of bony joint and it
is the most common form of arthritis. The cartilage lining the end of the bones forming
the joint or the shock absorber gradually erode over a period of time. The bone ends
thickens and over grow. This process occurs primarily in weight bearing joints and is
associated with inflammation.
Definition:
In almost all Ayurvedic treatises Sandhigatavata is mentioned in Vatavyadhi adhyaya.
Charaka has mentioned that when vitiated vayu reaches in one or more sandhi it is
called as Sandhigatavata. In this disease the joints gets vitiated by vayu & palpation is
felt like a bag filled with air. There will be pain during extension and flexon. 112
Sushruta: When vata dosha is vitiates in the joints it produces shoola & shotha. 113others
support same Madhavacharya adds one extra symptoms “Atopam” than other
symptoms. This can be considered as the classical symptoms of Sandhigatavata. 114
Osteoarthritis: is defined as a degenerative non inflammatory joint disease
characterised by destruction of articular cartilage and formation of new bone at the joint
surface and margins.115steoarthritis also anonymously called degenerative joint disease
represents failure of diarthrodial joint. In primary Osteoarthritis at the most common
form of the disease no predisposing factor is apparent. Secondary Osteoarthritis
pathologically indistinguishable from idiopathic but is attributed to an underlying
cause116
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Epidemiology:
Sandhigatavata (Osteoarthritis) is the most common joint disease of human among the
elders. Knee Osteoarthritis is the leading cause of chronic disability. Under the age of
55yrs the joint destruction at Osteoarthritis in men & women is similar. In older
individuals hip Osteoarthritis is more common in men while Osteoarthritis of
interphalangeal joints & the thumb base are more common in women.
The racial difference exists in both the prevalance of osteoarthritis & the pattern of
joints involvement. The Chinese in HonKong have a lower incidence of hip than the
whites & osteoarthritis is more frequent in Native Americans than in whites.
Interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis especially hip osteoarthritis is much less common in
South Africans blacks than white in the same population117
Anatomy and Physiology
As mentioned earlier this study was given more importance concentration to knee joint
osteoarthritis for that detailed information about this particular joint is very much
essential.
Acharys Sushruta was the first person to dissect the human body and became the
authority of early anatomy. All these aspects can be well discovered from his works. He
in his classic has described each and every point of the human body anatomy in detail.
In Sushruta Sharirasthana he has classified the joints into eight divisions named as the
objects which they respectively resemble in shape. The knee joint was described under
Kora types of Sundhi hinged or lap shaped118
Acharaya vagbhata in Astanga hriudaya while describing about the divisions of kupha
has mentioned about the properties and functions of sleshaka kapha. The kapha which
resides in sandhis which gives firmness to it is called as sleshaka kapha119
Acharya sushruta has described about the sleshaka kapha. He states that the kapha
situated in the joints keeps them firmly united protects their articulation. It opposes their
separation and disunion and also nourishes the sandhi120
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Knee Joint
Anatomy and Physiology121
The knee joint is a synovial joint of the condylar variety. It is a compound joint having
two distinct articular surfaces on the medial and lateral condyles of femur for
articulation with corresponding surface on medial & lateral condyles of the tibia. The
anterior aspect of the lower end of the femur articulates with the posterior surface of the
patella. Knee joint is complex because its cavity is partially divided into upper and
lower parts by plates, cartilages called the medial and lateral menisci.
The proximal articular surface covers the anterior, inferior and posterior aspects of
medial and lateral condyles of femur. Anteriorly the medial and lateral articulates
surfaces are continuous with each other but posteriorly they are separated by
intercondylar notch. The part of the femural articular surface situated on the anterior
aspects of its lower end, articulate with the patella. It is concave from side to side and is
subdivided by a verticular groove in too larger part and a smaller medial part. A small
part of the inferior surface of the medial condyle adjacent to the interior part of the inter
condular notch comes in contact with the patella in extreme flexion of the joint.
The distal articular surface of the knee joint is present on the upper surface of the
medial and lateral condyle of tibia. These surfaces are slightly concave centrally and flat
at the periphary where they are covered by corresponding menisci.
The posterior surface of the patella bears a large articular area for the femur. It is
convex and is subdivided by a ridge into a large lateral part and small medial part. The
attachment of capsule of the facet that anteriolrly the capsule bends in distinguishably
with the lower tendinous part of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
Anertiorly below the patella, the capsule is replaced by the ligamentum patella. This
ligament is attached above to the non articular lower part of the posterior surface of the
patella and below to the upper smooth part of the tibial tuberosity. Posterior aspect of
the capsule is strengthened by the oblique popletial ligament. The anterior cruciate
ligament is attached below the anterior part of the intercondular area of the tibia. The
posterior cruciate ligament is attached below to the posterior part of the intercondular
area of the tibia. Medial and lateral menisci of the knee joint are intra- acrticular disc
made of fibro cartilage. They have a thick peripheral border and a thin inner border.
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The synovial membrane of the knee joint covers all the structure within the joint
except the articular surface and surface of the menisci. It lies in the inner side of the
tendenous expansion of quadriceps femoris and some part of the tibia and femur
enclosed within the capsule just above the patella. The synovial membrane forms a
pouch called the supra patellar bursa.
The arteries supplying the joint are the descending genicular. The genicular branch of
poplitial. The recent branches of anterior tibial and the descending branches of the
lateral circumflex, femoral branch of the arteria profunda femors.
The nerves are derived from the abturator femoral tibial and common peroneal nerve.
Muscle producing the movement of the knee joint.
Flexion: - Biceps femoris. Semitendenous and semi membranous assisted by gracilis.
Sartorius and popliteus.
When the foot is on the ground gastro-nimus and planteris are capable of participating
in the movement.
Extension: - Quadriceps femoris with some assistance from tensor fascia late.
Medial rotation of the fledged leg- popliteus semi membranous and Semitendenosus
assisted by sartorius and gracilis.
Lateral rotation of the fledged leg: - Biceps femoris alone.
Joints are surrounded by membrane called the synovial membrane (Synovium) which
forms a capsule around the ends of the bone involved. The membrane secretes a liquid
called synovial fluid. It has many functions all of them are important. Among these it
serves as a lubricant, a shock absorber and nutrient carrier.
As a lubricant it is without equality when the joint is healthy. It makes the joint slicker
than wet ice. When our body cannot produce enough glucose amine and chondrotin.
However the normally thick synovial fluid becomes thin and watery. In this state it
cannot do the job it was intended to do as a lubricant as shock absorber. Our cartilage
immersed in the synovial fluid protects our bones from the tremendous compact. They
would receive when we walk, run, jump etc. This fluid also has a remarkable property
as a shock absorber or hydraulic fluid.
It belongs to a rather unusual group of liquids known as dilatent liquids. These liquids
are characterised by the rare quality of becoming thicker that is more viscous. When
shear is applied to them. Thus the synovial fluid on our knee and hip assume a very
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viscous nature at the movement of shear in order to protect the joints and then it turns
out again to its normal viscosity instantaneously. To resume its lubricating function
between shock. All this happens again and again very rapidly during the course of
vigorous exercise. Such as during an engagement in sports, dancing, walking etc.
When our body cannot produce enough glucose amine and chondroitin. This whole
mechanism breaks down. The viscosity is dramatically reduced giving thin watery
synovial fluid which then fails as the shock absorber and lubricant. It normally excels.
As this results in the pain stiffness and decreased mobility that characterized
osteoarthritis.
Now we will discuss the role of synovial fluid as a nutrient carrier when we take
knee cases. We get the building blocks needed to rebuild cartilage. Now we have to get
those building blocks to the cartilage. So the rebuilding can take place. Cartilage itself is
avascular i.e it does not have blood vessels.
Hence the synovial fluid is the liquid that must carry the raw material from the blood
to the cartilage. This can happen by a number of mechanisms. First it can be diffusion
which is a slow process. In this situation, a second and efficient process is convection
which is achieved through exercise. One way to visualise what happens in convection is
to thicken our cartilage as a sponge immersed in synovial fluid. When we exercise our
knee for eg. It is like repeatedly squeezing that sponge out in a basket of synovial fluid.
Another method viewing convection would be as a pumping action produced by
exercise in which nutrients containing synovial fluid are constantly washing over the
cartilage. In this way our cartilage is constantly getting supplied by nutrients dissolved
in synovial fluid when we exercise our joint.
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Nidan Panchaka of Sandhigatavata.
Nidan:-
Sandhigatavata is disease caused by vata and is included under the vata vyadhies by all
acharayas. There is a no much difference in the case of nidanas among vatavyadhies.
The difference is occurs mainly in the case of samprapti that is in all the vata vyadhies
vata prakopaka karanas are almost same and the different forms of appearance like
sandhigatavata gridhrasi. Pakashaghat etc. are only due to the samprapti vishesh of
vitiated vata.
Aharaja nidan-- Tikta. Katu. Kashaya122 rasa pradana dravya and Ruksha. Sheeta.
Laghu guna123 pradana dravya increases vata. They are Chanaka, Harenu, Uddalaka,
Jambu, Tinduka, Mususra, Vatarka, Mudga, and Adhaki. Ahara sevana vidhi is
important. Abojana Heenabhojana, Sushkabhojana, Trushitabhojana, Kshatitambupana,
Adhyasana, Vishamasana, Pramitaasana, etc vitiates vata.
Viharajanidana: Ayurvedic classics have given importance to proper vihar like
Vyayam, Swapna, Vyavaya, etc. The vihara which vitiates vata are Ativvayama,
Ratrijagarna, Ativyavaya, Plavana, Atyuchobhashana, Upavasa, Adharaniya
Vegadharana, Vishamopchara and Marmaabhighata, Atiraktsravana, Abhigata.
Manasika Karana: Direction of sense organs is one of the functions of vata. Therefore
vata is said to be the controller and conductor of mind124. Therefore mental factors like
chinta, shoka, krodha, bhaya etc are the causes for upset of mind and relatively as
consequence of it vataprakopa in the indriya ayatana as well as in the body which
simultaneously can produce the psychic as well as the somatic disorders125.
Vayakarana: As per the ayurvedic theories. In the later stages of human life vata will be
predominant126. During this period there will be natural tendency to vitiate vata.
Alpavatakara, aharavihara, causes vata prakopa. This causes kaphakshaya in the body.
Due to this process the shleshaka kapha situated in the sandhi shows kshaya causing
vata prakopa in the particular part.
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Other nidanas:
a) Desha: The desha where vata dosha is predominant is called jangaladesha127.
Those who live in these deshas will be having the predominance of respective doshas.
This is the cause for predominance of vata roga for those who stay in jangaladesha
when compared to other disease.
b) Kala: Kala is an important factor in the production of disease. According to rutus
vatachaya in grishmarutu, kopa in vrsharutu and shamana in sharadrutu so more vata
vikaras can be seen in varsharutu128.
According to Ayuavasata vriddhavastha is vatapradana.
c) Prakruti: Among the seven prakrutis mentioned vataprakurti is considered as
heenaprakruti129. One who is born with vataprakruti will be most susceptible for getting
vatikaroga. And it will be very difficult for its cure130.
d) Satwa: Satwa is considered as the capacity of mind to withstand things going
wrong. A person who is having a good satwabala131 will be easy for treating. Therefore
vatavyadhi will be more in Heenasatwa. According to Charaka pepole who are more
susceptible to manodoshas like bhaya, shoka, krodha etc will be prone to disease132.
e) Satmya:-The qualities which are equal to dosha, dhatu, mala, increases and which
are opposite decreases. This is a general principle of nature133. Ruksha, Laghu, Sheeta
etc are the qualities of vata. Tikta, katu, kashaya are the rasa causes vitiation of vata134.
One who is satmya with all these definitely vata will vitiation and further causes’ vata
vyadhi.
According to modern
Risk factors of Osteoarthritis135
Age- Age is the most powerful risk factor for Osteoarthritis. Radiological survey of
women less than 45yrs old only 2% and 45 to 64yrs the prevalence was 30% and those
older than 65yrs it was 68%. In males the figures were similar but some what lower in
the old age group.
Sex: It is told that women are at high risk than male. In developing osteoarthritis
particularly after menopause. Most of the epidemiological studies suggest that hormone
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replacement therapy confirms a protective on the development of knee and hip
Osteoarthritis. The effect of sex hormone on cartilage may vary with menopausal status
and stage of osteoarthritis.
Hereditary Factors: The relation of heredity is less ambiguous. Thus the mother and
sister of women with distal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis are respectively twice
and thrice as likely to exihibit osteoarthritis in these joints as the mother and sisters of
unaffected women. Point mutation in the cDNA coding for articular cartilage collagen
have been identified in families with chondrodysplasia and polyarticular secondary
osteoarthritis.
Race: Racial difference exists in both the prevalence of osteoarthritis and the pattern of
joint involvement. The Chinese in Hong Kong have a lower incidence of hip
osteoarthritis than hhe whites. Osteoarthritis is more frequent in Native Americans than
in whites Interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis & especially hip osteoarthritis are much
less common in South Africans blacks than white in the same population whether these
differences are genetic or are due to difference in joint usage related to lifestyle.yet to
be understood
Occupational Factor: Repetitive movements may lead excessive strain leading to
erosion and joint damage. Vocational activities such as those performed by jackhammer
operators, cotton mill and shipyard workers and coalminers may lead to osteoarthritis in
the joints exposed to repetitive occupational use. Men whose jobs require knee bending
and atleast medium physical demand had a higher rate of radiological evidence of knee
osteoarthritis and more severe radiological changes than men.
Obesity: Obese persons have a high risk of osteoarthritis. For those in the highest
quintile for body mass index at baseline. The relative risk for developing knee
osteoarthritis in above 30yrs was 1.5 for men and 2.1 for women. For severe knee
osteoarthritis the realitive risk factor is 1.9 for men and 3.9 for women suggesting that
obesity play an even larger rule in the etology of the most serious cases of knee
osteoarthritis.
Traumatic factor136: Trauma to the joint seems to enhance the occurrence of arthritis. It
disturbs the ligaments of the joints and over a period of time. The mal ligament may
lead to excessive wear and tear leading to arthritis. In both human and animals model
anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency and meniscus damage lead to knee
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osteoarthritis. Although damage to the articular cartilage may occur at the time of injury
with the use of affected joint. Even normal cartilage will degenerate. If the joint is
unstable a person with a trimaleolar fracture will almost certainly develop ankle
osteoarthritis.
Abnormal enzyme factors: Though not conclusively proved, it is suspected that some
abnormal enzyme released by the cartilage cells may lead to cartilage breakdown and
joint destruction.
From all the above nidana factors obesity is aharaja and viharaja factors sounds
predominant. So nidana parivarjana should be done before starting the treatment. Even
nidana parivarjana helps in relieving the disease in the early stages.
Pathology137
The changes in ostheoarthiritics are usually seen in load bearing of the articular
cartilage in the early stages the cartilage is thicken than normal but with progression of
otheoarthitics the joint surface thins. the cartilage softens. The integrity of the surface is
beached and vertical cleft develop deep cartilage ulcers. Extending to bone appears.
areas of fibrocartelageneous repair develop but the repair tissue is inferior to pristine
hyaline articular cartilage in its ability to withstand mechanical stress. all of the
cartilage is metabolically active and the chondrocytes replicate forming cluster later the
cartilage become hypocellular.
Remodeling and hypertrophy of bone are also major features of OA, appositional bone
growth occurs in the subchondral region. Leading to the bony sclerosis, seen
radiographically. The abraded bone under a cartilage ulcer may take on the appearance
of very. Growth of cartilage and bone at the joint margins leads to osteophytes which
after the contour of the joint and may restrict movement cular muscle wasting is
common and may play a major role in symptoms and in disability
Pathogenesis138
Current consepts of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, based on the assumption that
whatever the provoking cause. The pathway of changes in articular cartilage will be
identical. Two mechanical hypothesis merit consideration. The first suggest that the
inifiating event is fatigue fracture of the collagen fibre net work which is followed by
increased hyderation of the articular cartilage with unraveling of the profeoglycans and
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loss of profeoglycans in to the synovial fluid. There is some tentative supportive
euidence of augmented natural protease and collagenolytic activity but collagen may
also be lost simply as a result of mechanical attriation.
The alternative hypothesis suggests that the intial leasions are microfractures of the
subchondral bone following repatative loading. healing of micro fracture leads to
signification loss of resilience of subchondral bone which in turn creats a shear stress
gardiant in the adjacent articular cartilage. As the process evolves. The cartilage surface
becomes fibrillated and deep clefts appear with reduplication and proliative changes
commence at the joint margins with formations of osteophytes. Eventually articular
cartilage is last altogether in areas of maximum mechanical stress and the underlying
bone becomes hardend and eburnate, cysts may form but bony allcylosis does not occur.
Table no. 8 shows that pathogenisis of osteoarthritis
Increased hydration of the articular
cartilage unraveling of protepglycons
Fracture of the collagen fiber network
And loss of proteoglycons in to synovil
fluid.
Increased natural protease and
Collagenolyticactivity
Collagen last simply as a result of
mechanical attriation.
Rpeatative loading
Micro fracture of the subchondral bone
Significant loss of resilience of
subchondral bone
Which in turn creats a shear stress
gralient in adjacent articular cartilage
The cartilage surface become fibrillated
and deep cletts appear
Reduplication and proliferation of
condrocytes within things
Formation of osteophytes due to
proliferative changes at the joint margins.
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Clinical feutures139-The joint most frequently involved are those of the spine, hips,
and knee.the disease is confermed to one or onely few joints in the majority of patients.
The symptoms are gradual in onset. Pain is at first intrimittent, aching and provoked by
the use of the joint and relieved by rest. As the disease progress. Movement in the joint
becomes increasingly limited, initially as a result of pain and musculars spasm, but later
because of capsular fibrosis osteophyte formation and remodeling of bone. They may be
repeated effusions in to joints especially after minor twists or injuries crepitus may be
felt or even heard. Associated muscle wasting is an important factor in the progress of
the disease as in the absence of normal musculars control the joint, pain becomes more
prone to injury, pain areas from trabecular microfactures tramatic leasions in the
capsule and particular tissue and a low grade synovitis. Nocturnal aching may be
attribuatable to hyperaemia of subchondral bone.
Pooravaroopa of Sandhigatavata.
Pooravaroopa is the prodromal symptoms of a forthcoming disease which do not clarify
the peculiarity of the dosha taking part in the samprapti of the disease. These symptoms
are few and not clear.
According to Madhavanidana poorvaroopa are the symptoms which are produced
during the process sthanasamsraya by vitiated doshas. When samprapthi has not been
completed the disease is not manifested. Sandhigatavata being one of the vata vyadi the
poorvaroopa of vata vyadhi can be considered as the pooraroopa of sandhigatavata.
Here archaryas are specifying that the unmanifested symptoms of the particular
vatavadhi should be considered as poorvaroopa.
From recorded data of the paitents we can say that the poorvaroopa of sandhigatavata
is manifested with guruthwa (heaviness) of joints occasional twinkling sensation and
pain which is ignored by the patient and finally it turns to roopavastha.
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Roopa
When symptoms in the stage of poorvaroopa become fully or clearly manifested when
these are called as roopas. Samsthana, Vyanjana, Linga, Lakshana, Chinha and Akruthi
are the synonyms of the roopa.
The cardinal symptoms mentioned by acharayas for sandhigatavata
1. Sandhisoola (Joint Pain)
2. Sandhishotha (Joint inflammation)
3. Sandhisthabdhata (Stiffness)
4. Vatapurnadrutisparsh (Air filled bag to touch)
5. atop (Crepitation)
6. Gamane ativedana (Pain after excess movement)
7. Prasarna akunchanavedana (Restricted range of joint movement)
8. Sandhi vishleshan (Looseness of joints)
9. Nisha ruk (Nocturnal Pain)
Sandishoola: In sandhigatavata joint pain is mentioned by all the acharayas.
Sandhishotha: Almost all the acharayas have mentioned about the presence of shotha.
Vatapurnadrutisparsha: Charaka, Vagbhata have mentioned the typical characteristic of
Shoph. The Shoph resembles like an air filled bag to touch.
Atopa: Especially Madhava has mentioned
Table No. 9 shows the Laxana of Sandhigata Vata according to different achary.
Sl No Samhita Laxana
1 Charaka Vatapoornadrutisparsha. Shopha
Prasaranaakunchanapravrathivedhana.
2 Sushruta Sandhisoola, Sandhishopha
3 Ashtanga
hridaya
Vatapoornadrutisparsh. Shopha
Prasarana akunchana pravratti
vedhana.
4 Madhavanidan Sandhishoola Atopa
5 Bhavaprakash Sandhisoola, Sandishopha
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Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
Pain, Stiffness, Restricted range of joint movement, swelling of the joint, Tenderness,
Crepitation
Pain: Joint pain in Osteoarthritis is often described as a deep ache and is localised to the
involved joint. Typically the pain is aggravated by joint use and relived by rest. But as
the disease progresses it may become persistent. Nocturnal pain interfering with sleep is
also seen.
Swelling: The physical examination of the joint may reveal soft tissue swelling and
synovial effusion palpation may reveal some warmth over the joints.
Stiffness: Stiffness of the involved joint is seen in the morning or after period of
inactivity.
Restricted range of movements: Due to pain and stiffness of the joint movements will
be restricted and difficult. If there is loose bodies in a joint there will be lacking or
giving away of joints.
Tenderness: Localised tenderness will be present during the physical examination
Crepitation: Bony crepitus is a characteristic sign of osteoarthritis. The growth of
cartilage and bone at the joint margins leads to ostephytes, which when comes into
contact produces the crepitation.
Upashaya Anupashaya.
The ahara, vihara and aoushadhi, constitute upashaya when it produces the relief in the
symptoms and anupashaya when it aggravates the symptoms. It is a trial and error
method. These are very mch important especially during the treatment. Usually drugs
having properties like Shnigdha, Ushna etc are prescribed in vata vadhi. Due to their
efficacy to pacify the qualities of vata such as Sheetatwa, Rukshatwa etc. This should be
adopted only in the condition of niramavastha of vatavadhi which helps in subsiding
vata.
This is the upshaya method. When same drugs are prescribed in samavastha of
vatavadhi the disease aggrivates causing complication. This is anupashaya.
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Samprapti
Several etiological factors contributing to disease & the vitiation of doshas attack the
body. Some of them can be avoided by taking proper precautionary measures, while
some factors like kala, desh, are mostly inevitable. If the body’s resistance power
(Vyadhikshamatwa) is high, the Dhatus, Srotasis, Agni are functioning well and the
body fights against the etiological factors successfully there by maintaining health. But
if the etiological factors are stronger than the resistance power of the body they vitiate
the doshas, indirectly the dushya also and the process of disease starts, manifestetion of
disease is from Hetus to the Vyaktata of laxana is samprapti.
Sandhigata vata. The samprapti of vata vyadhi should be considered. Charaka
mentioned that due to the vatakara aharavihara vata vitiates and travels through the
body channels. The vitiated vata finally enters and settle in srotamsi riktani resulting in
the production of different types of vatavyadhis pertaining to the region140.
Acharaya Charaka and vagbhata state that dhatukshaya and margavarodha are the two
causative factors of vata vyadhi141. Acharya vagabhata states that due to intake of
excess dhatukshayakara ahara and vihara the vata travels throughout that srotasis. It fills
the srotasas and due to the avarana by other dosha in the srotas the vata becomes
stronger and vitiation takes place142. Achary charaka states that vayu which is vitiated
by its nidana and due to its respective sites different varieties of vata vyadhis are
produced.
While explaining the five divisions of vata by vagabhata. Vyanavata one of the
divisions of vata resides in the heart and travels all over the body. It helps in functioning
like walking, body movements etc143. In sandhigata vata the function of vyanavayu is affected. I.e. difficulty in moving the
joints. It is specifically told by charaka that in nanatmaja vata vyadhis anubandha of
kapha or pitta should be considered and also specifies that the knowledge of it depends
on understanding of specific dosha laxanas144.
It is mentioned that kapha helps in binding the joints and maintaining its strength. In the
specific properties of pancha kapha shleshaka kapha resides in the sandhis. By these
statements it is clear that in the sandhi kapha is also important for its functioning. It is
very important to discuss the changes happening during the dosha kshaya. The
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decreased doshas become incapable of performing their normal functions of the body.
This state is manifested in the form of decreased activity of that particular dosha.
Acharya Charaka has mentioned that when the kshaya of particular dosha occurs,
natural functioning of dosha is not seen. According to vagbhata, when kaphakshaya
occurs lakshana like Bhrama, Sleshmashayanam Shunyatwam, Hridrava and
shlathasandhi take place. Here the slathasandhi is due to kaphakshaya in the sandhi i.e.
shleshaka kaphakshaya. So as per acharays reference in sandhi gata vata. Vataprakopa
(Vyanavayu) and kaphakshaya, (shleshaka kaphakshaya) is taking place.
SAMPRAPTI (Etiopathogenisis)
Pactice of Vatavardhaka Ahara Vihara
Manas Karana, Sthoulya, vaya prikriti
Nidana sevana Dhatukshaya
Chayavastha Avarana
Vitiation of vata at its own places (mainly pakvashaya)
PrakopavasthaTransmission of vitiated vata through body channels
PrasaravasthaAccumulation of vata in sandhi due to Khavaigunya
Sthana samsraya Diminutions of Shleshaka kapha and destructive change in
asthi (Doshadushya sammurchana)
Yakta Manifestation of sign and symptoms of sandhi gata vata
Sandhigata vata
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Samprapti ghatakas
Dosha -Vata, Vyanavata vrudhi, Kapha shleshakakaphakshaya
Dushya -Asthi, Majja, Snayu
Srotas -Astivaha, Majjavaha, Medovaha, Mamsavaha
Agni - Jataragni, Dhatwagni
Ama-Jataragnimandyajanya, Medagnimandyajanya, Astiagnimandyajanya
Udbhavasthana - Pakwashaya
Vyaktasthana - Sandhi
Sankhya samprapti: - Only one variety
Vikalpa samprapti: - Increased vayu guna like Ruksha, Laghu.
Pradhanya samprapti: - Vata pradhana can be seen other than two dosha
Bala samprapti: - mostly occours in vriddhavastha due to heena bala.
Kala samprapti: - The symptoms aggrivated at night after digestion and
Vriddhavastha
Sadhyasadhyata:
Before starting the treatment it is necessary for to know the sadhyasadhyata of the
diseases. A physician must know the avastha of disease, whether it is curable or not or
is it difficult to cure, by the lakshana etc, plan the treatment accordingly which helps in
fast recovery. So knowledge about sadhyasadhyata helps in the treatment.
Vatavyadhis are considered as one of the mahagadas by Brihatrayees, the vatavyadhis
which is old and if the rogi bala is less than the rogabala then that vatavyadhi is
kastasadhya 145. Generally vatavyadhis are very difficult to cure due to the deep seated
nature of the disease. Sandhigata vatavyadhi is one of the vatavyadhi which usually
occurs in vraddhvastha. The kala which is predominant of vata. Which is purana, having
long history, which is originated in the jangala pradesha146 and also that which is having
a family history, will also be difficult in curing. So which comes under these categories
can be called as asadhya.
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Vyavacchedakanidana:- Vyavachedakanidana helps a physician to establish accurate diagnosis of the disease.
Sandhigata vata is mainly a disease of bony joints. So virtually every disease that
affects the joints enters into the differential diagnosis of sandigata vata. The most
common differnetation that has to be made in between Sandhigata vata, Vatarakta,
Amavata, Koshtruka shershaka 147.
according to modern, the most common differentiation that has to be made are
between Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Gout, Tubercular arthritis, Gonococal
arthritis, Rheumatic fever.
In view of asrayasrayee bhava, particularly between Asthi and Vata the effect is more
pronounced on the bones of the affected joints. It should also be noted that the disease,
Sandhigata vata is one of a vata vikara so it will be have the similar characters of other
vatika rogas148, which affects on the sandhi. The most common joint affected is the knee
joint. But other joints may also be affected depending upon the wear and tear due to the
excessive use. Erosion and degeneration of the cartilage and bone in the joints is the
common.
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Detailed Vyavachedaka Nidana of sandhigata vata and other related disease are given below in the table.
Sandhigata vata Vatarakta Amavata Kroshtuka sheersha
1. Nidana Vatakara Ahara Vihara
Vata Rakta prakopaka, Viruddhaahara, Atimaithuna,
Viruddha cheshta Vatakara Ahara Vihara
2. Poorvaroopa Vatakopa lakshanas
Kshuta, Sama, Sada, Slathangata, Sfuranam Sandhishoola, Kandu,
Hridaya dowrbalya gowrava
Vatakopa lakshanas
3. Roopa
Sandhisoola, Sopha Prasarana akunchana vedana,Vatapoorna druti sparsha
Teevra ruja, Gradhita paki swayadhu
Vrischika damshtravat soola, Pidaka yukt sopha
Maharuja, Janu Sopha
4. Adhishtana Sandhi Padamoola,Hastamoola Hasta, Pada, Shira, Gulpha,
Trika, Janu, Uru Sandhies Janu madhya
5. Doshas Vata Vata, rakta Kapha, vata Vata, raktHa
6. Upashaya Ushna, Snigdha Sheetha Rooksha, ushna Snigdha, sheeta
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Investigation
Lab Investigation:- Usually in primary Osteoarthritis the ESR may be normal or slightly accelerated. Anemia
and leukocytosis are absent. Rheumatic factors studies are absent. Synovial fluid analysis
reveals minimal abnormalities useful in the different diagnosis. Viscosity is good and
mucin clot formation with glacial acetic acid is normal. Slight increase in cell count are
noted14 9.
X-Ray reveals:-
• Loss of joint space (Due to destruction of articular cartilage)
• Sclerosis (Due to increased cellularity and bone deposition)
• Subchondral cyst (Due to synovial fluid intrusion into the bone)
Osteophytes (Due to revascularisation of remaining cartilage and capsular traction)
• Bony Collapse (Due to compression of weakened bones)
• Loose bodies (Due to fragmentation of osteochondral surface)
• Deformity and mlalalignment (Due to destruction of capsules and ligaments)
Bone Scan shows increased uptake of technetium-99m, MRI and CT scan also helps to
diagnose Subchondral cyst, Osteophytes etc150.
CHIKITSA
The word chikitsa was derived from the root word “KITH”. It means to cure the
disease; Chikitsa is also called as the kriya done against roga or kriya done for
vyadhiharana.
Charaka states that Chikista is not only removing the causative factor of the disease but
also to bring back the equilibrium of doshas. Vata vyadhies are occurred due to
dhatukshaya or avarana151
In the aspect of Ckikista the line of treatment of vatavyadhi is the use of Sarpi, Taila,
Vasa, Majja and treatments like Seka, Abhyanga and Basti are indicated by Charaka.
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In Pancha karma Basti is told as important treatment for vata vyadhies. It is also
mentioned as sampoorna Chikista.
Other treatments are vatahara oushadhas, ahara and vihara.
Principles of treatment:-
Our Acharyas have designed a particular treatment for a particular disease, which is
known as Chikista siddhanta. In this disease, Sushruta has more emphasised the
treatments like local applications like Agnikarma,Lepa etc rather than the internal
medication.
As per Acharya Suhsruta the treatment of Sandhigata vata is snehana, upanahana,
agnikarma, bandhana and mardana152.
In other classics like Ashtanga hridaya, Chakradatta, Bhavaprakasha,
Bhaishajyaratnavali, Yogaratnakara etc, the treatment principles of Sushruta has been
adopted for sandhigata vata.
Among all Acharyas Sushruta is the only person who mentioned the specific line of
treatment for sandhigata vata.
1. Snehana: The qualities of sneha are Drava, Sukshma, Sara, Snigdha, Pichila, Guru,
Sheetala, Manda and Mrudu. All these qualities are just opposite to Vata properties. So
by theory opposite qualities subsides and similar qualities increases, thus above qualities
will definitely pacify Vata.
Snehaha nourishes the dhatus as well as does balavardhana (strengthens) and
agnivardhana (proper digestion). One who is adopting snehana in the right manner will be
having good jataragni, koshtashudhi, nourished dhatus, good bala and Varna, jitendriya,
devoid of premature ageing and even he lives for hundred years. These are the gunas of
snehana are according to acharya Vagbhata.
In the treatment of sandhigata vata Achrya Dalhana states that both bhaya and
abhyantara snehas should be administrated.
2. Upanahana: Upanahana is a type of swedana. In persons who are having shula in
janu pradesha and sopha also this type of sweda can be done. Charaka has described
Upanahana as a variety of Swedana.
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Sushruta acharya has described and divided sweda into four groups and in that he has
told about the upanaha sweda. It is a kind of sweda done by applying herbal paste over
the affected part. Vagbhata is having the opinion that vatahara Patras should be used for
upanahana. Charaka while explaining vatavyadhi chikitsa says that the drug which is
mixed with snehana should be used for upanahana karma. Sushruta mentions that
vatahara drug’s roots should be made into paste with kanji in that saindhavalavana and
sneha should be mixed to from a paste. The paste should be heated and applied in the
affected parts.
3. Bandhana: Upanaha sweda is divided into three by Susrutha. They are pradeha,
sankara and bandhana. In the bandahana sweda the upanaha dravyas are tied into the
affected part and there by the action of the medicine is attained.
4. Mardana: - Mardana is usually done in vatavyadhis. It is a form of bhaya
sneha by applying oil externally and massage is done by gentle pressure. This helps the
oil to absorb and improves the blood circulation and lymph drainage from the part.
5. Agnikarma: - Agnikarma is a surgical procedure, so it is mentioned by Acharya
sushruta. He states that agnikarma is of twagdagda, mamsadagda, sirasnayudagda and
sandhidagda. According to Dalhana in sira, snayu, asthi and sandhi vikaras even
dahanakarma of mamsa itself gives good relief. Sushruta states that when vitation of
twak, mamsa, sira, snayu, asthi and sandhies by vata, which causes pain, agnikarma gives
good relief.
6. BASTI:-
Basti is one among the panchakarmas and it has given much importance in vatavyadhi
Chikista due to its ability to pacify vata. Charaka has told Basti as balavardhaka,
brimanam and vatanashanam. According to Ashtanga hridaya, basti is important in
vatadhika samsarga, sannipataja diseases and kevalavatavyadhi. It is the best treatment
than other treatments for vata vitation. Vata is the cause for vitation of other dosha so that
vata is considered as sarvarogakaraka. For this vitiated vata the only remedy is Basti. So
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it is mentioned that if we are taking all the treatments is depending on Basti i.e. Basti can
even cure the disease where all other treatment methods failed.
Shamanoushadhies in Sandhigata vata:-
Kwatha : Maharasnadi Kwata Dhanwantaram Kwata
Sahacharadi Kwata, Rasna Saptaka Kwata
Kalka : Tagaramoolakalka with takra
Choorna : Alambushadya Choorna, Abhadi Choorna
Vati : Ajamodadi vati
Guggulu preperations: Kaisora guggulu, Yogaraja guggulu, Brihat Yogaraja
guggulu, Trayadashanga guggulu, Adityapake uggulu, Simhanadaguggula,
Rasoushadi: Panchananarasa Louha, Darada Vati, Vriddha Vata Gajankushu
Rasa, and Vatarakshasa Rasa.
Sneha: Dhanwatharamtailam,Phalatrikadi Sneha,Majja Sneha,Prasarni tailam,Sidhartha
tailam,Nakula tailam, Shatatuspadi taila, Amruthadi taila, Bala taila, Bala Aswagandhadi
taila, Ksheera Bala taila, Pinda taila, Gandha taila, Rasonadhi talai, Gandharva Hastha
taila, Guggulu Tiktaka ghrita, Rasna Dashamoola ghrita.
Asavarista: Dashamoola rishta, Bala rishta, Ashwagandha rishta,
Pathyaapathya:-
Treatment is nidana privarjana and samprapti vighatana. Pathya is termed as ahara and
vihara, which prevents the aggravation of the disease and helps in curing the disease.
Charaka states that is which is suitable to the body and mind during the healthy and in
diseased condition. Samanya vatavyadhi pathyapathya should be adopted for it.
Pathya Ahara:
1.Rasavarga – Madhura, Amla, Lavana.
2.Shukadhanyavarga – Naveena godhuma, Sali Samvatsarothitha,
Rakthasali, Shashtikasali
3.Shimbi varga- Naveena Tila, Naveena Masha, Kulatha
4.Shaka varga – Patola, Shigru, Lasuna.
5.Phala varga – Draksha, Pakwamra, Parushaka, Jambeera, Dadima, Pakvatala
phala.
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6.Mamsa varga - Ushtra, Go, Varaha, Mahisha, Mayura, Bheka, Nakula, Chataka,
Kukkuta, Titira, Sheelindra, Kurma, Rohita etc.
7.Jalavarga – Ushna Jala, Shritasheetala Jala, Narikela Jala
8.Dugdha varga – Go, Aja, Dadhi, Ghritha, Kilata, Kurchila
9.Mutra varga – Gomutra
10. Madhya – Dhanyamla, Sura
11. Sneha – Tila, Ghrita, Vasa, Majja
Vihara
Bhushayya, Snana, Samvahana, Slightly walking, Slight swimming, Steam bath,etc
Apathya Ahara: - Rasa – Katu, Tikta, Kashaya
Shimbi dhanya – Rajamasha, Mudga,
Shuka dhanaya – Truna Dhanya, Trunaka Kangu, Koradhusha,
Neevara, Shamaka, Chanaka
Phalavarga – Jambu, Udumbara, Karmuka, Tinduka
Mamsa varga – Suska Mamsa, Kapota, Pravata
Jalvarga – Sheetambu, Tadakajala
Ksheera – Gardhaba Ksheera
Vihara
1.Manasa – Chinta, Shooka,Bhaya
2.Shareeika – Jagarana, Shrama, Vyayama, Chankrama, Vegadharana, Long standing,
Sitting, Automobile driving, staying in A.C etc.
Now a days due to the change in life style and culture, people are exposed to
modernised foodstuffs. This does a severe impact especially to Sandhigata vata patients.
Management of Osteoarthritis:-
Treatment of Osteoarthritis is aimed at reducing pain, maintaining mobility and
minimising disability. The vigor of the therapeutic intervention should be detected by the
severity of the condition in the individual patient. For those with only mild disease,
reassurance, instruction in joint protection and occasional analgesic may require. For
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those with severe Osteoarthritis a comprehensive program comprising a spectrum of non
pharmacological measures supplemented by an analgesic or anti inflammatory drug is
appropriate.
Non-pharmacological measures, reduction of joint loading, correction of poor posture
and a support for excessive lumbar lordosis can be helpful. Patients with Osteoarthritis of
knee or hip should avoid prolonged standing, kneeling and squatting. Obese patients
should be loose weight.
Rest periods during the day may be helpful. But complete immobilisation of the painful
joints is rarely indicated. In patients with unilateral osteoarthritis of the hip or knee, a
cane held in the contra lateral hand may reduce joint pain by reducing the joint contact
force. Bilateral diseased may necessitate use of crutches or a walker.
Physical therapy, application of heat to the joint may reduce pain and stiffness. A hot
water shawer is also preferable. Occasionally a better analgesic effect may be obtained
with ice than with heat.
Drug therapy of osteoarthritis today is palliative, no pharmacologic agent has been
shown to prevent, delay the progression of or reverse the pathologic changes of
osteoarthritis in humans.
Intra or periarticular injection of a depot gluco corticoid preparation may provide marked
symptomatic relief for weeks to months. Because studies in animals models have
suggested that glucocorticoids may produce cartilage damage, and frequent injection of
large amounts of steroids have been associated with joint breakdown in humans, the
injection sould generally not be repeated in a given joint more often than 4-6 months.
Joint replacement surgery should be reversed for patients with advanced osteoarthritis
in whom aggressive medical management has failed. Osteotomy, which is surgically
more conservative, can eliminate concentration of peak dynamic loading and may
provide effective pain relief in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic
removal of loose cartilage fragments can prevent locking and relive pain. Chondroplasty
also has some popularity as treatment for Osteoarthritis, but well controlled of its efficacy
are laking.
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Internal Medication
Indomethacin tab - 25mg. 2-3 time daily
Piroxicam tab - 10-30Mg. daily
Ibufrofen tab - 1.2 – 1.8g / day in 3-4 divided doses after food
Diclofenac tab - 50Mg. Bid
Nimesulide tab - 100-200 Mg bid
Rehabilitation:-
Simple changes around the home and daily activities cause dramatic improvement in the
symptomatology of Osteoarthritis.
a) Use of higher chair, which require less effort to get in and get out, should be
considered.
b) Patients are advised to limb the stairs leading the good leg taking one stair at a time
and to descent the stairs leading with the bad leg, again taking one stair at a time.
c) To reduce the force acting across the injured joint patient is advised to use a
walking stick, which acts as a third limb. The stick should be held in the hand opposite to
the affected part. A walking stick, by providing a third limb through which forces can be
transmited, enables the reduction of forces across the injured joint.
d) Footwear with hard soles and high heels should be avoided.
e) Mental and physical support from the family members will be useful in the
rehabilitation of the patient.
Exercises:-
Mainly two types of exercises are mentioned. They are flexibility exercise and
strengthening exercise.
Flexibility exercise – Sit in a chair and rest the foot on another chair, then gently press the
knee towards the floor.
Strengthening exercise – To strengthen the knee straight the leg and press the knee on to
the bed, hold for 6 seconds , repeat 5-10 times.
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Yoga:-
Yoga is the one of the ancient science of our land, which inters relates with our culture.
Its practices in daily lifes restore the health and relief to disease. The Asanas which give
relief to Arthritis is the Pavanamukthasana. These Asanas are very easy to practice and
help him relieving stress by loosening the joints.
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MATERIALS AND METALS
Materials and methods studied mainly under 3 headings
1. Pharmaceutical study
2. Analytical study
3. Clinical study
Pharmaceuticals Study
Materials
The following material and instruments are necessary for this study.
1. Hingula, 2. Meshikshira, 3. Nimbu swarasa, 4. Rasona swarasa,
5. Palandu swarasa, 6. Tambula swarasa, 7. Ardraka swarasa.
Instruments like khalva yantra, ulukalu yantra, vastra etc.
Methods:
The preparation of Darada vati includes the following procedures
I. Darada Shodhana
A. Darada shodhana with Meshi Kshira- 1 bhavana
B. Darada shodhana with Nimbu swarasa- 7 bhavana
II Darada Bhavana
A. Darada bhavana with Lashuna –7 bhavana
B. Darada bhavana with Palandu swarasa 7 bhavana
C. Darada bhavana with Tambula swarasa 7 bhavana
D. Darada bhavana with Adraka swarasa 7 bhavana
III Darada vati nirmana -1 Gunja pramana.
Darada vati is one of the khalvi rasayana. This preparation includes three
pharmaceutical procedures. Those are
1. Shodhana, 2. Bhavana, 3. Vati nirmana
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Khalvi rasayana- The medicines, which are prepared by khalva yantra, are said to be
khalvi rasayana.
All the Rasa and Vanaspatija dravya are taken in Khalva and Drava darvya is
added and trituration is carried out till the drug dries. The product obtained by this
procedure is known as Khalvi rasayana
: Shodhana is the process, which makes metal and minerals fit for
therapeutic use. Shodhana is done by many processes like Mardana, Swedana, Bhavana,
Pachana, Prakshalana, Nirvapa, Dhalan etc with some vanaspati dravya swarasa. Taila,
kshira and pranija dravya like mutra, rakta, ghrita, dugdha etc for a specific period.
Concept of shodhana
Shodhana makes heterogeneous into homogeneous form
Shodhana reduces the hardness of the mineral and metal
Shodhana reduces the particle size and increase the absorption rate
Shodhana enhances drugs property
Shodhana convert the toxic metal and mineral into non-toxic.
Shodhana eliminates, separate the unwanted toxic things form the drug.
Bhavana (Triturating with some liquid for a specified time.)
Various metallic and mineral drugs, which are subjected to marana process, have
to pass through a number of stages and bhavana is the must important of them. Before
subjecting them to actual bhavana process the materials are to be purified and made in to
powder and then if necessary, they are to be mixed with certain marana drugs mentional
especially for particular substance. A liquid juice or decoction is then added to it and
triturated well for a specified period, till the liquid added is dried. Now the whole mass is
divided into small pieces, even in micro particle size.
Concept of bhavana
1. Bhavana makes the sanghata bhedan of drugs and finally make particles finer in size.
2. Bhavanaa induces the new properties into the main drugs through various liquids used
during the process.
Shodhana
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3. Bhavanaa enhances original property of drugs.
4. Bhavanaa also helps in the biochemical action of the drugs and living cells.
Vati kalpana -
Vati kalpana is the upakalpana of kalka kalpana
Vati’s are prepared with the combination of kashtaoushadhis drugs churna and shodhita
marita, rasoparas, sadharana, rasa etc with adding of guda, swarasa, mutra guggalu,
sarkara etc as binding agents.
On the basis of shape, dose. Root of administration. These are named as Gutika,
Vati, Modaka, Vatika, Pindi, Varti etc.
Darada vati
Yavanesta palandunam tambuly ardrakajaih rasaih I
Daradam saptavarani bhavayitva vatium karet ll55ll
Gunjaduayomita hanti rogan vatokapho dbhavana l
Sandhivatam visheshen puranum pinasam tatha ll56ll
Shodhita Darada should be subjected to bhavana with, Lasuna Palandu; Tambula
& Ardraka juice seven times with each, and after prepare its vati measuring 2 ratti each. It
may be used to cure all types of vata kaphaja diseases specially sandhigata vata & purana
pinas.
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Practical No. 1 Title – Darada shodhana
Reference – Rasamrita Chap-1/55S
Date of commencement – 1. 11.2003
Date of completion – 1-11-2003
Time taken – 4hrs
Material required – khalva yantra, measuring glass, vastra
Drugs used – Darada 250gms,
Meshi kshira – Sufficient Quantity
Method – Darada was taken in a khalva yantra and powdered nicely.
Sufficient quantity of Meshi Kshira was added &Mardana was done for till
The end product dries up (approximant 4 hur’s)
After the process Darada attained completely powder form.
Observation -
1 While powdering of Darada white shining lines were seen.
2 The drage will have red colour after completion of Meshi kshira bhavana
3 weight of Darada after Bhavana was 255 Gms
Precautions -
Initially powdering should be done slowly, to avoid the spoilage of Darada. After
it attains semisolids consistency, the mardan should be done firmly and continuously.
Dugdha should be heated and filtered
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Practical No.2 Title – Darada shodhana
Reference – Rasamrita Chap-1/55
Date of commencement – 2-11-03,
Date of completion - 8-11-03
Time taken – 4hrs
Material required – khalva yantra, knife, Juice extractor,
Measuring glass
Drugs required – Meshi kshira bhavita darada –255gms
Nimbu swarasa- Sufficient Quantity
Method –
Nimbu swarasa was added to meshi kshira bhavita darada and Bhavan was given for
4 hur’s then darada became completely dry.This method was continued for 7 times.
Observation –
1. Slight silvery shining colour appears around the edge of the powder after adding of
lemon juice
2. Colour of the darada after complete mixing of juice turn to red more than pervious.
3. Lemon juice odour was observed after completion and during the Mardana process.
4. Weight of darada after complete of 7th bhavana 270 Gms
Precautions: Initially powdering should be done slowly, to avoid the spoilage of Darada.
After it attains semisolids consistency
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Practical No.3
Title –Darada Bhavana
Reference – Rasamrita Chap-1/55
Date of commencement – 9-11-2003
Date of completion - 15-11-03
Time taken – 6hrs
Material required – Khalva yantra, Vastra, Measuring glass
Drug required – Shodhita darada –270 Gms
Rasona swarasa- Sufficient Quantity
Method –
Shodhita darada taken in khalva yantra then sufficient quantity of Rasona swarasa is
added and subjected to Bhavana. This process was done for 6 hrs, after completion of
bhavana.Same procedure repeted for seven times.
Observations –
1. After adding of Rasona swarasa the powder become sticky shining and bright
yellowish red colour is obtained.
2. The process of mardana becomes difficult when darada is in the state of semisolid and
last stage of dying.
3. Garlic odour is dominant and lemon odour reduced.
4. Weight of darada after completion of 7th bhavana is 290gms.
Precautions: Initially powdering should be done slowly, to avoid the spoilage of Darada.
After it attains semisolids consistency
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Practical No. 4 Title – Darada bhavana
Reference – Rasamrita Chap-1/55
Date of commencement – 16-11-03
Date of completion - 22-11-03
Time taken – 6 hrs
Material required – Khalva yantra, Vastra, Measuring glass.
Drugs required –Rasona swarasa bhavita darada 290gms.
Palandu swarasa – Sufficient Quantity
Method –
Rasona swarasa bhavita darada was taken in Khalva yantra and palandu swarasa was
added and subjected to Bhavana process for 6 hrs, this process continued for seven times.
Observations –
1. Phalandu swarasa make the Rasona bhavita darada less bright colour.
2. At the time of mardana and after completion of process the odour of the darada now is
combination of Rasona and palandu.
3. Weight of darada after completion of 7th bhavana 303gms.
Precautions: Initially powdering should be done slowly, to avoid the spoilage of Darada.
After it attains semisolids consistency
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Practical No.5
Title – Darada Bhavana
Reference – Rasamrita Chap-1/55
Date of commencement -23-11-03 to
Date of completion -29-11-03
Time taken – 6 hrs
Material required – Khalva yantra, Vastra, Measuring glass
Drugs required – Plandu swarasa bhavita darada 303gms
Tambula swarasa Sufficient Quantity
Method –
Palandu swarasa bhavita darada is taken in Khalva yantra added sufficient quantity
of fresh tambula swarasa and sjubected to bhavana precess up to 6hur’s after drying,
again added fresh swarasa then the same proceduer is continued for 7 times .
Observations-
1. The brightness of the darada completely losses after 7 bhavana with Tambula swarasa
and become greenish red colour.
2. Odour become mixture of Rasona palandu tambula
3. Weight of darada – after completion of 7th bhavana 320gms.
Precautions: Initially powdering should be done slowly, to avoid the spoilage of Darada.
After it attains semisolids consistency
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Practical No. 6
Title – Darada Bhavana
Reference – Rasamrita Chap-1/55
Date of commencement -30-11-03
Date of completion -6-12-03
Time taken – 6 hrs
Material required – Khalva yantra, Vastra, Measuring glass
Drugs required –Tambula swarasa bhavita darada 320gms.
Adraka swarasa sufficient Quantity
Method –
Tambula rasa bhavita darada was taken in khalva yantra added 75ml of Adraka
swarasa after adding subjected to mardana process upto 6 hrs and the same procedure is
continued for 7 times.
Observations –
1. The colour of darada become brick red colour
2. Odour becomes mixture of all bhavita dravya.
3. Weight of darada – after completion of 7th bhavana 342gms.
Precautions: Initially powdering should be done slowly, to avoid the spoilage of Darada.
After it attains semisolids consistency
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Practical No.7 Title – Darada vati nirmana
Reference – Rasa mrita Chap-1/56
Date of commencement – 7 –12- 2003
Date of completion -8-12-2003
Material required - Khalva yantra, Vastra, Measuring glass.
Drug required –Bhavita darada-340gms.
Adraka satwa-30gms
Adraka swarasa- 50ml
Method –
After completion of 7th bhavana with Ardraka swarasa,30gm of Ardraka satwa and
50ml of Adraka swarasa is added to the bhavita Darada and next subjected to bhavana
process till the consistency become sutable for vati preparation after consistency seen
then the vati is prepared measuring about 1 ratti (125mg)
Observation –
1. The colour of the vati like brick red colour
2. Odour – Mixture of bhavita dravya especially Rasona Palandu dominant odour.
3. Taste – Madhura rasa pradhana, katu rasa.
Precautions – Initially powdering should be done slowly, to avoid the spoilage of
Darada. After it attains semisolids consistency
While preparing the vati Adraka satwa was coted to the varti because darada stick to
the hands.
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Table no. 10 shows the weight and observation of darada
Sl.No Practicals Wt. of
darada B.P
Wt. of
darada A.P
Colour Odour
1. Shodhana I 250gms 255gms Red Sligh milky
2. Shodhana II 255gms 270gms Thick red Lemon
3. Bhavana I 270gms 290gms Yellowish
red
Garlic
4. Bhavana II 290gms 303gms Red Mixed
5. Bhavana III 303gms 320gms Greenish
red
Mixed
6. Bhavana IV 320gms 340gms Brick red Very
pungent
7. Vati nirmana 340gms 375gms Brick red Mixture of
all
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ANALYTICAL STUDY
Qulitative Analysis of Mercury 1. Solution of Mercury salts with hydrogen sulphide make black precipitate
which is insoluble in ammonim sulphide solution and in boiling dilute nitric acid.
2. Solution of Mercury salts are free from an excess of nitric acid, deposit a
coating of mercury on bright copper foil, the deposit becomes bright when it is rubbed
and may be volatilized from the foil by heat and obtained in globules.
3. Solution of mercury salts when treated with stannous chloride solution yields
a white precipitate, which rapidly becomes gray with an excess of the reagent.
4. Neutral solution of mercury salts when treated with potassium iodide solution
yield a scarlet precipitate, which is soluble in excess of the any agent and in a
considerable excess of the solution of the mercury salt.
5. Solution of mercuric salt when treated with sodium hydroxide solution yield a
yellow precipitate
Quantity estimation of mercury present as sulphide In the presence of the organic matter Transfer an aliquate of the well mixed
(sample expected to contain 0.1-0.15 grams of mercury)to kjeldahl standard joint flask
of 300ml capacity and 7ml concentrated nitric acid and 15ml of concentrated sulphuric
acid attached to a standard joint condenser and heated under reflex gently at first and then
more strongly for about 30 minutes, so that all the organic matter is dissolved,
cooled,then 12ml of concentrated nitric acid is added and boiled , continue the addition of
nitric acid and boiling until the liquid becomes colourless or pale yellow in colour and
continue boiling, cooled and wash down the condensor with 100ml of water remove the
flask and 1% of potassium permanganate solution is added drop by drop until a pink
colour persists, one drop of 6% hydrogen peroxide solutions is added to remove excess
of permanganate followed by 3ml of concentrated nitric acid and titrated with N/10
ammonium thiocyanate using ferric alum as a indicator.
1ml of N/10 thiocyanate =0.01003 gram of mercury
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Qualitative analysis of sulphur Sulphates
1. Solution of sulphates when treated with barium chloride solution yields a white
precipitate which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
2. Solution of sulphates when treated with lead acetate solution yield a white precipitate
which is insoluble in ammonium acetate solution and in sodium hydroxide solution
Quantity analysis of sulphur
Total sulphur
Transfer a weighed quantity of the well mixed sample of a long necked flask of 250ml
capacity (a kjeldahl flask may be used). Added 10ml of saturated solution of bromine in a
carbon tetra chloride covered and let stand for about 30 minutes, stirring several times,
(added 15ml of concentrated nitric acid covered and let stand for about 30 minutes
stirring several times). Heated over a low flame, adding small quantities of concentrated
nitric acid, from time to time untill the solution is clear and does not darken on standing.
Transfered the solution quantitatively to 250 ml beaker with the full of water, evaporation
on a hot plate to about 15ml (complete the determination as a given under free sulphur)
Free Sulphur: Extract a suitable quantity of the sample accurately weighed, with carbon
disulphide in a soxhlet extraction apparatus lefting the extraction thimble drain at least 12
times transfer the extract to a 250 ml beaker evaporate carbon disulphide in a draught at
room temperature, added 10 ml of saturated solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride
covered and let stand for about 30minutes stirring several time, added 15 ml of
concentrated nitric acid covered and let stand for about 30 minutes stirring several times
evaporate on a hot plate at about 5 minutes, about 50 ml of water is added filtered and
washed with 2 percent hydrochloric acid.
Added 2 drops of bromophenol blue (0.1 g +1.5 ml N/10 NaoH in25 ml of water) and
then ammonia to first colour change added Hcl drop wise until distinctly acid then add 5
drops in excess. dilute to 150 ml with water heated to boiling and 10% barium chloride
solution is added drop wise until 50% excess in present covered the beaker and digested
on steam both for one hour cool to room temperature filter through quantitative filter
papear (what man No.42) wash 10 minutes with hot water, ignite residue in a weighed
porcelain silica crucible at 500 0c cool in a desicator and weigh as BaSo4
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Ash value – Incinerate about 2-3 gm of accurately weight of prepared shample in a
platinum or silica dish at a low temperature until free from carbon, cooled and weighted.
if a carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way extract the charred mass with hot
water, collect the residue on and ashless filter paper. Incinerate the residue and filter
papers add the filtrate, evapourate to dryness and ignite to constant weight at a low
temperature.
Calculate the percentage of ash with reference to moisture free drug.
30-40% w/w
Acid insoluble ash: Boil the ash for five minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid
(6N) collected the insoluble matter in a gooch crucible or on an ashless filter paper
washed with hot water and igniated to constant weight at a low temperature and the
percentage of acid insoluble ash is calculated with reference to the moisture free drug.
The finess of particle test: The particle size can be measured by microscope and with
the help of occulominometer, in this particle size measuring in the range 0.1 to 100 micro
meters
Method: - before measuring, the standardization of occulominometer was carried out by
coinciding the lens of both occulominometer and style minometer and standardized by
using the formula SM/OMX10= -micrometer after the coinciding the style minometer
was removed the fine powder was sprinkled on the slide and covered with covering slip
this mounted slide was placed on mechanical stage and focused, the particles are
measured an orbitary chosen fixed lines covered by the particles using the
occulominometer
Loss on drying 1100c-1gram of accurately weighed and heated on electric oven up to
1100c and again weighed, the difference in weighed was calculated by Initial weighed-
weighed after 1100c=- gram
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Post – compression parameters: Shape of tablets:
Uncoated tablets were examined under a lens for the shape of the tablet.
Uniformity of thickness:
Ten tablets were picked from each formulation randomly & thickness was
measured individually.It is expressed in mm & standered deviation was also
calculated.The tablet thickness was measured using dial caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan)
Hardness test:
Hardness indicates the ability of a tablet to withstand mechanical shocks while
handling. The hardness of the tablets were determined using Monsanto hardness tester.
It is expressed in kg / cm2. Ten tablets were randomly picked & hardness of the same
tablets from each formulation were determined.The mean & standered deviation values
were also calculated.
Friability test:
The friability of tablets were determined using Roche Friabilator.It is expressed in
percentage.Ten tablets were initially weighed( Wt initial )& transeferred into
friabilator.The friabilator was operated at 25 rpm for 4 minutes or run up to 100
revolutions.The tablets were weighed ( Wt final ) again.The % friability was then
calculated by,
Wt initial – Wt final F = ------------------------- x 100 Wt initial
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Weight variation test:
Ten tablets were selected randomly from each formulation & weighed
individually to check for weight variation. A little variation is allowed in the weight
of a tablet by the US Pharmacopoeia. The following % deviation in weight variation
is allowed:
Average weight of a tablet Percentage deviation
130 mg or less 10
More than 130 mg & less than 324 mg 7.5
324 mg or more 5
In all the formulations the tablet weight is more than 324 mg, hence 5%
maximum difference allowed.
6. In vitro Disintegration Test:
The process of break down of a tablet into smaller particles is called as
disintegration. The in-vitro disintegration time of a tablet was determined using
disintegration test apparatus as per I.P. specifications.
Place one tablet in each of the 6 tubes of the basket. Add a disc to each tube & run
the apparatus using PH 6.8 (simulated saliva fluid) maintained at 370 + 20 c as the
immersion liquid. The assembly should be raised & lowered between 30 cycles per
minute in the PH 6.8 maintained at 370 + 20 c. The time in seconds taken for complete
disintegration of the tablet with no mass remaining in the apparatus was measured &
recorded.
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Clinical Study
1. Research approach: The present study the investigators objective is to evaluate the
therapetic effect of Darada Vati in the management of Sandhigata Vata; efficacy can be
determine by finding out of difference between the base line data and assessment data.
2. Research design: This study was for a period of one year, bemographic data and data
regarding the disease Sandhigata Vata, are collected according to the case record from
given in the appendix.
3. Population: 30-60year patients with Sandhigata Vata, attainding the out patients
division of DGM Ayurvedic college and hospital Gadag, were included under the study.
4. Samples: The sample for the present study consists of 30 patients with Sandhigata
Vata, reporting to DGM Ayurvedic College OPD and selected as per selection criteria.
5. Selection criteria: The cases were selected as per the inclusion criteria and were
treated, age limit for the selection of the patients were are between 30 to 60years
irrespective of sex.
Inclusive criteria: pain and tenderness over the knee joint,
Swelling of the knee joint, crepitation of the knee joint,
Age of the patient’s 30-60years.
Exclusive criteria: patients below 30 and above 60 years of age
Patient developed deformity, pregnant women and lactating mother
6 Duration of the study: The duration of the study was one year data was collected from
the first week of December 2003; individual patients were monitored for 30 days and
follow up 15 days for the efficacy of the trial drug.
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7. Posology: - Internal Darad Vati 1 Ratti (125mg) BID
8. Anupana: - Ushna Jala
9. Data collection: Patients selected are thoroughly examined both subjectively and
objectively; detailed general history and physical examination findings are noted, routine
investigation of blood are done to exclude other pathology
10. Examination of knee joint: Osteoarthritis is the common nest kind of knee joint
disorder found in elderly peoples, a thorough physical examination is necessary for the
patients with the knee joint pain
Before taking history a glance is given at the overall picture presented by the patients, the
patients will be having the pain and swelling on the knee joint a) history: knee joint pain
is a system hard to evaluate, hence detailed history in chronological sequence is the first
stand, a patient with knee problems usually presents with the following complaint:
1. Pain- This may be acute or chronic and there may be a history of trauma.
2. Swelling- This could be due to the effusion or synovial membrane thickening;
localized swelling could be due to bursal enlargement.
3. Limp- This may be due to pain muscular spasm stiffness or arthritis.
4. Risticted movement locking- It could be due to meniscal tear or loose bodies, in
locking patient’s complaint of inability to complete the last few degrees of extension,
rigid block suggest loose bodies or fixed flexion deformity.
Deformity- In Genuvalgum, Vaurm and Precuvatum. Patient’s usualy presents with
deformity.
B. Physical examination – As in the other parts of the body examination of knee joint
consists of Inspection, Palpation Measurements, and Movements. And stability tests
particular to the lence. Examination of the knee is carried out form the front. Sides and
back.
A. Inspection.
First look at the hight and weight of the patient
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Looks for the standing aligument of the knee which should be 3-7 degrees valgus
Look for the abnormality of the feet like flate feet .etc which may be contribute to the knee
problem.
Wasting of the thigh and leg muscle are to noted
Swalling this could be due to intraarticular or extraarticular cause. If all natural depre ssions
above, below and by the sides of putell are obeterated. The cause could be intra articular in
extra articular causes. All the natural fossae will not be obliterated and the swelling usually
extends over the patella.
Dffusion hacmarthrosis beyond knee could be due to bursitis exostases. Or osteophytes.
Knee flextion test-
This is to detect the cause of genu Valgues whether it lies in the femur or fibia .It the
detormity disappears with flexion of the knee. The cause lies in the lower end of the
femur and if it persists on flexion the cause lies in the upper end of tibia.
Genu varum is difined as lateral angulation of the knee. The longitudinal axis of femur
and tibia deviates medially.
Type
Unilateral – Due to growth abnormalities of opper tibial epiphysis.
Infections like osteomyelitis etc.
Trauma near the growth epiphysis of femur tumours affecting the lower end of femur and
upper end of tibia.
Bilateral – Physiological gets corrected by four years. Phothological – congenital causes.
Postural abnormalities. Developmental disorders.Metabolic disorders. Endocrine
dissordes. Degenerative disorder (Osteoarthritis of knee this is a common cause)
Occupational.disorders, Idiopathic Pagets’ disease blounts disease.
The ankle of Varum is calculated on a standing radiograph of the whole limb.
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Genuvarum Complex- The priming deformity in genuvarum is lateral angulation of
knee. In response to this secondary deformities in the tibia and the foot. These together
are known as genuvarum complex.
Genu reccurvatum is defined as back word bending of the knee. Up to 5 degree of genux
reccurvatum is some times seen in women with lax
Ligaments and is usually generalised.
Features- Limitation of knee flexion form mild to severe.
Effusion and evidence of knee abnormality is absent.
Some times a dence band that becomes tens during flexion of the knee could be palpated
in the proximal part of the patella, patella is always located more proximally and some
time latterly
Causes: congenital disorders, Quadriceps contracture is the most common cause in
acquired genue reccurvatum, Neurological disorder,
Malunited fractures around the knee.
During the inspection look for old scars, sinuses etc. as evidences of injury, surgery
trauma, or infection also should look for the position of patella wether latral high or low .
b) Palpation:
Temperature: Local rise of temperature felt with the dorsum of the hand
Tenderness: Tenderness should be eliciated and graded, proced from normal area to the
affected part for better patients complaients grading can be done as 0- No tenderness, 1-
patients says the joint is tender, 2-patient winses on pressure, 3-patient winces and with
draw, 4 patient will not allow to touch.
Swelling: Swelling of the joint is usually due to effusion within the joint which indicates
damage to joints and the presence of major cause must always be ruled out, synovial
membrane thikness is the other common cause.
Types of swelling:
Small: In these causes there will be bulging of the sides of the patellar ligaments and
obliteration of the hollows of the medial and lateral adjust of patellar
Large-Distention of the supra patellar pouch
Localised- This is due to Osteophytes. Exostosis bursae cyst etc.
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Swelling due to synovial membrane thickness is almost always due to chronic
inflammatory disorders.
The features of the swelling are prominent. Usually above the patellar near the supra
patellar pouch
Baggy to feel
Local rise of temperature
Test- the following test helps to evaluate the swelling of the knee.
Patellar top test:
StepI: - In the horizontal position considerable amount of excessive synovial fluid
gravitates in to the supra patellar pouch. From 6 inch above the patellar excess fluid in
the supra patella pouch is driven back in to the joint by sliding down firmly with index
finger the thumb.
Step II:- The tips of the three fingers and the thumb of the free hand is placed over the
articular surface of the patella and quick jerk is given downword. If the fluid is presented
a click sound is heared as the patella can be felt to strike on the femoral condyle and
bounces back. The patella tap is not always reliable. It is negative in tense swelling due
too much fluid, small swelling due to too little fluid it is positive only in moderate knee
effusion.
Crepitation: Crepitation derived from a joint can be detected by feeling the joint with one
hand while it is moved passively with the other.It is usually felt in osteoarthritis joints.
Walking time: The patients were asked to walk a distance of 60 feet, the time take to
reach the mark of 60 feet was recorded by using stop watch this was recorded before
treatment and after treatment.
Examination of movements: The important movements taking place at the joint are
flexion and extension. In semi flexed position slight side to side and rocking movements
are possible.
Flexion: The normal range of knee flexion is 130-150 degrees
Muscle testing: The patient is prone, examiner places one hand over the pelvis to stabiles
it while the offer graded rsistance with the other hand at the ankle as the patient attempts
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to flex the knee flexion is tested with the ankle externally rotated biceps femoris is tested
and if the ankle roatated medially semimembranosus and semitendinous are tested.
Extension: The knee should normally extended to a straight line (0 degree) occasionally
can hyper extended to 15 degree in some women.
Muscle testing: Patient site with the legs hanging over the edge of table the examiner then
stabilized the thigh by one hand over the pelvis or proximal thigh against the resistance
provided examiner the patient slowly extends the knee through its range of motion.
Stability test: valgus stress test-the patient is in supine position with the knee extended
stand on the ipsilateral side of the patellar palce one against the medial aspect of the knee.
Grip the ankle with the other hand and attempt to drag the leg laterally to open the medial
side of the knee joint if there is evidence of pain above, below or at the joint line the test
is positive for medieo colateral ligaments.
Varus stress test –patients is in supine position with the knee extended, standing on the
ipsilateral side of the patellar place one against the medial aspect of the knee. Grip the
ankle with the other hand and draw the leg medially in one attempt to open the lateral
side of the knee joint. if the patient is complaints of pain above, below or at the joint line
the test is positive.
Investigation: The patients who are selected randumely with intial data collecting from
the DGM Ayurvedic college hospital will be subjected to undergo lab investigation and
X-ray.
Labinvestigations: TC.DC.ESR.Hb%, SAP, RBS
Blood investisgations like TC, DC, &ESR, Hb% were investigate to rull out
Anemia, blood sugar was investigated to rule out systemic disease diabities. SAP was
investigated to rollout osteopytis deformans osteomalasia matastatic bone disease etc.
X-ray: X-ray at lateral and AP views of affected knee were taken rsduction of joint space
formation of osteopytis, lose bodies etc. were taken out to consideration for the diagnosis
post treatment X-ray was not adovocated because past studies shows there will not be any
change in X-ray within 30 days.
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10. Assessment of response to treatment: In this study Ayurvedic and modern
approaches were utilized in the selection of patients, there classification and final
analysis of results, the results were assessed on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms
and functional capacity of the patient. Functional capacity measuring by walking time, as
patient’s impression gives much important to the final conclusion it was taken to draw a
conclusion regarding the efficacy of the treatment
a) Clinical assessment:
1. Pain: pain of the joint- grade
No pain 0
Mild pain + 1
Moderate pain + + 2
Severe pain + + + 3
The report of the patient was taken in to consideration for the duration of pain
2. Stiffness of the joint Grade
No stiffness 0
Mild stiffness for 5-30 minutes 1
Moderate stiffness for 30-2hrs 2
Severe stiffness more than 2hrs 3
3. Tenderness of the joint garde
No tender 0
Patient says the joint is tender 1
Patient winces 2
Patient winces and with draw the affected part 3
The patient will not allow the joint to be touched 4
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4. Swelling of the joint grade
No swelling 0
Mild swelling slightly obvious 1
Moderate swelling covers well the bony prominence 2
Severe swelling much elevated 3
5. Crepitation of joint grade
Absent 0
Present 1
6 Walking time (60feet distance) grade
Within 20 sec 0
20-40 sec 1
40-50 sec 2
50-60 sec 3
60 and above 4
11. over all assessment of the treatment: for assessing the over all effect of the therapy
certain criteria were adopted the result are classified in to four groups as listed below:
Excellent: absence of pain, stiffness, tenderness, swelling, crepitation and walking time
normal.
Good: more than 60% reduction in pain 60% and reduction instiffness
More than 60% reduction in the tenderness
More than 60% reduction in the swelling
Walking time reduced to more than 60%.
Crepitation absent
Responded: 25% reduction in all criteria
Not responded: pain persists as such or increased stiffness and tenderness swelling
walking time not improved or increased.
Plan for data analysis:
All the data were statically analysed before and after the treatment and comparison was
done t- test was employed to find out the level of the significance.
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Clinical Study Results
In the clinical trial subjective and objective changes were considered for the
assessment in the management of sandhigata vata. Total 45 patients were reported with
clinical symptoms. Among these 35 patients were included in the study. Satisfying the
diagnostic criteria 10 patients were excluded due to age and systemic disorders,
deformity. Among 35 patients 5 patients were discontinued and 30 patients completed the
treatment and follow up successfully.
Table No.14 showing the criteria of exclusion in the 10 excluded patient
Sl.No. Reason No. of patient
1 Above 5 years history 1
2 Above 65 years age 3
3 Hypertension 2
4 Diabetes 2
5 Trauma 1
6 Muscle wasting 1
The total data was collected as follows sections:
Section-A Demographic data
Section-B Data related to disease sandhigata vata
Section-c Data related to response to the treatment
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Section-A
1. Age and sex
Table No.15 Shows distribution of patient in age and sex among 30 treated cases
Sl.No. Age Male % Female % Total %
1 30-40 2 6.66 3 10.00 5 16.66
2 41-50 5 16.66 4 13.33 9 30.00
3 51-60 7 23.33 9 30.00 16 53.33
Total 14 46.65 16 53.33 30 100
In 30 cases 2 male (6.66%) and 3female (10%) were in 30-40 years age group. 5 male
(16.66%) and 4female (13.33%) were in 41-50 years age group. 7 male (23.33%) and 9
female (30%) were in 51-60 years age group. More patients were recorded in 51-60 yrs
age group. Females were dominant in these study 16 cases (53.33%).
Histogram 1
0123456789
10
30-40 41-50 51-60
Age and sex
No
of P
atie
nts
MaleFemale
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2. Social and Economical Status
Table No.16 Shows the socio economical status of 30 treated patients
Sl.No. Socio Economical Status No. of Patients %
1 Poor 9 30.00
2 Middle class 15 50.00
3 Upper class 6 20.00
Total 30 100
The incidence of sandhigata vata is prevalent in the middle class group. 15 out of 30
case (50%), poor in group is having 9 out of 30 cases (30%), and upper class group 6 out
of 30 cases (20%) was recorded.
Histogram 2
02468
10121416
Social and Economical status
No.
of P
atie
nts
PoorMiddle classUpper class
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3. Nature of work
Table No.17 Shows the nature of occupation among the 30 treated patients
Sl.No. Occupation No. Patients %
1 Sedentary 10 33.33
2 Active 14 46.66
3 Labour 6 20.00
Total 30 100
10 patients out of 30 (33.33%) of cases were in sedentary group, 14 patents out of 30
(46.66%) cases were in active group, 6 out of 30 (20%) of cases were in labour group.
Histogram 3
02468
10121416
Nature of Work
No.
of P
atie
nts
SedentaryActiveLabour
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4. Food habit
Table No.18 Shows the food habit a among the 30 treated patients
Sl.No. Food Habit NO. Patients %
1 Vegetarian 18 60
2 Mixed 12 40
Total 30 100
According to the food Habits 18 out of 30 cases were vegetarians reaming 12 (40%)
patients were using mixed diet.
Histogram 4
02468
101214161820
Food habit
No.
Of P
atie
nts
VegetarianMixed
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5. Religion
Table No.19 Shows the religion among the 30 treated patients.
Sl.No. Religion N No. Patients %
1 Hindu 14 46.66
2 Muslim 10 33.33
3 Christian 4 13.33
4 Other 2 6.66
Total 30 100.00
According to religion 14 (46.66%) of 30 cases are Hindu. 10(33. 33) out of 30 cases
are Muslim, 4 (13.33) out of 30 cases are Christian, 2 (6.66) out of 30 cases are other.
Histogram5
02468
10121416
Religion
No.
of P
atie
nts
HinduMuslimChristianOther
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Section –B
Data related to disease sandhigata vata
1. Chief complaints
Table No. 20 Showing the Chief complaints among the 30 treated patients
Sl.No. Presenting Complaints No Patients %
1 Sandhi shoola 30 100.00 2 Sandhi shopha 20 66.66 3 Prasaranakunchan vedana 28 93.33 4 Sandhi Sankocha 18 60.00 5 Sandhi stabdata 22 73.33 6 Gamane ativedana 30 100.0 7 Vatapurana druti sparsha 6 20.00 8 Nisharuk 12 40.00 9 Sandhi vishleshana 1 3.33
Among the 30 treated patients all are having Sandhi shoola and Gamane ativedana30
(100%) . 28 patients are having Prasaranakunchna vedana (93.33%) 22 patients are
having Sandhi stabdata (73.33%), 18patients are having Sandhigati sankocha (60%),
20patients are having Sandhi shopha (66.66%),12 patients are having Nisha ruka(40%),6
patients are having vata purana druti sparsha(20%),1patient having Sandhi
vishleshana(3.33%).
Histogram 6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chief complaints
No
of P
atie
nts
Sandhi shoola
Sandhi shopha
PrasaranakunchanvedanaSandhi shopha
Sandhi stabdata
Gamane ativedana
Vatapurana druti
2 .Duration
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Table no. 21 –Showing the chonicity among 30 treated patient
Sl, No Chonicity No patient %
1 1-6months 6 20.00
2 6-1 years 3 10.00
3 1-2years 4 13.33
4 2-3years 5 16.66
5 3-4years 5 16.66
6 4-5years 7 23.33
Total 30 100.00
The duration for which the patients had there illness ranged from 1 month to 5 years, 7
patients (23.33) are having duration ranged from 4 to 5years, 6 patients (20%) are having
the duration of 1 to 6 month, 5 patients (16.66%) are having the duration 3 to 4 years and
5 patients (16.66%) are having the duration 2 to 3 years, 4 patients (13.33%) are having
the duration 1 to 2 years, 3 patients (10%) are having the duration 6 month to 1 year.
Histogram 7
012345678
Duration
No
of p
atie
nt
1-6months6-1 years1-2years2-3years3-4years4-5years
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3. Involvement of joints
Table no.22 – Showing the pattern of joint involved among the 30 Treated patients
Sl.No pattern No patient %
1 unilateral 20 66.66
2 bilateral 10 33.33
Among the 30 patients 20 patients (86.66%) are affecting the unilateral joint at the 4
patients (13.33%) are involved in the bilateral joint of the knee.
Histogram 8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Involvement of joints
No
of P
atie
nt
unilateralbilateral
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4. Nidana
Table no.23- Showing the Nidana among the 30 treated patients
Sl.No Aharaja Nidana No
pts
% Viharaja Nidana No
pts
%
1. Rooksha Bhojana 26 86.66 Nishajagarana 3 10
2. Tiktaoshana Kashaya 16 23.33 Ativyayama 20 66.66
3. Alpamatra Bhojana 14 80.00 Atyuchchabhashana 4 13.33
4. Pramita Bhojana 8 26.66 Bhaya dukha chinta 5 15.66
Among the30 patients 26 patients(86.66%)having the history of consumption of Rooksha
bhojana,16patients (23.33%)having the H\O taking of Tiktoshana kashaya,14patients
(80%)having H\OAlpamatra bhojana and 8patients(26.66%)having H\O taking
Pramitabhojana.In vihara 3patients(10%)belongs toNishajagarana,20 patients (66.66%)
belongs to the Ativyayama, 4patients (13.33%) belongs the group Atyuchchbhashana
and5 patients (15.66%)comes under the group Bhaya, dukha,chinta etc.
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Section C
The subjective and objective data of all the patients is assessed before and after the
treatment ie the cordinal symptoms of sandhigata vata like pain, stiffness, tenderness
also the factors such as swelling, crepitation, time taken for 60feet walk is considered and
also it is statistically analysed by paired t- test.
Table no 24-Showing the % of clinical symptoms before and after treatment Subjective
parameters
Gradation of Pain Gradation of Stiffness Gradation of Tenderness
0- No pain 0- No stiffness 0- No tenderness
I- Mild pain I- Mild stiffness I- The patient says the
5-30 minutes joint is tender.
II- Moderate pain II- Moderate stiffness II-Patient winces
30-2 hrs
III- Sever pain III- Sever stiffness III- Withdraw the joint
More than 2 hrs IV- Patient will not
Allow the joint to be
Touched
Pain Stiffness Tenderness
GR BT % AT % GR BT % AT % GR BT % AT %
III 5 16.66 - - III 4 13.33 - - IV 4 13.33 - -
II 16 53.33 2 6.66 II 8 26.66 6 20.00 III 8 26.66 2 6.66
I 9 30.33 16 53.33 I 10 33.33 10 33.33 II 16 53.33 8 26.66
0 - - 12 40.00 0 8 26.66 14 46.66 I 2 6.66 10 33.33
0 0 0 10 33.33
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1. Pain - It is observed that 5 patients (16.66%) are in grade 3 and 16 patients
(53.33%) are in grade 2, 9 patients(30.00) are in grade 1, this is to say that after
treatment 2 patients (6.66%) are in grade 2, 16 patients (53.33%)are in grade in 1 and
12 patients (40.00%) are in grade 0 or relived.
2. Stiffness- It observed that before treatment 4 patients (13.33%) are in grade 3. 8
patients (26.66%) are in grade 2. 10 patients (33.33%) are in grade and 8 patients
(26.66%) are in grade 0.it is observed that after the treatment 6 patients (20%) are in
grade1. 14 patients(46.66%) are in grade 0 or relived.
3. Tenderness- It is observed that 4 patients are (13.33%) in grade 4. 8 patients (26.66%)
are in grade 3,16 patients (53.33%) are in grade 2, 2 patients (6.66%) are in grade 1,
after treatment it is observed that 2 patients (6.66%) were in grade 3,8 patients (26.66) are
in grade 2.10 patients (33.33%) are in grade 1,and 10 patients (33.33%) are in grade 0 or
relived.
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Table no.25 showing the % of objective parameters before and after the treatment
Objective parameters
Gradation of Swelling Criptation Walling Time
0-No Swelling 0-Nil I – 20-40 Second
I Mild swelling I – Present’ II – 40-50Second
II Moderate swelling III – 50-60second
III Severe IV – 60-Above
Swelling Criptaion Walking time
Gr BT % AT % Gr BT % AT % Gr BT % AT %
III 4 13.33 0 I 18 60.00 5 16.66 IV 1 3.33 0 0
II 8 26.66 6 20.0
0 0 12 40.00 25 83.33 III 3 10.00 0 0
I 8 26.66 8 26.6
6 II 6 20.00 4 13.333
0 10 33.33 16 53.3
3 I 8 36.66 6 20
0 12 40.00 20
66.666
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1. SWELLING---- It is observed that before treatment 4 patients (13.33%) are in grade
III, 8 patients (26.66%) are in grade II , 8 patients (26.66%) are in grade II,10 patients
(33.33%) are in grade I , 10 patients (33.33%) are in grade 0. After treatment 6 patients
(20.00%) were in grade II, 8 patients (26.66%) were in grade I and 16 patients (53.33%)
were in grade 0.
2. CRIPATION: It is obsevered that before treatment 18 patients(60%) are in grade I ,
and 12 patients(40%) are in grade 0, , after treatment 5 patients(16.66%) are in grade I,
and 25 patients(83.33%) are in grade 0,
3. WALKING TIME------ It is observed that before treatment 1 patient (3.33%) are in
grade IV,3 patients (10.00%) are in grade III, 6 patients (20.00%) are in grade II,8
patients (26.66%) are in grade I, 12 patients (40.00%) are in grade 0,after treatment it is
observed that 4 patients(13.33%)are in grade II.6 patients(20.00%) are in grade II, and 20
patients (66.66%) are in grade 0.
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Table no.26 showing the statistical analysis of 30 patients
Parameter Mean S.D S.E t-value p-value Remarks
Pain 1.2 0.407 0.074 16.216 <0.001 H.S
Stiffness 0.566 0.504 0.092 6.152 <0.001 H.S
Tenderness 1.4 0.563 0.102 13.725 <0.001 H.S
crepitation 0.433 0.504 0.092 4.706 <0.001 H.S
Swelling 0.566 0.568 0.103 5.495 <0.001 H.S
Walking
time
0.633 0.556 0.102 6.205 <0.001 H.S
Conclusion: All the parameters shows highly significant by using paired t-test
.The parameter pain shows highly significance (as P<0.001) in parameter, and tenderness
is have the net more mean effect .
The swelling has more variation, the effect in the parameter stiffness and swelling is
same.
The variation stiffness and crepitation is same,
The parameter pain is having uniform net effect on the patient (by comparing co-
efficient of variations)
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DISCUSSION
The study “preparation physco chemical anylasis of darada vati and evaluation of
its clinical efficacy on sandhigatavata (osteoarthritis). Is presented in four chapters:
1. Literary study 2. Pharmecitical study,
3. Anylitical study, 4. Clinical study.
Literary study: this included drug and diseases review
Drug review: in drug review hingula is reviewed in detail and herbal (shodhana and
bhavana) drugs also reviewed.
Hingula: Historical ascepts – Hingula was known since koutilya period but in that day it
was used only for loha vada. In Samhita, sangraha kala no reference available about
hingula. However in this period only reference for parada is available.
In a rasakala and nighantu kala therapatic uses of hingula was available.
Rasagrantha written by nagarajuna i.e rasarathanakara was first mentioned the properties
and therapatic uses, and also used for marana process of other hard metals like iron,
copper, gold etc.
Later number of rasagranthas mentioned properties uses availability, varieties, shodhana,
satvapatana (hingulakrista parada) and they also mentioned artificial preparation.
Class: hingula kept in different classes according to different opinions of rasagranthas. As
it is classed under maharasa and rasa class. The important of hingula can be thought
hingula is major source of parada, later some acharyas kept hingula in uparasa because
the sources of hingula became less and they got native parada, After this some acharya
considered hingula in sadharana rasa varga in this period natural source became very less
and artificial preparation has brought into practice. This lead to consider it as
sadharana rasa.Dathu varga: according to nighantu these consider as a one of dathu for
that reason kept in dathu varga.
Rasa dathu varga: rasaamritakara has classified drugs according to their main ingredient.
As hingula is containing main ingredient as parada so this is considred in rasadathu
varga.
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Synonyms: indicate the source, composition uses and colour of the drug.
According to the name chinipisti, mleccha, darada, hingula etc. shows place of origin and
availability. Rasagarbha, churna parada etc, these name show presence of parada,
rasagandha sambhuta, gandhika by this we know the presence of gandhaka. lohaghna,
rathnaragakari, ranjani, these name indicate uses of hingula, hamsapada, charmara,
shukatunda, bimbiphala, pravalaba, kunkuma,raktakaya, rakta, etc. indicate colour of
hingula and also other materials present in that. In this colouring temperature has main
role in formation of compound.
Origin: In this point rasaratna samucchaya in first chapter mentioned the origin of
hingula.
Shodhana : the concept of shodhana is to make the hingula to easy absorption and it
separates the other foreign materials present in that.By swedhana it sperats the foreign
metriel and hingula.After again subjected to bhavana to check the bad effect by those
organic acids and organic sulpphur compounds and other elements present in herbal juice
. They also enhance the property of hingula by adding their property to that.
Marana: Very least references are available for marana of hingula.as the shodhita hingula
attains properties like rasasindhura and as it contains gandaka marana is not told.
However marita hingula may have more properties than shodita hingula. The actions like
atyantaagni deepaka, kamottejaka, dorubalya nashaka, atimedhya, atirasayana are in the
maritha hingula.
Artificial preparation: After 13th century artificial preparation of hingula was mentioned
because the deficiency of natural source of it. In that period they were known about
chemical composition. To prepare hingula different authors mentioned.
Anupana: guduchji, tambula, maricha, guda, pipali, are maintained.
Matra: a matra of hingula is similar to parada yoga like rasa sindura, kajjali, parada
bhasma; here the matra is ½ to 2 ratti (62.5- 250 mg) in divided dose per day.
Uses: Hingula in shodhita avasta, acts on gastro intestinal, geneto urinary and nervous
system it also have the actions like agnideepaka, yakrita plihavikara, mehaghna,
kamottejeka, balya, medhya, rasayana and sarva rogahara.etc.
Marita hingula: this is having more penetrating property than the shodita hingula. It has
properties like atyantaagni deepaka, kamottejeka, ati rasayana property.
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Preparation: Nomber of preparations of hingula are available in many text,preparations
like , Hinguladya rasasindura, Hinguliya manikya rasa , Darada bhasma, Darada vati,
Ananda bhairava rasa, Shatarka darada, Shree Siddha daradaamrita etc
Herbal drugs: Used for shodhana and bhavana of hingula.
Shodana dravyas are meshi dugdha and nimbu swarasa, Meshi dugdha it
reduceses the tikshnata of hingula by madhura rasa seetaveerya, madhura vipaka and it
also contains much nutrients which are helpful in nourishment
Nimbhu swarasa is rich of citric acid and vitamin c these help in much enzymatic action
of cells and also by oxidation property it prevents the complications caused by hingula
and there by maintain normal functions of cells.
Other bhavana drugs.1 Rasona – Rasona is one of the pathya dravya in sandhigata vata. It
contains 55% carbohydrates 29% protein vitamin c, organic sulphur and their
compounds. It also contain other elements like calcium, iron, copper, all these are helpful
in diseases, helps in promoting the digestion and absorption of yoga. The oil present in
rasaona.there by it enhances the property of hingula and cures the disease
2. Phalandu: It has similar property of rasona. It also contains organic sulphur
compounds vit A, B and C and also contains like calcium, iron, potassium, but
carbhohydrate is less percentage.
3. Tambula- Tambula is an important anupana dravya mentioned in classic for parada
and hingula. It also contains many elements like calcium, phosphorus, iodine, potassium
nitrate, and vit A, C and also has anti-oxydant property. It enhances the propery of
hingula and checks the complications.
4. Ardraka – Ardraka contains rich starch and protein, gingerol present in that is major
principal. Ginger acts as the adsorbent, carminative. Adsorbent property of ginger on GI
tract causes adsorption of toxin and acids. It enhances the gastric motility by carminative
properties. It blocks the hyper reaction of gastric cells
All the herbal drugs used for the prepartion of darada vati have the similar
poperties of hingula by this they enhance the property of hingula. Those properties are
vatakaphashamaka, vedhanashamaka, shothaghna, balya, rasayana, agnideepaka, hridya,
pachaka.vatanulomaka etc. These properties are explained in nighantu.samhita and they
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also suppress the complications may be caused by hingula the complications may arised
from hingula are moha, brama, hriudaya avasadhaka, klaibhya, klama, prameha etc.
Diseases review: Sandhigata vata is well known to the Ayurvedic authorities since from
the good hold period Rugveda, Yujarveda, Athranaveda, Purana, Brihatrayi, Lagutrayi,
and other samhita, Rasa granthas.All authoretis considerd Sandhigata vata under the
heading of vatavyadhi so the Nidana of Vatavyadhi is to be considerd as a Nidana of
Sandhigata vata.(Dhatu kshayajanya and Margavarodhajanya).The common signs and
symptoms are Sandhishoola,Sandhishotha,Gamaneativedhana,Sthabdhataetc,
Madhavakara was the first person who mentioned one more laxana ie Atopha and
Ashtanga sangrakara mentioned special laxana ie Vata purana driti sparsha.
The signs and symptoms of Sandhigata vata resembles the Osteoarthritis characterized by
pain, stiffnes, swelling and tenderness, which is the resultant of Degenarative and
Inflamation of joint. Most of the Ayurvedic autheraties differentiated with Vatarakta,
Amavata, and Kroshtuka sheersha.Even modern authorites differentiated with rheumatoid
arthities, Gout, Tubecular arthritis, Gonococal arthritis, and Rheumatic fever. Now days
this diseas becomes common due to change in life style.
Sushruta acharya was the first person who correlated Sadhigata vata with Vata rakta
where the Nidana and treatment is same in both diseas but samprapthy is differs. The
common line of treatment is Snehana, Swedhana, Abhynga, Basti fallowed by
Shamanoushadhi.Sushruta acharya being a Shalya karma specialist mentioned one more
special treatment ie Agni Karma.
.
Pharmaceutical Study: In preparation of Darada Vati Shodhana, Bhavana, and Vati
Nirmana these are the procedure adopted here
1. Shodhana of Darada: Shodhana process is done by one meshikshira Bhavana and
seven nimbu swarasa bhavana in some texts shodhana is mentioned with seven
meshikshira bhavana and seven nimbu swarasa bhavana or any amla dravya swarasa
bhavana. Now a days used hingula is artificial preferred one this does not have any
other materials, so one meshikshira Bhavana and seven nimbu swarasa bhavana
sufficient, for shodhana karma of hingula. Rasa taranginikara has told that after
nimbu swarasa bhavana prakshalana is to be done with jal up to complete niramlatva.
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But here prkshalana is not done because bhavana dravya help full in disease this
contains citric acid, vitamin C, and other organic things. After this shodhana colour of
hingula becomes kunkum varana or pravalavarana, after shodhana it gians becous of
the weight of bhavana dravya
2. Bhavana: Shodhita hingula is again subjected to bhavana with Lasuna, Palandu,
Tambula and Ardraka swarasa seven times with each sawrasa .Here shodhita hingula
is fit for use in any disease but bhavana dravyas make hingula potential against the
pathology of sandhigata vata and other vata kaphaja diseases.
Lasuna bhavana becomes very difficult due to very thick and sticky nature of its
swarasa. It takes more time then nimbu swarasa bhavana. The colour of hingula is
bright yellowish red colour, odour is in garlic nature. palandu bhavana reduces the
stickiness of lasuna bahavitha hingula. Tambula patra swarasa also reduces the
stickiness. The colour becomes greenish red colour; odour is mixture of previous
bhavitha dravya. Ardraka swarasa bhavana Here ardraka is also rich in starch and
fibers makes the hingula to fit for vati nirmana and also enhance the property of
hingula.The use of these drugs enhance the vyadhi shamaka and rasayana property
of hingula
3. Vati nirmana: when seventh Ardraka bhavana is given and paste becomes fit for
preparation of vati then stop the bhavana process make varti and prepared vati about
one ratti pramana. These vatis were not dried even after seventh day. Later kept in
sunlight then they became again very smooth due to sun rays. Again Ardraka satwa
(30 gm) is added to it and Ardraka sawrasa bhavana was given till it attain the
consistency to prepare vati. Then the vati is prepared. The vati are gradually dried
completely and preserved in air tight container
Anylatical study:
Organaleptic text of vati shows the odour and taste of vati were pungent (mixture
of all herbal smell and taste), appearance, shape and colour property are shiny, spherical,
brick red in colour.All these properties were seen due to shodhita and bhavita dravya
swarasa.
Particle size - The partical size of shodhita hingula 112 micron and after completion of
bhavana it become 34 mircon. This test indicate the process of bhavana reduces the
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
106
particle size of hingula.This reduced particle may enter in to very minute channels of
tissues.
Loss on drying 1100C – Here vati losses the weight 7% , this indicates 7% of moisture
and volatile oil present is present in the vati, therefore these vatis always preserved in air
tight container and kept in moisture free condition
Hardness: The hardness of vati is 7.5 ± 0.5 kg. It indicates Darada vati has good
machanical strength so it can resist the transportation and manual handling damage.The
hardness value of vati is moderate (maximum10kg), so its dissolution rate is also
moderate.
Weight in variation: Vati prepared manualy so this is necessary to find out the weight
variation of vati, by this test we confirm that ±6.67mg % variation is present
(125±6.67mg). Which is more than the Pharmocopheal standerd value but to prepare the
vati 10% Ardraka satwa is added so this value can be taken as a standerd one when it is
compaired with the only concentrated drug.It indicates this vati contains 95%of
potenciated drug.
Shape and size: Shape of vati is spherical; by measuring the diameter of vati 4.41mm
length and four readings are taken from each tablet we confirmed that ±0.14mm variation
present in diameter. This value is comes under the Pharmaco pheal stander value ( +
5%).It indicates even though vati is prepared manualy but the standerd dose is maintaind
very perfectly means vati is prepared in standerd manar.
Friability Test: The rate was 1.57 % weight loss. It indicates in packing system friction
between container and vati, it may because the 1.57%weight of variation in each tablet
this value is slightly greater than the Pharmacopheal standerd value (0.5-1%). It might be
due to over dring of trhe drug, so during dispening it should be paked completly by
putting some amount of cotton in container so that it can resist the mechanical damage.
Assy for mercury: assy for mercury was done the value obtained indicate each vati
contain 20% of mercury w/w.
Assy for sulphur: The value obtained indicates 9.21 % of total sulphur w/w.
Ash value: The ash value determined after complete removal of carbon from the sample.
This carbon removed at about 4500C. The remaining material may be some inorganic
elements. The value is 6.42% ash w/w.which comes under the Pharmcopheal standerd
value (13 to15%w/w).
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Acid insoluble ash: Darada vati has the Acid in solubale ash value 2.13%w/w .Which is
less than the Pharmacopheal standerd value (2.5%w/w), it indicates it does not contain
any Silicus matter so it does damage the vital organs.
Clinical Study:
Plan of study: In this study a specific plan and design was adopted for better analisation.
total 45 patient were reported with clinical symptoms of Sandhigata Vata among 35
patients included in the study, satisfying the diagnostic criteria, 30 patient are completed
the course of treatment.
The excluded cases are above 60 year, Diabetic, Trauma, Hypertension, Muscle wasting
and above 5 years history.
Selection: The disease was diagnosed as sandhigata vata based on the sign and
symptoms explained in classical Ayurvedic and modern text, routine blood text were
conducted to rule out infection and other pathologies.
General Description of patient: Age and sex- In total 30 patient more patients 16 (33.33)
are in 50-60 years. Females were dominant 16 (53.33) this in indicates the disease more
predominant in female and during the period after 50 years
Socio Economical: In this 15 patients are in middle class the areas were the study is
conducted was dominated by business people; here there is no relation between social
and economical status with sandhigata Vata.
Nature of work: In this 14 patient (46.66%) are in active group due to the continues stress
affecting on joints due to activeness at the particulars joint become degenerated causing
Sandhigata Vata, 10 patient (33.33%) were in sedentary in this mostly the house wife and
table worker.
Food habit: 18 patient (60%) are vegetarian, remaining 12patient (40%)are belongs
mixed food habit , in this locality the availability of vegetarians are more due to the
vegetable cultivation and highly populated by Hindus those who are strict in taking
vegetarian diet
Religion: 14 patient (46.66%) are belongs to Hindu, 10 patient (33.33%) are Muslim,6
patients belongs to other religion there is no relation between religion because the
population dominancy.
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Nidan: Among 30 patient Aharaja Nidan-- Roksh Bhojan Sevena is noted in 26 patients
(86.66%) and Katu Tikata Kashaya rasa pradhana bhojana is noted in 16 patients
(23.33%). In study conducted place the people are more used to take Roksh Bhojan,
TiktaKatuKashaya bhojana. Viharaja Nidana-- Ativyayamaja 20 patient (66.66) is
present, due to excess use of joint leads to degeneration of joint
Presenting complaints: In this 30 treated patient all were (100%) presented with
Sandhishoola and Gamane ativedhana. 28 (93.33%) are in Prasarana Akunchana Vedana,
22 patient (73.33%) are Sandhi Stabdata, 20 patient (66.66%) are in Sandhi shopha and
12 patient (40%) are in Nisharuk only few patient complaints, 6 patient (20%) are in Vata
Purana Druti Sparsha, 1 patient (3.33%) having Sandhi vshleshana.
Chonicity- In this 30 treated patient 7 patient (23.33%)are having H/O 4-5 years, 5
patients (16.66%) are having H/O 2-4years, 5 patient (16.66) are having H/O 2-3 years, 4
patient are (13.34%) having H/O 1-2 years from this it is highlighted the chonicity
increase towards the later stages of age.(50-60)
Probable of mode of action of Darada Vati in Sandhigata Vata;
Sandhi gata vata is caused by the vitiation of Vata and Kapha (vyana vayu vriddhi,
shleshaka kapha kshaya) here kapha kshaya means Shleshaka kapha loses its normal
gunas(shnigdh, guru,manda,etc)ther by it does not performes its normal function leading
to Pain, Stiffness, Tenderness,Swelling etc in joint.
This theory is also belived by the modern authority ie in Asteo arthritis when our body
does not produces enough amount of Glucosamine and Chondrotin the synovial fluid
loses its viscocity and convert into watery solution which does not perform its normal
functions ie Lubrication , Shearing, Nourishment of cartilage etc resulting in to
Degenration and leading to same pathology.
The Darada Vati can reduces the symptoms as well as degenerative process due to
action of Darada, Meshikshira, Nimbu Swarasa, Lasuna, Palandu, Tambula, and Ardraka
Swarasa,
It is very difficult to draw the exact mechanism of action of Darada Vati but by observing
the theoraphitic effect hypotheses can be presumed for the mechanism.The drugs of the
Vati all are VataKapha Shamaka, Agnivardhaka Balya, Rasayana, Vedanashamaka,
Shothghna etc.
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Darada which is the main content. of the preparation, the property of the Darada equal to
the Rasa Sindoor ie the properties are Tridoshaghna, Atirasayana, Agniverdhaka, Balya,
etc.
As Darada is purified by giving Bhavana with Meshidhugdha, and Nimbu Swarasa, these
will check the toxic effect of Darada, Nimbu Swarasa is rich in citric acid and vitamin c,
this normalize the functioning of living cells and involves in many enzymatic function in
the body, it also play main role in the development of cartilage, bones and in wound
healing, it also has the antioxidant property which counteract the Degenration.
The other bhavana drugs like Lasuna ,Plandu,Tambula, Ardraka Sawrasa are
havingVataKaphahara, Rochaka,Pachaka,Agnipradeepaka,Rasayana,Vedana Sthapaka,
Shothaghna,etc property will help in enhancing the absorption of Darada,even Rasona,
Tambula,Ardraka having atioxydent property which conteract the Degenaration, so this
potentiated Darada, mitigates the Kapha Dosha(bringes the normal gunas ie snigdha,guru,
sthira, manda etc) by its Ushna Veerya it clears off the blockages of channels and give
strength to Sandhi by proper nursing of cartilage , bone, synovial fluid .
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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SUMMARY The present study titled “Preparation, physico chemical analysis of Darada vati and
evaluation of its clinical efficacy on Sandhigata Vata (Osteoarthritis)
This study includes the following chapter that is
1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Review of literature
4. Methodology, which contains pharmaceutical study, analytical study and
Clinical study.
5. Results.
6. Disscusion,
7. Conclusion
1. Introduction - In the introduction part, importants of Ayurveda, aim and objective of
Rasa Shastra, importants of Parada and properties of Darada, Discription of Sandhigata
Vata, and necessity for the assortment of this research work is explained in brief.
2. Aim and objectives of the present study are mentioned in the objective chapter
3. Review of literature is dealt in two main headings 1.Drug review 2.Disease review.
Drug review- Historical first referance of hingula, synonyms, classification, occurance,
properties, standard qualities of hingula, ashuddha, agrahy hingula dosha and chikatsa,
shodhana, marana, satwapatana, uses, anupana, matra. Modern view of Hingula physical
proerties and chemical properties, verities.
Disease Reviewed- Deals about Historical, Etymology, Defination, Nidana Panchaka and
Line of treatment according to various authorities.
Modern aspects also review.
Materials and Methods This deals about pharmaceutical, analytical, clinical study. 1.
Pharmaceutical study includes Daradashodana, Darada Bhavana, and Daradavatinirmana
2. Analytical study deals about Physico chemical analysis of Dharadavati carried out in
Indian bureau of mines, regional ore dressing laboratory, Bangalore and some physical
analysis carried out in J.T.Pharmacy College, Gadag. 3. in clinical study-special camps
was conducted by post graduate department of Rasashastra DGM Ayurvedic medical
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
111
colage and hospital Gadag. The patient of sandhigata vata after the complete diagnosis
were selected, clinical trial was done administering Darada Vati 125mg bid with
Ushnajala Anupana for 30day and the patients were assessed for the same criteria
In the clinical results the patients were assessed according to the subjective and objective
criteria and results are given with the help of statistical value P-value,t –value, S.D, S.E
etc.
In the chapter discussion first drug and disease discussion has been done in both the view
that is Aryuveda as well as modern aspect. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion
Shodhana, Bhavana, rationalities were discussed.
In analytical discussion role of Physico chemical analysis of Darada Vati is discussed and
in clinical discussion of Sandhigata Vata patients as well as probable mode of action of
Darada Vati explained.
CONCLUSSION
1) Parada and Gandhaka yogas are consided superior in Rasa shastra, so Hingula is
compound of Parada and Gandhaka has the properties similar to the Rasasidhura hance
Darada vati is to be considerd suprim in Sandhigata vata.
2) After pharmaceutical procedure Hingula become non toxic and theraphatically
effective, the specific drugs used in procedure may check the pathogensis and normalizes
the function of tissue.
3) Procedure bhavana make the partical size of the Hingula in very micro form
(34micron).
4) Physico-chemical analytical study of vati passes all the Pharmcopheal standerd value
and assy of Mercury is 21%, Sulphar is 9.1%.
5) By clinical evaluation we conclude that it reduced the subjective and objective
parameters of disease.
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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SCOPE OF STUDY 1) Comparative study is necessary between other Parada Gandhaka yogas (kajjali, rasa sindhura, rasa perpati ) in degenarative joint disease . 2) Hingula is considerd as ati rasayana so how for it encounters the Degenaration in Osteo arthritis or in Degenarative disorders is to necessary to analyze it by experimental study.
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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2000 Choukambha Publication New,Delhi,Chapt 28, sloka 39, page 783
113. Sushruta Acharya-Sushruta Samhita, Nidana stana, Dr. Ambhika Datta Shastri
Edition 13 , 2000, Choukambha Publication Chapter 1 , sloka, 28, page 230.
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115. Samuel L Turek orthopedics principals and their applications edition IV 1989, Jaypee
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116. Harrison’s, principals of internal medicine Volume 2 Part 12 section3 Kenneth P.
Brandt edition 14th 1984, Asian student. singpur page 1935,1936
117. Harrison’s, principals of internal medicine Volume 2 Part 12 section3 Kenneth P.
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118. Sushruta Acharya-Sushruta Samhita, sharira Dr. Ambhika Datta Shastri Edition 13,
2000, Choukambha Publication Chapter 5 sloka 29, page 46.
119. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha, sutra stana Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia, edition 2,
1992, Chap 20, Sloka6, page 380.
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121. Indrabirsingh – text book of anatomy, vol. 1, edition 2, Jaypee brothers, New Delhi
122. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha, sutra stana, Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia edition 2nd,
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123. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha, sutra stana, Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia, edition 2nd,
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124. Sushruta Acharya-Sushruta Samhita, sutra stana, Dr. Ambhika Datta Shastri Edition
13, 2000, Choukambha Publication Chapter 21, sloka 5, page 87.
125. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha, sutra stana Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia, edition 2 ,
1992,Chap1, sloka 25, page 9.
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1992,Chap1, sloka 25, page 9.
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1992, Chap1, sloka 46, page 20.
128. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha, sutra stana Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia edition 2nd,
1992, Chap21, sloka 9, page 399.
129. chap1,sloka27,page20
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130. Agni Vesha, Charaka- Charaka Samhita,vimana stana Pt. Kashinatha Shastri Edition
6th ,2000ChoukambhaPublication,NewDelhi,Chap6,Sloka6,Page718,
131. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha, sutra stana Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia
Edition2,1992 ,Chap1,Sloka49,Page20
132. Agni Vesha, Charaka- Charaka Samhita, vimana stana Pt. Kashinatha Shastri Edition
6th , 2000 Choukambha Publication New,Delhi,Chapt8 Sloka119 Page780
133. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha Sutra Stana, Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia edition II
1990 Chap1 Sloka34 Page14
134. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha Sutra Stana, Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia edition II
1990 Chap1 Sloka36 Page15
135. Harrison’s, principals of internal medicine Volume 2 Part 12 section3 Kenneth P.
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138. Davidson’s –principals and practice of medicine edition 18, 1992 ELV publication
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141. Agni Vesha, Charaka- Charaka Samhita Chikitsa stana, Pt. Kashinatha Shastri Edition
6th , 2000 Choukambha Publication New,Delhi,Chapt28 Sloka18 Page775
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6th , 2000 Choukambha Publication New,Delhi,Chapt28 Sloka58 Page778
143. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha, Nidana Stana Prof. K.S.srikantmurthi Edition 1st
Choukambha publication Varnasi Chap15Sloka15Page243,244
144. Agni Vesha, Charaka- Charaka Samhita Chikitsa stana , Pt. Kashinatha Shastri
Edition 6th , 2000 Choukambha Publication New,Delhi,Chapt28 Sloka23 Page775
145. Vagbhatacharya- Astanga Sangraha Sutra Stana, Dr. Ravi Datta Tripatia
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146. Agni Vesha, Charaka- Charaka Samhita, chikitsa stana Pt. Kashinatha Shastri Edition
6th , 2000 Choukambha Publication New,Delhi,Chapt28 Sloka58 Page775
147. Agni Vesha, Charaka- Charaka Samhita Sutra Stana , Pt. Kashinatha Shastri Edition
6th , 2000 Choukambha Publication New,Delhi,Chapt15 Sloka7 Page200
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152. Sushruta Acharya-Sushruta Samhita, chikitsa stana , Dr. Ambhika Datta Shastri
Edition 13 , 2000, Choukambha Publication Chapter4 Sloka8 Page26
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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Master Chart - Subjective & Objective parameter & effect of Darada vati on
Sandhigata vata
Subjective parameter Objective parameter
Pain Stiffness Tenderness Swelling Creptation W.time
Sl.No
OPD.No
BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT
Results
1 3760 3 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 1 1 4 2 Responded 2 4277 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 Responded 3 4505 2 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Good 4 270 3 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 1 1 3 2 Responded 5 1253 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 Good 6 1282 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Good 7 1295 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 Responded 8 1296 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 Responded 9 1299 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Good 10 1306 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Good 11 1311 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Responded 12 1313 3 1 3 2 4 2 3 2 1 1 3 2 Responded 13 1310 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 Good 14 1341 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 Good 15 1362 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Good 16 1430 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Excellent 17 1435 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Good 18 2234 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 Responded 19 2450 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 Responded 20 2766 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Good 21 2790 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Good 22 2816 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Responded 23 3019 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 Responded 24 3104 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Good 25 3215 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Good 26 3260 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Excellent 27 3347 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 Responded 28 3504 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Good 29 3759 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 Responded 30 3813 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Good
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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Special case sheet proforma for Sandhigata vata(Osteoarthritis)
Post graduate and research center (Rasashastra)
Shri D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.
Guide: Dr.M.C.Patil M.D (Ayu) Scholar: K.M.Jaggal P.G.Scholar
Co - guide: Dr.G.N.Danappagoudar .M.D (Ayu)
01.Name : Sl.No.:
02.Father’s/Husband’s Name: O.P.D.No. :
03.Age : D.O.A:
04.Sex : D.O.D:
05.Religion :
06.Occupation :
07..Ecconomical
Status :
08. Address :
Telephone:
09. Result :
10. Consent : I ------------------------- , I giving my consent to be included as
subject in the clinical trail and fully convinced with the disease drug and , I am also
aware of my right to quit the trail at any time during the course of trail.
Hindu Muslim Christian Others
Sedentary Active Labour
Poor class Middleclass Upper class
Excellent Good Responded Not Responded
Years
M F
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
125
Patient’s Signature
11. Presenting Complaints
Sl.No. Complaints P / A 0 10thday 20thday 30thday
01. Sandhi shoola
02. Sandhi shopha
03. Vata purana druti sparsha
04. Prasaranakunchana vedana
05. Sandhigati sankocha
06. Sandhi stabdhata
07. Nisharuk
08. Gamane ativedhana
09. Sandhi vishleshana
12. History of present illness:
1. Joint involved: 2. Mode of Onset:
3. Nature of Disease:
4. Routine activities affected
5. Nature of pain: 6. Severity of pain:
7. Variation of pain:
8. Aggrivating factors:
Gradual Suddenly
Progressive Regressive Constant Intermittent
Yes No
Mild Moderate Severe
Increase on use Increase on disease
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
126
9. Relieving factors:
13. History of Post illness: H/O Episodes of similar complaints: 14. Family History: 15. Treatment History: Moderate medicine: Ayurvedic medicine: Relief with previous treatment: 16. Personal History:
Diet: Appetite: Bowels: Urine: Sleep: Habit: Menstrual cycle: 17. General Examination: Appearance: Nutrition: Memory:
Yes No
Present Absent
Yes No
NSAID’S Steroids Local injection
Guggula Rasoushadhi Others Antheropy
Complete Partial Temporary No
Mixed Veg
Poor Moderate Good
Free Constipated
Normal Abnormal
Normal Less More Distrubed
Smoking Alcohol Tobacco No habits
Regular Irregular Menopause
Healthy Un well Ill
Absence Moderate Poor
Normal Subnormal Poor
Height cms Weight kg Temperature 0 F
Pulse rate times/min Heart rate times /min
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
127
18. Dasha vidha pareeksha:
Dosham
Dhushy:
Desham:
Balam:
Kala:
Analam:
Prakruti:
Vayas:
Satwam:
Satmyam:
Aharam:
19. Sroto pareeksha:
Mamsa -
Medha -
Asthi -
Majja -
Respiratory rate times/min B.P mm Hg
Vata Pitta Kapha
Rasa Rakta Mamsa Meda Asthi Majj Sukra
Pureesham Mutram Swedan
Jangalam Anupam Sadharanam
Rogi bala Prauaram Madhyam Awaram
Vasanta Greeshma Varsha Sharad Hemanta Shishira
Mandam Teekshna Vishamam Samam
V P K VP PK VPK
Bala Madhyama Jeerna
Pravaram Madhyamam Avaram
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
128
20. Special examination of joints:
I. Inspection
Deformity:
Flexion:
Joint swelling:
Grade:
Muscular wasting:
II. Palpation: 1. Local rise of temperature:
2. Tenderness:
Site:
3. Movements:
a) Active:
b) Passive:
4. Crepitation:
5. Degree of limitation:
a) Range of extension:
Present Absent
Present Absent
Present Absent
0 1 2 3
Present Absent
Above the affected joint Below the affected joint
Present Absent
0 1 2 3 4
Refropatelor Medical comportment Lateral comportment
Restricted Limited Free
Restricted Limited Free
Present Absent
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
129
b) Range of flexion:
21. Nidan:
22. Upashaya / Anupashaya:
23. Lab investigation:
Sl.No Name of the test Value
01. ESR 1st hour
02. HB% mg %
WBC 03. Total count
RBC
Per cms
N E B M L 04. Differential count
05.
Blood glucose mg/dl
06.
Serum Alkaline phosphatase Unit/L
Ahara Vihara Others
Rooksha Bhojana
Alpamatra Bhojana
Tiktosna Kashaya
Pramita Bhojan
Nisha Jagarana
Atyucha Bhojana
Antivyayacha
Bhaya Dukhe Chinta
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
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24. Radiological Examination:
X-ray of affected joint AP / Lateral view.
Joint space:
Formation of Osteophyte:
Subchondral sclerosis:
Loose bodies:
Degree of virus –present:
25. Treatment protocol:
Started on:
Dose:
26. Assessment of Result:
Sl.No Particulars Day – 0 Day– 10 Day – 20 Day-30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pain
Stiffness
Tenderness
Swelling
Walking time
Crepitation
Investigative Note.
Signature of supervisor
Reduced Increased Unaltered Unicomposition
Present Absent
Present Absent
Present Absent
Present Absent
PREPERATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DARADAVATI & ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON SANDHIGATA VATA
131
Note: Clinical Assessment:
1. Assessment of pain: Grade
No pain 0
Mild + 1
Moderate + + 2
Sever + + + 3
2. Assessment of Stiffness: Grade
No stiffness of the joint 0
Mild stiffness (for 5 to 30 mins) 1
Moderate stiffness (for 30 to 2 hours) 2
Severe stiffness (More than 2 hours) 3
3. Assessment of Tenderness: Grade
No tender 0
The patient says the joint is tender. 1
The patient winces. 2
The patient winces and with draw the affected part. 3
The patient will not allow the joint to be touched. 4
4. Assessment of Swelling: Grade
No swelling 0
Mild swelling (Slightly obvious) 1
Moderate swelling (covers well the bony prominence) 2
Severe swelling (much elevated ) 3
5. Assessment of Crepitus: Grade
Absent 0
Present 1
6. Assessment of Walking time (60 feet distance): Grade
Normal(within 20 second) 0
20 – 40 seconds 1
40 – 50 seconds 2
50 – 60 seconds 3
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