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Parity violating electron backscattering

David Balaguer Rios

A4 CollaborationInstitut für Kern Physik, Mainz

February 9, 2009

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Introduction

Experimental set up

Monte Carlo studies

Data analysis

Results

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Outline

Introduction

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The strange vector form factor

u

u

d u

u

dg

g

g

uu

d ss

d

◮ Nucleon: constituent quarks u,d, gluons, sea quarks qq̄ (q =u,d,s)

◮ s in nucleon: pure sea quark effect

◮ Contribution of s to the electromagnetic vector form factors ofthe nucleon?

◮ Measurement of the strange vector electric and magnetic formfactors: Gs

E and GsM

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Form factors flavor decomposition

Flavor decomposition

GpE,M =

2

3Gu

E,M −1

3Gd

E,M −1

3Gs

E,M

GnE,M =

2

3Gd

E,M −1

3Gu

E,M −1

3Gs

E,M

Weak form factors to access the strange vector form factor

G̃pE,M =

(

1

4−

2

3sin θW

)

GuE,M −

(

1

4−

1

3sin θW

)

GdE,M−

−(

1

4−

1

3sin θW

)

GsE,M

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Parity violating elastic electron scattering

◮ Parity violating elastic electron scattering to access G̃pE,M

◮ Parity violation: interference between electromagnetic and weak

amplitudes

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Parity violating asymmetry

◮ To measure: parity violating asymmetry in the cross section

APV =σR − σL

σR + σL

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Parity violating asymmetry

◮ To measure: parity violating asymmetry in the cross section

APV =σR − σL

σR + σL

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Parity violating asymmetry

◮ To measure: parity violating asymmetry in the cross section

APV =σR − σL

σR + σL

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Parity violating asymmetry

APV = A0 + As

◮ A0 calculated

◮ Input parameters: GpE, G

pM, Gn

E, GnM, G̃

p

A, Gµ, α, Q2, θ

Q2 = 0.23(

GeV/c)2

, A4 backwards kinematics

A0 = (−15.87± 1.22) · 10−6

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Parity violating asymmetry

As = −GFQ

2

4πα√2

{

−ǫGp

EGsE + τGp

MGsM

ǫ(GpE)

2 + τ(GpM)2

}

τ =Q2

4M2

ǫ =1

1 + 2(1 + τ) tan2 θ2

As = APV − A0

◮ Single measurement of As: linear combination of GsE and Gs

M.

◮ Two different measurements of As: separation of GsE and Gs

M.

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Outline

Experimental set up

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MAMI floor plan

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Polarized electron beam source

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Target, calorimeter and luminosity monitors

◮ Cooling system:avoid boiling and ρtfluctuations

◮ Calorimeter energyresolution

3.9%/√E

◮ Calorimeter and

electronics: 20 ns

dead time

◮ LuMos:

measurement ofluminosity

fluctuations

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Detector at forward angles

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Rotated detector at backward angles

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PbF2 energy spectrum

◮ Elastic peak clearlyseparated

◮ Background of π0 → 2γenergetically separated.

◮ Elastic peak not separated

◮ Background of γs and elastic

peak: same energy range

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PbF2 energy spectrum

◮ Elastic peak clearlyseparated

◮ Background of π0 → 2γenergetically separated.

◮ Elastic peak not separated

◮ Background of γs and elastic

peak: same energy range

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Plastic scintillators

◮ Plastic scintillators detect charged particles. Neutral particlesnot detected.

◮ 72 plastic scintillators: two rings of 36 withoverlap.

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Plastic scintillators location

◮ Plastic scintillators located in front of calorimeter.

◮ One scintillator covers two frames: 14 modules.

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Generated histograms

◮ Pola-bit signal: two histograms: two polarization states

◮ Plastic scintillators add an Address-bit: two histograms: one of

neutral particles and one of charged particles

◮ Every 5 min four histograms are generated

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Neutral and charged particles spectra

◮ Separation of the elastic peak in the charged particles spectrum

◮ The scintillators do their job!

◮ Still some γ background mixed with elastic peak

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Neutral and charged particles spectra

◮ Separation of the elastic peak in the charged particles spectrum

◮ The scintillators do their job!

◮ Still some γ background mixed with elastic peak

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Neutral and charged particles spectra

◮ Separation of the elastic peak in the charged particles spectrum

◮ The scintillators do their job!

◮ Still some γ background mixed with elastic peak

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Background in the charged particles spectrum

◮ π0 → 2γ and γ → e+ + e− in materials before calorimeter

Calorimeter

Plastic scintillators

Electron beamScattering chamber

◮ γ background in the spectrum of charged particles

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Outline

Monte Carlo studies

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Understanding the energy spectrum

◮ Monte Carlo Geant4 simulation: e− processes and γs

◮ Background from Al walls: measurement with empty target

◮ Agreement above 125 MeV

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Background obtained from neutral spectrum

◮ γ background PVA?

◮ From experimental spectrum

of neutral particles

◮ Model to obtain γ background

◮ Parameters

◮ shift δ◮ scaling factor ǫ

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Background obtained from neutral spectrum

◮ Scaling shifting modelagrees with simulated

background:

◮ above 125 MeV

◮ energy range of ourinterest

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Outline

Data analysis

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Extraction of the asymmetry from the spectra

◮ f =Nbacke

Nbacke + Nel

e

(1 − 10%)

◮ Cuts applied

◮ Ae =N+e − N−

e

N+e + N−

e

◮ Aγ =N+

γ− N−

γ

N+γ + N−

γ

◮ Arawphys =

Ae − fAγ

1− f

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Extraction of the asymmetry from the spectra

◮ f =Nbacke

Nbacke + Nel

e

(1 − 10%)

◮ Cuts applied

◮ Ae =N+e − N−

e

N+e + N−

e

◮ Aγ =N+

γ− N−

γ

N+γ + N−

γ

◮ Arawphys =

Ae − fAγ

1− f

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Extraction of the asymmetry from the spectra

◮ f =Nbacke

Nbacke + Nel

e

(1 − 10%)

◮ Cuts applied

◮ Ae =N+e − N−

e

N+e + N−

e

◮ Aγ =N+

γ− N−

γ

N+γ + N−

γ

◮ Arawphys =

Ae − fAγ

1− f

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Extraction of the asymmetry from the spectra

◮ f =Nbacke

Nbacke + Nel

e

(1 − 10%)

◮ Cuts applied

◮ Ae =N+e − N−

e

N+e + N−

e

◮ Aγ =N+

γ− N−

γ

N+γ + N−

γ

◮ Arawphys =

Ae − fAγ

1− f

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Extraction of the asymmetry from the spectra

◮ f =Nbacke

Nbacke + Nel

e

(1 − 10%)

◮ Cuts applied

◮ Ae =N+e − N−

e

N+e + N−

e

◮ Aγ =N+

γ− N−

γ

N+γ + N−

γ

◮ Arawphys =

Ae − fAγ

1− f

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Extraction of the asymmetry from the spectra

◮ f =Nbacke

Nbacke + Nel

e

(1 − 10%)

◮ Cuts applied

◮ Ae =N+e − N−

e

N+e + N−

e

◮ Aγ =N+

γ− N−

γ

N+γ + N−

γ

◮ Arawphys =

Ae − fAγ

1− f

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Data analysis program

◮ Asymmetry is extracted for every module and every run.

◮ Statistical treatment of the complete set of asymmetries.

◮ Correction of systematics and evaluation of systematic errors.

◮ Normalization to the electron beam polarization Aphys =Aexp

Pe

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Statistical error

◮ 5 inner rings of the calorimeter: 730 crystals

◮ 1100 hours of data taking

◮ Altogether 3 · 1012 elastic events

◮ Statistical error: σ(A) =1

Pe

√Nel

⇒ σ(A) = 0.82 ppm

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Systematic errors

Correction(ppm) Error(ppm)

Polarization −5.58 0.69Helicity corr. beam diff. 0.14 0.39Dilution of γ backgr. −1.49 0.28Al windows 0.29 0.04Random coinc. events −0.19 0.02Sum syst. errors 0.89

◮ Effective Pe = 68.3%, error ∆(Pe) = 4%

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GVZ checking

◮ Half of measurement with GVZ in. The rest with GVZ out

◮ GVZ in: physics asymmetry should flip sign. Same magnitude.

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Outline

Results

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Physics asymmetry

◮ Physics asymmetry at Q2 = 0.23 (GeV/c)2 and A4 backwards

kinematics

APV = (−17.23± 0.82stat ± 0.89syst) · 10−6

◮ Expectation A0

A0 = (−15.87± 1.2) · 10−6

◮ Origin of ∆A0

G̃p

A = −0.78± 0.28

GpE = +0.5746± 0.0095 (1.7%) G

pM = +1.621± 0.030 (1.9%)

GnE = +0.0525± 0.0057 (11%) Gn

M = −1.092± 0.024 (2.2%)

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Measurements and predictions of GsE,M

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Measurements and predictions of GsE,M

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Measurements and predictions of GsE,M

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Measurements and predictions of GsE,M

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Measurements and predictions of GsE,M

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Separation of GsE and Gs

M

◮ Disentangling the linear combinations:

GsE = 0.050± 0.038± 0.019

GsM = −0.14± 0.11± 0.11

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Summary

◮ The A4 experimental objective: measurement of GsE and Gs

M atQ2 = 0.23 (GeV/c)2 with different kinematics

◮ Demanding experimental set up to measure APV ∼ 10−5

◮ Rotation of calorimeter to measure at backwards angles

◮ Detector of plastic scintillators to separate neutral background

◮ Understading the energy spectrum and mixed γ background

◮ Successful extraction of PVA from single spectra

◮ Combination of whole data. Systematic errors. Pe correction.

◮ Separation of GsE and Gs

M from different measurements

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Outlook

◮ A measurement of parity violating asymmetry with deuterium as

target is done.

◮ Analysis in progress.

◮ This measurement allows the separation of the GsM and the G̃

pA.

◮ Detector rotated back to forward angles to measure the parity

violating asymmetry at 1.5 GeV, Q2 = 0.62 (GeV/c)2

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